FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY LIBRARY -„„--' OF -- — THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURAL HISTORY OSBORH-LIBRARY OF YERTEBRATIL:eA.L/LONTOLOGY '9llQ%2.)c r^ CATx\.LOGUB OP THE UNGULATE MAMMALS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5q,q /^\ .on (^^-1 Vol. I. AETIODACTYLA, FAMILY BOVID^, SUBFAMILIES BOVINE TO OYIBOVIX.L (CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, CHAMOIS, SEROWS, TAKIN, MUSK-OXEN, Etc.). By E. LYDEKKER, F.R.S. LONDON : PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SOLD BY Longmans, Green & Co., 39, Paternoster Row, E.C. B. QuARiTCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. and at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 1913. {All rights reserved.) LONDON ; fRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SOXS, LIMITED, DURE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET. ^c^ 1/ c ... '■% 1 * IL. § - td R' 111 Fig. 1. — Bones of the Right Fore-Feet of the Pig (A), the Deer (B), and the Camel (C). M, radius ; U, ulna, below which come the two rows of small bones constituting the carpus, or wrist ; c, cuneiform ; I, lunar; s, scaphoid ; z(, unciform ; »«, magnum ; td, trapezoid. The Roman numerals indicate the toes. From Flower's Osteology of the Mammalia. ARTIODACTYLA 3 B. The bones of the t^\■o horizontal rows of the wrist arranged vertically one above the other, the OS magnum consequently articulating with the lunar or cuneiform, but not with the scaphoid. a. Bodily size small ; muzzle normal ; func- tional toes 4 in front and 8 Ijehind ; cheek-teeth rhinoceros-like ; front teeth well developed. Restricted to Africa, Syria, and Arabia Hyracoidea. h. Bodily size large ; upper lip and nose pro- duced into a long flexible trunk ; cheek- teeth consisting of a number of tall transverse vertical plates, of which there are fewest in the first and most in the last tooth of the series ; front teeth reduced to a pair of large rootless upper incisors (tusks). Restricted to South- eastern Asia and Africa at the present day, but formerly as widely spread as the order Proboscidea. The first two suborders are frequently brigaded together as Ungulata Vera, or Diplarthra, and the last two as Subungulata. Some writers, on the other hand, exclude the Hyracoidea and Proboscidea from the Ungulata, which will then, so far at least as existing forms are concerned, consist of two main groups, the Artiodactyla, in which the main axis of the foot lies between the third and fourth digits, producing the well-known cloven hoof, and the Perissodactyla, in which the main axis of the foot passes through the middle of the third toe. SUBORDER I.- ARTIODACTYLA. The " even-toed " ungulates include by far the greater number of the living representatives of the whole order, comprising as they do all the ruminants together with the hippopotamuses and swine. The toes, of which there may be either four or two on each foot, are even in number, with those corresponding to the third and fourth of the typical seiies of five subequal, larger than the lateral pair (when these are present), and symmetrical to a vertical line between them. The number of the combined dorsal and lumbar vertebrre is usually nineteen. B 2 4 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES There is no alispheiioid canal traversing the bones of the base of the skull ; and on the upper surface of the latter there is no marked expansion of the upper extremities of the nasal bones. As a rule, the premolar teeth are simpler in structure than the molars, generally consisting, in the case of those of the upper jaw, of a single lobe, instead of two lobes ; with very few exceptions, the last lower molar, and likewise the corresponding tooth of the milk-series, consists of three lobes, whereas the others have but two lobes. The femur lacks a third trochanter. The stomach is nearly always more or less complex; and the csecum relatively small. The placenta is diffused or cotyledonary ; and the teats are insjuinal or abdominal. Fig. 2. — Inner aspect of a slightly worn Left Upper Molar Tooth OF THE Nilgai [BosektpJius tragocaniehis), to illustrate the tall- crowned selenodont type. The accessory column is the slender cylindrical one between the two crescentic inner main columns. Nat. size. The existing representatives of the suborder are divisible into the following sections and families : — A. Upper incisors wanting. Kuminating. a. Horns or antlers generally present, at least in males ; metacarpal and metatarsal bones of main pair of toes fused, respec- tively, into a single cannon-bone, termin- ating inferiorly in a pair of pulley-like condyles ; metacarpals and metatarsals of lateral toes incomplete or wanting (fig. 1 B) ; stomach 4-chambered PECORA. a . Cranial appendages in the form of non- deciduous unbranched horny sheaths, supported on bony cores. Crown of lower canine simple (fig. 4 A). World- wide, except South America Bovid.^. ARTIODACTYLA v. Cranial appendages similar to those of Bovidce, but forked and deciduous. Crown of lower canine simple. North American Antilouaprida:. c'. Cranial appendages in the form of simple skin- covered conical prominences, which may be capped with bare bone. Crown of lower canine cleft and lobatc (fig. 4 B). African Giraffid^e. Fig. 3. — Under Surface op Skull op Red Deer [Cervus elaplius), to show Ruminant upper dentition. i Nat. size. From Miller's Cat. Mainyn. West. Europe. cV. Cranial appendages in the form of branched bony deciduous antlers supported on permanent skin-covered pedicles. Crown of lower canine simple. Europe, North Africa, Asia, and North and South America Cervid^. h. No horns or antlers ; main metacarpals and metatarsals either fused or separate ; those of lateral toes complete ; stomach 3-chambered TRAGULINA. South-east Asia and Africa Tragulid^. CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Fig. 4. — Lower Front Teeth of Elk (A) AND Giraffe (B), to show the difference in the form of the canine. Fig. 5. — Skull of the South American Pudu Deer to show the preorbital fossa, or depression {pf.), which contains a gland. nat. size. ARTIODACTYLA 7 B. Upper incisors present. a. Dentition selenodont ; cannon-bones with di- verging smooth inferior surfaces (fig. 1 C) ; feet cushion-like, with large nails. Euminating TYLOPODA.. Lateral toes wanting. Asia, Africa, and South America Camelid.^. h. Dentition bunodont ; metacarpal and metatar- sal bones of main toes separate. Non- ruminating SUINA. a'. Muzzle elongated into a snout terminating in a soft fleshy disc perforated by the nostrils ; feet narrow, encased in complete hoofs ; lateral toes not reaching ground (fig. 1 A). a". Toes 4-3 ; tips of upper canines directed downwards ; a dorsal gland. America DicotylidjE. h". Toes 4-4 ; tips of upper canines curving upwards ; no dorsal gland. Old World SuiDiE. h'. Snout broad, bristl3% not forming a disc; feet short and broad, with large hoof- like nails ; lateral toes touching ground. Africa Hippofotamid2E. The following special terms are often used in connection with even-toed ungulates : — Micffie, or rhinarium, the bare moist area around and between the nostrils. Freorhitccl gland, or larmier, a gland, opening on the face by a circular or longitudinal orifice, in front of the eye ; usually contained in a pit in the skull known as the laclirymcd fossa (fig. 5). Generally referred to as face-gland in the sequel. Laclirymal fissure, an unossified space in the skull near the lachrymal fossa. Siipraorhital fits, a pair of pits in the frontal bones of the skull. IiKjiiiiial glands, glands in the groin. Pedal or foot-glands, glands situated above or between the two main hoofs, and discharging by means of a small orifice situated on the front surface of the foot. 8 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Sfxtiox A— PECORA. The Pecora, or typical ruminants, are distinguished, among other features, by the absence of upper front or Fig. 6. — Lower Front Teeth op Red Deer [Cerviis elaphus), to show arrangement characteristic of Pecora. The outermost pair are canines, and the other three pairs incisors. Nat. size. From Miller's Cat. Mamm. Went. Europe. incisor teeth (fig. 3), and by the lower incisors forming, in conjunction witli the lower canines, a semicircle of four spatulate pairs (fig. 6), which bite against a callous pad in Fig. 7.— The Stomach of a Sheep, cut open to show THE Internal Structure. oe, oesophagus, or gullet ; ru, rumen, or paunch ; ret, reticulum, or honeycomb ; i>s, psalterium, or manyplies ; ab, abomasiim ; p.v, pylorus ; du, duodenum, the commencement of the small intestine. the upper jaw. In most cases the dental formula is i.-9^^ c.-^^i, ]!' -J m. -1= 32 or 34. The cheek-teetli (premolars and molars) are selenodont (fig. 2), that is to say, carry crescent- shaped columns on their grinding surfaces, so arranged that B0VID.4i; " 9 the direction of the crescents in the lower jaw is the reverse of that in the upper. The metacarpals of the main pair of toes in the fore-foot and the corresponding metatarsals in the hind-foot respectively unite into a cannon-bone ; while the metacarpals and metatarsals of the small lateral toes (which may be absent) are never complete, but represented either by their upper or lower ends (fig. 1 B). The pair of condyles in which each cannon-bone terminates inferiorly are parallel to one another and severally carry a pulley-like ridge. The navicular and cuboid bones of the tarsus are united. With a few exceptions, either horns or antlers are developed, at least in the males. The stomach has four complete cavities (fig. 7) ; and the placenta is of the cotyledonous type. Family L— BOVID^. The cranial appendages take the form of hollow, permanent {i.e. non-deciduous) sheaths of horn supported on bony cores, containing numerous air-cells, which arise from the frontal bones of the skull; such appendages being common in the majority of the genera to the two sexes, but in others restricted to the male. Upper canines wanting ; lower canines with simple crowns (fig. 4 A) ; cheek-teeth frequently hypsodont. Lateral toes always incomplete, being sometimes entirely absent, but more generally repre- sented either by the hoofs alone, or by these and vestiges of the skeleton, the phalanges being replaced by irregular bony nodules ; lower ends of lateral metacarpals invariably absent. Gall-bladder nearly always present. Placenta with numerous cotyledons. The horns of the Bovidcc vary in the direction of their twist ; the right horn in some cases forming a right-handed spiral, and the left horn a left-handed ' spiral, whereas in other instances the reverse condition obtains. Taking a screw, or corkscrew, as a right-handed spiral, the same spiral obtains in the right horn of the extinct antelopes of the genus Oioceros ; the left horn forming a left-handed spiral. The same condition obtains in the horns of cattle, and the more typical sheep, both wild and tame, in 10 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES which the direction of the horns is forward. In the red sheep {Ovis orientaUs), although the right horn still forms a right-handed spiral, and the left horn a left-handed spiral, the curves are differently directed, the tip of each horn forming the summit of a downward instead of an upward spiral. This variation, which also occurs in the bharal (Fseudois nalioor) and the arui {Ammotrag^is Icrvia) among sheep, and in the East Caucasian tur {Capra caucasica) among goats, constitutes a "mathematical perversion," and causes the horns to curve backwards behind the neck. The condition wdiere the right horn forms a riglit-handed spiral is termed homonymous. In contrast to this is the heteronymous condition, in which the right horn forms a left-handed spiral and vice versa. This condition obtains in existing antelopes. Most wild goats exhibit the same spiral in their horns, and this condition also obtains in the Circassian breed, but in other domesticated goats the spiral runs in the reverse direction, that is to say the right horn forms a right-handed spiral, as in sheep. Spirals of the kudu and markhor type have been described as " twists," and those of ordinary sheep (in which the horns are coiled, instead of twisted on their own axis) as " curves ; " but the horns of domesticated breeds of sheep show a transition from one condition to the other. A. Horns homonymous. a. No face-glands or foot-glands ; upper molars hvpsodont, with broad crowns and an accessory column on inner side (fig. 2). Teats 4. Horns in both sexes, not much smaller in feixiales than in males, smooth or wrinkled transversely, and set far apart at or near vertex of skull. Muzzle bare, moist, and undivided. Size gener- ally large. Tail long and tufted Bovinw, p. 11. B. Horns homonymous or heteronymous. Face-glands and foot-glands present or absent ; upper molars hypsodont, with narrow crowns and no distinct inner accessory column. Teats usually 2. Horns large, generally much larger in males than in females (in which they may be wanting), nearly smooth, wrinkled, or knobbed in front, set close together. Muzzle narrow, hairy, and vertically grooved. Tail usually short; never tufted Cajjrince, p. 72. BOVINiE 11 c. Horns (when twisted) heteronymous. a. Horns in both sexes; relatively large in female. Tail generally short or rudimentary. Foot - glands and face-glands variable. Cheek-teeth caprine. Muzzle narrow, with large or small mufHe. Teats frequently 4. a'. Horns cylindrical (at least at tips), simply conical, sharply re-curved at tip, or bent downwards and outwards at base, and finally directed upw^ards Rupicaprince, p. 178. b". Horns depressed, fibrous, approxi- mated on forehead. Tail rudi- mentary Ovihovince, p. 221. KB. — The continuation of this "key" is reserved for the second volume. Subfamily i. — BOVINiE. Size usually large, body massive, limbs stout, and head carried low. Tail long, generally with terminal tuft. Muzzle large, broad, bare, moist, and undivided. No glands on face, in the feet, or in groin. Teats 4. Horns homonymous (i.e. the right horn forming a right-handed spiral), present in both sexes, those of female relatively large; smooth or nearly so; inserted far apart on or near the vertex of the skull, directed at first more or less outwards, then curving upwards. Upper molars very hypsodont, with broad prismatic crowns and an accessory column between the two main columns on the inner side. Yertebne* : c. 7, D. 13-14, L. 5-7, s. 4-5, ca. 15-18. In some extinct forms (subgenus Leptohos) the females are hornless. Genus BOS. Bos, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 71, 1758, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 98, 1766. Taurus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 375, 1827. Urus, H. Smith, op. cit. vol. iv, p. 417, 1827. Characters those of the subfamily. In regard to the limitations of the ^enus Dr. W. T. Blanford t wrote as follows : — " By many modern writers the animals here referred to * c. = cervical ; d. = dorsal ; l. = lumbar ; s. = sacral ; ca. = caudal, t Fauna of Brit. India, Mamm. p. 483. 12 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES the genus Bos have been distributed amongst several genera. The distinctions between the latter are, however, scarcely of generic rank." The genus, in this wider sense, is divisible into the following subgeneric groups : — A. Horns circular or oval in section. a. Dorsal vertebrfe 13 ; no long hair on fore-quarters or flanks. a' . No dorsal ridge or hump Bos. a". A dorsal ridge Bihos. h. Dorsal vertebrae 14 ; long hair on flanks or fore- quarters. h' . A fringe of long hair on flanks Poephagus. h". Long hair on fore-quarters Bison. B. Horns triangular, or partially so, in section Bubalus. 1. Subgenus BOS. Horns circular or nearly so in section, situated far apart from one another on a ridge forming extreme vertex of skull, and overhanging the proper occipital surface of the latter, which is thereby concealed in a front view. Forehead flat and elongated, with a long interval between base of horn- core and orbit ; the latter not tubular ; nasals relatively long. Tail reaching below hocks. Line of back nearly straight. Hair uniformly short ; legs (in wild species) coloured like body. Thirteen pairs of ribs ; neural spine of seventh cervical short ; spines of dorsals moderately tall, and sloping gTadually and regularly away to the lumbars, thereby producing the straight line of the back. Europe and Asia. I. BOS TAUEUS. Bos taurus, Linn. Sysf. Naf. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 71, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 98, 1766. Bos urus, Linn. Syst. Naf. ed. 10, p. 7. 1757, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 98, 1766. Eepresented at the present day only by some of the domesticated breeds of cattle in Western Europe, the wild aurochs, wliich lingered longest in Poland, where it became extinct in 1627. BOVIN.E 13 2. Subgenus BIBOS. Bibos, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Sac. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 499, 1837. Gavaeus, Hodgson, op. cit. vol. xvi, p. 706, 1847. Gauribos, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Einjp. Chin. vol. v, pt. 1, p. o, 1891. Uribos, Heude, op. cit. p. 5. Bubalibos, Heude, loc. cit. Forehead shorter than in typical Bos, the interval between base of horn-core and orbit less ; horns generally more or less elliptical in section, especially near the base, tail relatively shorter, reaching little if at all below hocks ; a more or less distinct ridge extending from nape and withers to middle of back, where it terminates suddenly. Bulls generally darker in colour than cows and calves ; legs below knees and hocks white or whitish. Hair short, fine and glossy, wdth no elongation on neck or elsewhere. Hoofs narrow and pointed. Thirteen pairs of ribs ; neural spines of dorsal vertebme very tall, their summits forming a nearly straight line from the third to the eleventh, and then making a sudden drop to the thirteenth. The subgenus contains the following two species : — a. No white on back of thighs or horny mass between horns B. gaurus. b. Typically a large white disc on back of thighs ; a horny mass connecting bases of horns B. hanteng. II. BOS (BIBOS) GAUEUS. Bos gaums, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p, 399, 1827 ; Evans, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 223, pi. xvi, 1837 ; Elliot, ibid. vol. x, p. 572, 1841 ; Blyth, ibid. vol. xi, p. 444, 1842, vol. xxi, p. 433, 1852, vol. xxxi, p. 336, 1862 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 227, 1884 ; Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 592, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 484, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 124, 1891 ; Huet, Bull. Soc. Acclim. Paris, vol. xxxviii, p. 12, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 270, 1896 ; Pollol-, Zoologist, ser. 4, vol. ii, p. 2, 1898; Lydel-kcr, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 40, 1901, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 201, 1912 ; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 933. Bos (Bison) gaurus, H. Smith, Grifith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 373, 1827. 14 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Bos gour, Hardwiche, Zool. Joiirn. voL iii, p. 233, 1828 ; Cantor, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL xv, p. 272, 1846. Bos gavaeus, Hardivicke, Zool. Joiirn. voL iii, p. 233, 1828. Bison gaurus, Jardine, Nat. Library, Mamm. voL iv, p. 251, 1836. Bibos subhemachelus, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL vi, p. 499, 1837. Fig. 8. — Skull and Horns of Cow Gaur {Bos gaurus). From "Ward's Records of Big Game. Bibos cavifrons, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL vi, p. 745, 1837, vol. X, p. 449, 1841, voL xvi, p. 706, 1847; Elliot, Madras Journ. vol. X, p. 227, pis. V, vi, 1839; Horsfield, Cat. E. Ind. Mus. p. 181, 1851. Bos gaur, Sundevall, K. SvensJca Vet.-Al\ Handl. 1844, p. 152, 1846. Bibos gaurus, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. p. 24, 1846, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 13, 1872, Hand-List Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 83, 1373 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 228, 1862; Eiltimeyer, Denies. BOVINE 15 schweiz. Ges. vol. xxii, p. 170, 1867, AhJt. schwciz. i^al. Ges. vol. V, p. 189, 1878; Davison, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 447; BaTcer, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xv, p. 227, 1903. Bibos asseel, Horsfidcl, Cat. E. Ind. Mus. p. 181, 1851. Gavseus gaums, Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 282, 1860; Jcrdon. Mamm. Ind. p. 301, 1867; Sterndale, Mamm. Ind. p. 481, 1884 ; Forsyth, Highlands of Central India, 2nd ed. p. 112, 1889 ; Sanderson, Thirteen Years Among Wild Beasts of India, p. 243, 1890. Bos (Bibos) gaurus, LydeJcker, Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, p. 23, pi. i, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 50, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 5, p. 440, 1907, ed. 6, p. 440, 1910. Gaur. The following names have been given to the gayal, the domesticated, or semi-domesticated, representative of the gaur, and although the first of these antedates gaurus, it is not considered desirable that it should be adopted as the name of the species : — Bos frontalis, Lambert, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vii, pp. 57, 302, 1804 ; Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet. Ah.-Handl. 1844, p. 76, 1846; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxi, p. 838, 1862; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 1, pi. i ; Sarho, ibid. 1883, p. 143 ; Blanford, ibid. 1890, p. 593, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 487, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 126, 1891 ; Hiiet, Bull. Soc. Acclim. Paris, vol. xxxviii, p. 9, 1891 ; Baher, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xv, p. 227, 1903. Bos sylhetanus, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamrn. pi. 418, 1824. Bison sylhetanus, Jardine, Nat. Library, Mamm. vol. iv, p. 257, 1836. Bibos frontalis, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 151, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 31, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 13, 1872. Gavseus frontalis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi. p. 706, 1847; Horsjield, Cat. East Ind. Mus. p. 175, 1859; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 294, 1860 ; Stern- dale, Mamm. Ind. p. 486, 1884. Bos (Bibos) frontalis, LydeJcker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 31, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 64, 1907. Bos gaurus frontalis, Lydehker, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 177, 1912. Typical locality (wild race) probably some part of India. Size large (height in bulls from 6 feet to 6 feet 4 inches or 6 inches at withers), build massive, with the body deep and lim bs relativel y short. Ears large. Dorsal ridge strongly developed, ending in sudden step about midway between withers and tail. Skull typically w^ith a high, arched, forwardly curving intercornual ridge at vertex, which is, however, often obsolete in Malay race ; horns flattened at base, strongly curved, with inwardly inclined tips, pale 16 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES greenish in colour with black tips, these characters less marked in Malay race. Tail reaching hocks. Typically little or no dewlap. Hair short, sparse on back of old bulls ; Fig. 9. — Head and Neck of Indian Gaue {Bos gajiVKs). typically dark olive-brown, tending to blackish above, under- parts paler, but golden brown at insertion of limbs ; upper part of forehead to nape ashy grey, sometimes passing into whitey brown or dirty white ; legs white or whitish from below knees and hocks downwards ; muzzle pale-coloured ; BOVIN^E 17 eyes typically blue. In cows and immature bulls colour less dark, and occasionally tending to rufous ; apparently a dark dorsal streak in calves. The range includes the larger hill-forests of the Indian V Fig. 10.— Head of Malay Gaur or Seladang (jBos gaums hubbacki). From Game Animals of India, etc. Peninsula, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, but eastern limits not definitely known. Three local races have been described, which may l>e distin^fuished as follows : — A. Intercornual ridge rising on a prominent, forwarclly inclined arch. a. Generally no dewlap ; no throat- fringe ; colour olive-black B. g. gaums, h. A distinct dewlap and throat -fringe ; colour darker B.g.readi. B. Intercornual ridge forming a less prominent and less forwardly inclined arch, which may be practically absent B. g. huhbacM. C 18 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A. — Bos gfaupus gfaurus. Characters those given above as typical of the species. The range inchides the forest-districts of Peninsular India, but not Ceylon. 85. 2. 25. 1-2. Male and female, mounted. Satpura Eange, Central India; shot by Gen. (then Col.) A. A. Kinloch. Purchased, 1885. * *. Mounted head, South India. Deposited hy Capt. G. Meehin, 1911. 12. 5. 13. 1. Skin, imperfect. Near Barcha, North Canara. Presented hy Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1912. 63. 10. 23. 1. Skeleton, mounted. India. Presented hy Capt. TV. C. Eohmson, 1863. 47.12.15.1. Skeleton. Nepal (?). Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1847. 47. 12. 15. 2. Skeleton, female. Nepal. Same history. 37. 6. 10. 290. Skull, with horns. Nepal. Same donor, 1837. 45. 1. 8. 99. Skull, with horns. Nepal. Same donor, 1 845. 45. 1. 8. 100. Skull, with horns, female. Nepal. Same history. 609, a. Skull, with horns, from a stuffed specimen, of which the skin was destroyed in 1888. Nepal. Same history. 58. 5. 4. 2. Skull, with horns. Sahaydri Mts., Western Ghats. Presented hy Ca^pt. W. Tliompson, 1858. 58. 5. 4. 3. Skull, with horns. Same locality. Same history. 58. 5. 4. 4. Skull, with horns. Same locality. Same history. 609, s. Skull, with horns. India. Presented hy Dr. Hugh Falconer, about 1840. 609, t. Skull, with horns. India. Bequeathed hy Gen. T. Hardicicke, about 1835. 89. 11. 20. 9. Frontlet and horns. Eajputana. Presented hy Col. J. Evans, 1889. 79. 11. 21. 12. Skull, with horns. Madras; collected by Dr. Christie. Transferred from Lidia Museum, 1879. BOVINiE 19 79. 11. 21. 13. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 90. 11. 25. 1. Skull, with horns. Mysore. Presented hij P. Bosivorth Smith, Esq., 1890, 00. 11. 25. 2. Skull, with horns. Mysore. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 205. Skull, with horns. Xonurli Valley, Chand, Central Provinces (1876). Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., CM., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 20G. Skull, with horns. Biliga, llangam Hills, Mysore. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 207. Skull, with horns. Salem district, south of Nilgiris. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 208. Skull, with horns. Western Duars of Bhutan. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 209. Skull, with horns. Same locality. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 211. Skull, with horns. Central Provinces. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 212. Skull, with horns. Chittagong. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 81. Skull, with horns. Northern Travan- core ; collected by A. W. Turner, Esq. Outer length of horns 31, girth 16i, tip -to- tip interval 21 inches. Bcqucatlied hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 82. Skull, with horns. Southern Mishmi Hills. Outer length of horns 21, girth 15J, tip-to-tip interval 36 J inches. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 80. Skull, with horns, female (fig. 8, p. 14). Northern Travancore ; collected by Mr. Turner. Length of horns 24, girth 13^, tip-to-tip interval 13 inches. This specimen stands No. 65 in Ward's list. Same history. 609*. Skull and horns. No history. *. Skull and horns. No history. t- Detached pair of horns, polished. No history. %. Another pair of polished horns. No history. c 2 20 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B. — Bos gfaurus readi. Bos gaurus readi, LydeMer, Zoologist, ser. 4, vol. vii, p. 266, 1903, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 62, 1907, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 201, 1912. Typical locality Burma. Characterised by the tall stature, dark, nearly black, body-colouring, thickly haired, fringed ears, the presence of a dewlap furnished with a fringe or tuft of hair in adult bulls, the downward extension of the tawny grey area on the forehead, and in some cases by a tawny band round the lower part of the jaw just above the muzzle. This race inhabits the hill-forests of Burma and Tenas- serim. 79. 11. 21. 6. Mounted head. Burma. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 3. 12. 27. 1. Mounted head. Burma. Presented hy Mrs. Mum ford, 1903. 67. 5. 7. 3. Skull, with horns. Tenasserim. Presented hy K. C. Beavan, Usq., 1867. C— Bos gaurus hubbacki. Bos gaurus hubbacki, Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 64, 1897, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 201, 1912. Typical locality Pahang, Malay Peninsula. No dewlap, lower segments of legs dirty yellow, and the intercornual arch but slightly developed (fig. 9, p. 17), being altogether absent in the type specimen, which in this respect closely resembles a gayal. Compared with the typical Indian race, there is a greater extent of the tawny grey area on the forehead; and there is also a distinct whitish band above the muzzle. The range of this race includes the Malay Peninsula, and may extend northwards to Tenasserim. 7. 11. 27. 1. Mounted head. Pahang, Malay Peninsula. Type. Presented hy T. B. Huhhaek, Esq., 1907. 91. 8. 7. 210. Skull, with horns. Perak, Malay Peninsula. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. BOVINE 21 79.11.21.14. Skull, with horns. Malay Peninsula; collected by Dr. Cantor. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 91. 1. 11. 1. Skull. Pinang, Malay Peninsula. Presented hy J. llotvland Ward, Esq., 1891. D. — The following specimens beloug to the domesticated or semidomesticated, gayal, ranging from Assam and Chittagong to Tenasserim : — 96. 6. 20. 1. Mounted skin. Assam. Purchased, 1896. 96. 6. 20. 1, a. Skeleton (skull without horns) of same. Same history. 96. 9. 5. 1. Head, female, mounted. Assam. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1896. ^^. 8. 7. 8. Immature skin, mounted. Assam (?). Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1866. ^^. 8. 7. 8, a. Skeleton of same. Same history. 68. 3. 21. 10. Skeleton, mounted. Assam (?). Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1868. •45. 1. 8. 98. Skeleton ; skull, with horns, exhibited separately. Nepal (?). Presented hy B. II. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 97. Skull, with horns. Nepal (?). Same history. 12. 10. 31. 88. Skull, with horns. Tenasserim, between the town of that name and Lemyne ; shot by W. Davison, Esq. Mr. Hume's collector. Length of horns 14 J, girth 13 J, tip- to-tip interval 28 inches. This specimen stands No. 3 in Ward's list. It is mentioned by Bianford as being the only wild gayal with which he was acquainted. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. III. BOS (BIBOS) BANTENG^. Bos banteng, Raffles, History of Java, vol. i, p. Ill, 1817; Wagner, Schreber's Sdiigthicre, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 517, 1844. Bos leucopr;)aiiniis, Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage de V Astrolabe — Zoology, vol. i, p. 140, 1830 ; based on a hj'brid. Bos sondaicus, Milller and Sclilegel, VerTi. Nederland Ges. vol. i, p. 195, pis. xxxv-xxxix, 1840; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 445, 1842, vol. xxxi, p. 336, 1862; Bianford, Proc. 22 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 593, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 489, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid. Mus. pt. ii, p. 127, 1891 ; Huet, Bull. Soc. Acclim. Paris, \ol. xxxviii, p. 13, 1891; Hose, Marnmals of Borneo, p. 64, 1893; Evans, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. X, p. 78, 1895 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 278, 1896 ; Lydel-Jcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 277, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 202, 1912 ; PolloTc, Zoologist, ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 1, 1898 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 934. Bos banting, Sundevall, K. Svens'ka Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 152, 1846. Bibos banting, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 48, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 35, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 13, 1872; Horsfield, Cat. E. India Mus. p. 183, 1851 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 229, 1862; Jentinh, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. XX, p. 125, pi. ii, 1898. Gavaens sondaicus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 296, 1860; MacMaster, Notes on Jerdon, p. 131, 1870; Sterndale, Mamm. of India, p. 488, 1884. Bibos sondaicus, Riitimeyer, DenTcsclir. schiueiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 3, p. 170, 1867, Ahli. sclvweiz. xml. Ges. vol. v, p. 189, 1878 ; Sclater, List. Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 134, 1883. Bubalus seleniceros, vide Heller, Ahli. Mus. Dresden, 1890, p. 30 ; based on a, probably tame, specimen from Timor. Bos (Bibos) sondaicus, Lydellcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 36, J3l. iii, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 67, 1907 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 447, 1910. Bantin, or Banting. Typical locality Java. Size smaller and build lighter than in the gaur, with the dorsal ridge less developed, and not forming a distinct hump the dewlap usually small, and the limbs relatively longer.^ Head more elongated and antelope-like, with the relatively small and slender horns, flattened at the base in adults, from - which they curve upwards and outwards, but somewliat backwards and inwards towards the tips ; cylindrical through- out in young. Bases of horns in old bulls connected by a rugose shield occupying the straight intercornual ridge. Tail well tufted and reaching somewhat below the hocks. General colour of females and younsj males reddish or tawnv browD, approaching chestnut, lighter on under-parts, which may be white or whitish, as are the limbs, inner sides of ears and lips ; legs in adults white or whitish from above knees and hocks to hoofs ; a large white patch on the hind- quarters, which in the typical race extends to but does not include root of tail ; colour of upper-parts in adult bulls ranging from black, witli the aforesaid white rump-patch, to BOVINiE 23 uniform dark tawny, chestnut, or chocolate. Outside of limbs uniformly chestnut in calves, which also show a dark dorsal stripe. The range includes Java, Borneo, probably Sumatra, Bali, apparently a portion of the Malay Peninsula, Burma as far as the north of Pegu and Arakan, and thence through the hill-country of Chittagong to Manipur, Siam, and Cochin China. In addition to certain insufficiently described forms referred to later, the following live races have been named, although it is not at present possible to give the full distinc- tive characters of all of them : — A. White rump-patch extending on to upper surface of hind-quarters; general colour of old bulls blackish brown or black, the forehead and face being coloured like the back. a. Horns of bulls directed to a great extent outwards at first, and then curving in- wards ; the span thus being relatively great ; forehead of skull rather convex, with the intercornual ridge elevated in the middle B.b.banteng. h. Horns of bulls directed at first upwards and outwards, at an angle of about 45°, and then curving inwards to a moderate extent and slightly forwards ; the span thus being relatively small, and the horns themselves often smaller than in the preceding race ; forehead of skull almost flat with the intercornual ridge nearly straight B. h. loivi. B. Paimp-patch less developed, not extending on to upper surface of buttocks ; general colour of adult bulls ranging from dark fawn, orange, chestnut, to chocolate ; face generally or always differing in colour from back. Horns of the general type of those of the typical race. a. Coat uniformly coloured B. h. Urmanicus. h. Coat, in the two known examples, finely flecked with white B. h. porteri. c. Apparently no white rump-patch ; colour of bulls (ja^.jj B. b. butleri. A.— Bos banteng" banteng*. General colour of adult bulls blackish brown or black, with the face similar in tint to the back, and the white 24 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES rump-patch very large, and contrasting strongly with the dark area. Horns (fig. 11) directed at first to a great extent outwards, and then curving inwards and somewhat forward ; the span thus being relatively large ; forehead of skull somewhat convex, with the intercom ual ridge rising ^ 4 Fig. 11. — Skull and Horns op Javan Bantin {Bos hanteng hanteng). into a distinct prominence in the line. Females reddish chestnut in colour, with very small horns. In the wild state restricted to Java, but kept in a domesticated condition in the small adjacent island of Bali. 46. 12. 15. 4. Skin, mounted; bad condition. Java. Bi/ exchange toith Lcyden Museum, 1846. 46. 12. 15. 5. Skin, female. Java. Same liistovy. 64. * *. Immature male skin, in rufous coat. Java. Presented hy the Zoological Soeiety, 1864. BOVINiE 25 4. 5. 12. 1. Head, mounted. Java. Presented hi Baron L. T. H. Van Ileclieren-tot- Walien, 1904. 46.12.15.6. Skeleton; skull, with horns (fig. 11), exhibited separately. By excJumrje ivith Leydcn Micseuni, 1846. 46. 12. 15. 7. Skeleton, female, mounted, with horns, which are very short. ^^'^'^^ ^'"''^^'^y- 67. 4. 12. 613. Immature skull, with horns. Java. LidtJi de Jeicde Collection, 1867. B.— Bos banteng lowi. Bos sondaicus lowi, LydehJccr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 906. Typical locality Eejang Valley, Borneo. Colour, so far as known, more or less nearly identical with that of typical race ; horns of bulls (fig. 12) directed more upwardly, rising at first at an angle of about 45° with an upwards and outwards direction, and then curving to ca moderate extent inwards and slightly forwards; in con- sequence of this shape the span is relatively small, the horns themselves being frequently smaller than in the typical race. Forehead of skull almost flat, with the intercornual ridge nearly straight. Probably represented by an allied or identical form ni Sumatra. 87. 2. 10. 4. Skull, with horns (fig. 12). Eejang Valley, N. Borneo. Type. Presented hy H. B. Low, Bsq., 1887. 87. 2. 10. 1-3. Three skulls, with horns. Eejang YaHey. '^^'""^ history. 87. 2. 10. 5-7. Three skulls, with horns. Eejang Yaiiey. 'S'rt7?ic history. 86. 12. 20. 5-6. Two skulls, with horns. Sandakan, N. Borneo. Presented hy W. B. Pryer, Bsq., 1886. 80. 5. 4. 1. Skull and horns. Eejang Valley. Presented hy IT. B. Loiv, Esq., 1887. 80. 5. 4. 2. A pair of horns. Eejang Valley. Same history. 80 5. 4. 3. A pair of horns. Kanowit Valley, N. Borneo. 'S'r«?i(3 history. 2Q CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 79. 3. 5. 14. A pair of horns. Sarawak, N. Borneo. Purchased, 1879. 86. 12. 2. 7. ) Two pairs of horns. Eejang Valley. 87. 2. 10. 8. ) Presented hy H. B, Low, Esq., 1886-7 Fig. 12. — Skull and Horns of Boenean Bantin [Bos banteng lowi). 87. 2. 10. 9. Immature frontlet, with one horn. Eejang Valley. Sa7ne history. 0. 3. 30. 8. Fore part of skull and horns of female. Baram, Sarawak. Presented hy Dr. C. Hose, 1900. The dimensions, in inches, of the specimens represented in fi.cjs. 11 and 12 are as follows: — BOVINJi 27 B. b. bantenr/. Ijength of horn on outer curve 25 Basal girth of ditto 11^ Maximum span of horns 28 Tip-to-tip interval of ditto 16 Length from intercornual ridge of skull to tip of nasals 16 Minimum width of skull between base of horn- core and orbit 9 b. loxoi. 2U 12^ 23^ 13 Vd\ 7i C— Bos banteng- bipmanicus. Bos sondaicus birnianicus, Lydel-A-er, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 277, pi. XXV, Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, p. 41, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 59, 1907. Typical locality Burma. General colour of adult bulls dark tawny or dark chestnut, appearing darker in some lights than others, and Fig. 13.— Head and Neck of Burmese Bantin, or Tsaine {Bos banteng binnaniciis). 28 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES shading into light brown l^elow. Face tawny grey, with a light chestnut patch or band between the muzzle and a line just below the eyes ; a whitish band separating this from the black muzzle. Very old bulls may apparently become darker. Information is lacking with regard to the rump- patch, but it is smaller than in the typical race, and apparently confined to the hind surface of the buttocks and thighs ; while in the bulls of the Manipur form, which may indicate a distinct race, it is stated to be absent. A dusky band on front of fore-le^x above knee. Horns of the fjeneral type of those of the Javan race. Cows are bright reddish chestnut at all ages, with the face lighter than the back, especially on the forehead, round the eyes, and above the muzzle, where, like the under-parts and the lower segment of the legs, it is dirty white. A height of 5 feet 4J inches has been recorded in the cases of bulls. Horns of cows relatively long. The Burmese bantin — the tsaine, or h'saine, of the natives — ranges over Burma, Pegu, and Arakan, whence it may extend northwards to the hill-ranges of Chittagong. Bantin also occur in Manipur, and, as mentioned above, may represent a separate race. 79. 11. 21. 16. Mounted head. Burma. Type. Presented hy the India Museum, 1879. 0. 9. 11. 1. Mounted head (fig. 13). Burma. Presented hj R. McD. Haiokcr, Esq., 1900. 10. 5. 18. 1 e^ 2. Two skulls, with horns. Burma. Presented hj H. E. Cook, Esq., 1910. 9. 11. 16. 1. Skull, with horns (polished), female. Burma. The horns are relatively long. Presented hj Mrs. W. T. Blanford, 1909. D. — Bos bantengr ported. Bos sondaicus porteri, Lydel-ker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 669. Typical locality Siam. In the undermentioned portion of skin the brownish hair is marked by numerous small flecks of white; the same feature also characterising a second bull shot by the donor BOVINE. 29 of that specimen. Horns of the general type of those of B. s. hirmanicus, but very heavily ridged at the base. 10. 4. 21. 2. Skull, with horns, and portion of skin. Siani. Type. Presented hy A. H. Porter, Esq., 1910. 82. 4. 25. 1. Skull, witli horns. W. Siam ; collected by Herr Carl Bock. Purchased, 1882. E.— Bos bantengf butleri. Bos soiidaicus butleri, LydeJcher, Field, vol. cv, p. 151, 1905, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 76, 1907. Bos sondaicus, Butler, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xiii, p. 192, 1900. Typical locality Malay Peninsula. The bantin found in the Malay Peninsula appears to be very rare and local, and the possibility of its being nothing more than a feral race of the domesticated Bali bantin, which is largely imported into Singapore, should be borne in mind. The colour is stated to be blackish in the bulls and reddish chestnut in the cows, with little or no white on the rump, at least in the latter ; the lower portion of the legs varying in colour from dirty white to reddish or blackish. Horns of cows very short, as in typical race, to which this bantin appears closely related. 5. 1. 18. 1. Skull, with horns, of female. Perak; type. The animal was shot by Captain J. C. Lamphey. The horns are very small. Presented hy H. C. Piobinson, Esq., 1905. F.— Bos bantengr, subsp. Known by an adult bull shot in Cochin China by H.E.H. the Due de Montpensier (see Field, vol. cxx, p. 1319, 1912). It is impossible to identify this animal with any of the forms named by Heude {infra, p. 30), as most of these are described from the skull and horns, while when the colour is mentioned it is different. General colour of adult bull bright orange, with a paler dorsal streak ; face fawn ; a white ring above the bare part of the muzzle ; a blackish band encirclino; fore-leof above knee, and a similar but less defined band on front surface of 30 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES hind-leg ; white area on hind-quarters restricted to posterior aspect of buttocks and thighs. No example in the collection. The following names have been applied to representa- tives of this group from French Indo-China (Tonkin, Annam, etc.) : — Gaiiribos laosiensis, Hcude, Mem. Hist. Nat EmjJ. Chin. vol. v, pt. 1, p. 3, 1901. Laos, Tonkin. Gauribos brachyrhiniis, Hcude, op. cit. p. 4. Cambodia, characterised by shortness of nasals. Gauribos sylvanus, Heude, loc. cit. Mois, Tonkin. Described from skull and horns. Gauribos mekongensis, Hcitdc, ojy. cit. p. 5. Kratie, Mekon Valley. Uribos platyceros, Heude, loc. cit. Range dividing Tourane Bay from the rivers of Hue. Bubalibos annamiticus, Heude, oj). cit. p. 6. Annam. Balls black, with bright brown frontal patch. Bos (?) leptoceros, Heude, loc. cit. Kampot, on the coast of the Gulf of Siam. Bibos discolor, Heude, op. cit. p. 8. No locality. Old bulls blackish grey, with a whitish area suffused with red on forehead. Bibos longicornis, Heude, op. cit. p. 9. No locality. Described, like next, from skull and horns. Bibos (?) fusicornis, Heude, loc. cit. Tonkin. 3. Subgenus POEPHAGUS. Poephagus, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1843, Cat. TJngu- lata Brit. Mus. p. 39, 1852. Horns more or less nearly circular in section, widely separated, on a ridge placed below the extreme vertex of the skull, so that the summit of the crest of the occiput is visible from the front. Forehead short, wide, and slightly convex, with a short interval between base of horn-core and orbit. Tail reachins^ about to hocks. Withers elevated. A frint^e of loner hair exteudinf^ from chin and throat alon^ij the lower part of flanks and belly ; tail long-haired throughout. Fourteen pairs of ribs ; neural spine of seventh cervical vertebra tall ; spines of dorsals very tall, descending rapidly /and suddenly to the lumbars. Eestricted to Tibet and the adjacent districts of China. BOVINiE 31 IV. BOS (POEPHAGUS) GRUIS^NIENS. Bos grunniens, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 71, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 99, 1766 ; Sundcvall, K. Svensha Vct.-Ali. Handl. 1844, p. 153, 1846 ; Baddc, Beiscn Ost-Sihirien, p. 272, 1861 ; Severtzoiv, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 336, 1876 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, vol. ii, p. 5, 1876 ; Floivcr and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 227, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 128, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 490, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 277, 1896; Fousargucs, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 138; KoJiler, Zool. Gart. vol. xl, p. 72, 1899 ; Greve, ibid. p. 313 ; Fococl; Free. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 934. Bos poephagus, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat, vol. i, p. 248, pi. xxii, 1811 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Aniinal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 404, 1827 ; Hutton and Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 143, 1846. Bos (Bison) poephagus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 374, 1827. Bison poephagus, Jardine, Nat. Lihr. Mamm. vol. iv, p. 259, 1836; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pp. 449 and 912, 1841, xvi, p. 708, 1847. Poephagus grunniens. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 40, 1852, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 191, pi. xxxv. Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 14, 1872; Horsfield, Cat. E. hid. Mus. p. 184, 1851 ; Adams, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 529 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 230, 1862 ; Sterndale, Mamm. Lid. p. 489, 1884 ; Frzewalski, Cat. Zool. Coll. p. 13, 1887. Poephagus mutus, FrzewalsM, Beis. in Tibet, p. 72, 1884, Cat. Zool. Coll. p. 18, 1887. Bos (Poephagus) grunniens, Huet, Bull. Soc, Acclim. Faris, vol. xxxviii, p. 334, 1891 ; Lydehher, Game Animals of Lidia, etc. p. 76, 1907, Cat. Hume 'Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 3, 1913 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 437, 1910. Bos (Bison) grunniens, L^cZeA-A-er, Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, -p. 51, pi. iv, 1898, Great and Small Game of Eurojpe, etc. p. 122, 1901. Yak. Typical locality unknowu ; species based on domesticated breed. Build massive ; shoulder-height in adult bulls at least 5^ feet, and reported iii some instances to be nearly 6 feet. Withers forming a conspicuous hump, behind which the back is nearly straight. Muzzle and ears relatively small ; no dewlap ; limbs short and stout, terminating in large, b roa(i | hoofs. Horns slightly compressed at base in adult bulls, but otherwise nearly circular in section and smooth, curving at first upwards and outwards, then forwards, and finally 32 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES / inwards and upwards, frequently with a more or less marked backward inclination at the tips. Those of cows much more slender. Hair of head and upper-parts comparatively short and smooth, but on lower part of flanks elongated into a pendent fringe extending across shoulders and thighs ; a tuft of long hair on chest, and sometimes a shorter one on withers ; lower half of tail enveloped in a mass of still longer hair, reaching somewhat below hocks. Colour (in wild race and Fig. 14. — Skull and Horns of Yak {Bos grunniens). pure-bred tame animals) uniformly blackish brown, with the exception of a little white in the neighbourhood of the muzzle, a sprinkling of grey on the head and face of old individuals, and a tendency to rusty on the back of aged bulls. The grunting sound from which the yak takes its specific name is stated by Przewalski to be restricted to the tame breeds, one of which apparently forms the type ; the wild race may be known as — BOVINE 33 Bos grunniens mutus. Typical locality Tibet. Wild yak range from the eastern part of Ladak, in the neighbourhood of Chang-Chenmo (where they now appear to be exterminated) as far east as Kan-su and nortliwards to the Kuen-lun, at elevations between 14,000 and 20,000 feet. * *. Skin, mounted. Ladak. Presented hy Capt E. Smyth. 99. 6. 20. 1. Skin, small, mounted. Ladak. Presented hy Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, 1899. 45. 1. 8. 270. Skin, bad condition. Tibet. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 51. 7. 16. 2. Skin, bad condition. Ladak. Shot by Gen. (then Capt.) Strachey. Presented hy the Hon. East India Co., 1851. 91. 11. 15. 1. Skin, female. Ladak. Presented hy H. C. V. Hunter, Esq., 1891. 67. 2. 24. 6. Skeleton. Ladak (?). Purchased, 1867. 45. 1. 8. 101. Skull, with horns. Tibet. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45.1.8.102. Skull, with horns. Tibet. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 103. Skull, with horns, female (? domesticated).* (?) Tibet. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 105. Frontlet and horns. Tibet. Sctme history. 58. 6. 24. 177. Skull, with horns. North of Sikhim. Same donor, 1858. 58.6.24.152. Skull, with horns, female. Same history. 51. 12. 22. 1. Frontlet and horns. Ladak; shot by Gen. (then Capt.) Strachey. Presented hy the Hon, East India Co., 1851. 79.11.21.17. Skull, with horns. North of Sikhim; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Transferred from India Museiim, 1879. 91. 8. 7. 216. Skull, with horns. Tibet, northward of Sikhim ; collected by L. Mandelli, Esq. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. * Certain other registered specimens, belonging, at least for the most part, to domesticated animals, are not entered. D 34 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 91. 8. 7. 217. Skull, with horns. Niti side of Hundes, Tibet ; shot by N. Troup, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 218. Skull, with horns. Angirtakshin Pass, Kuen-lun (94° E. 35° N.) ; collected by A. D. Casey, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 219. Skull, with horns. Kuen-lun ; collected by A. Dalgieish, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 220. Skull, with horns. Hundes, Tibet; col- lected by Mr. Troup. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 85. Skull, with horns (fig. 14). Angirtakshin Pass ; collected by Mr. Dalgieish. Length of horns 38 J, girth 3 8 J, tip-to-tip 26 J inches. The maximum known horn-length is stated to be 39 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Huone, Esq., C.B., 1912. 4. Subgenus BISON. Bison, H. Smith, Gt^iffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 378, 1827 ; Gray, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 35, 1852. Urus, Bojanus, Nova Acta Acad. Gees. Leop.-Car. vol. xiii, pp. 413, 428, 1827 ; Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 279, 1843 ; nee H. Smith. Bonasue, Wagner, Schreber's Saugtliiere, Su])x>l. vol. iv, p. 515, 1844.. Nearly allied to Boephagus, but the long hair concentrated on the head and fore-quarters, where it forms a mane on the neck, a fringe on the throat, and a mantle on the shoulders ; the tail, which reaches to the hocks or somewhat below, tufted only near the tip; and the line of the back falling away more or less markedly towards the hind-quarters. Colour brownish, with a tinge of plum. Skull shorter and wider than in Boephagus, with the orbits more approximated to the bases of the horn-cores and more tubular, the frontal region more convex, and the nasals much shorter and wider. Horns of the same general type, but smaller. Eibs fourteen pairs as in Boephagiis.* The range formerly included a large part of Europe and Western North America. * Owen {Brit. Boss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 493, 1846, and Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. ii, p. 462, 1866) stated that there are fifteen pairs in jB. hison ; a statement that has been much copied. See Allen, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv. vol. i, pt. 2, p. 2, 1876. BOVIN/E 35 The two species are distinguished as follows : — A. Hind-quarters well developed; colour brownish ; horns relatively long ; ears not concealed by mane B.honasus. B. Hind-quarters very low and weak ; colour blackish ; horns shorter ; ears buried in mane ; orbits more tubular B. bison. Y. BOS (BISON) BONASUS. Bos bonasus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 71, 1757, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 99, 1766 ; Badde, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 175 ; Satunin, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. vol. ix, p. 104, 1896 ; Buxton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 64 ; Westbtcrg, Arb. Ver. Biga, 1899, p. 1 ; Lydehher, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 209, 1912. Bos urus, Boddaert, Elenchus Anim. p. 150, 1788 ; Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 497, 1839 ; Clermont, Quadr. and Bej)t. Eurojje, p. 144, 1859 ; Huet, Bull. Soc. Acclim. Paris, vol. xiii, p. 3, 1891 ; Ward, Bccords of Big Game, p. 279, 1896; nee Linn. 1757 and 1766. Bos bison, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 398, 1827; Sundevall, K. SvensJca Vet.-Ah. Handl. 1844, p. J 54', 1846 ; Blasius, Sdugethiere Deutschlands, p. 492, 1857, nee Linn. Bos (Bison) bison, H. Smith, Griffith's Ajiimal Kingdom, vol v p. 373, 1827. Urus nostras, Bojanus, Nova Acta Acad. Cons. Leon. -Car. vol xiii p. 413, 1827. Bison europaeus, Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 126 ; Biltimeyer, Verh. Ges. -Basel, ser. 2, vol. iv, p. 339, 1865, Abh. schiueiz. iml. Ges. vol. V, p. 139, 1878 ; DaioUns, Early Man in Britain, p. 98, 1880 ; Nehring, Tundren u. Stex>2Jen, p. 206, 1890 ; Schiemenz, Biol. Centralblatt, vol. xvii, p. 479, 1897; nee Bos europaeus, Giyielin. Bison bonassus, Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 48, 1850, Cat. TJngu- lata Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 14, 1872 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 229, 1862. Bison bonasus. Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 232, 1884; Bilchner, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 8* vol. iii. No. 2, 1896; Westberg, Festschrift Ver. Riga, 1896', p. 267, Arb. Ver. Biga, ser. 2, vol. viii, p. 1, 1899 ; Buxton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 64; Vrublevskij, Mess. med. veterin. soz. St. Peterb. vol. xix, p. 25, 1908, vol. xxi, p. 286, 1909 ; Greve, Bait, weidm.-vet. vol. v, p. 361, 1909; Hilzheimer, Mitt. K. Nat.-l-ab. Stuttgart, 1909, p. 252 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Eurove p. 243, 1910. ^ Bos (Bison) bonasus, Lydehher, Wild Oxen, Sheejp, and Goats, p. 64, pi. V, 1898, Game Animals of Europe, etc. p. 115, 1901 ; Ward\ Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 433, 1910. Bonasus europaeus, Yermoloff, Smithsonian Inst. Rej). 1906, p. 345. Bison : Zubr. Typical locality probably Bielowitza, Lithuania. Height at shoulder from 6 feet to 6 feet 2 inches; hind-quarters relatively high, pasterns long, tail reaching D 2 36 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES hocks or below. Horns, black, relatively long and slender, curving npwards, forwards, and inwards, set well forward on the relatively flat and broad forehead. Mane of males in summer coat curly, moderately long, and not extending very far back on body, leaving the thickly fringed ears free, and forming a larger and thicker mass on head, neck, throat, and middle line of chest. In females restricted to nape, forehead, middle of lower part of face, and median line of chest. Colour brown, with a tinge of plum-colour. The species, which is divided into the two undermentioned races, was formerly spread over a large part of Europe, but is now restricted to the Bielowitza Torest of Lithuania (Grodno) and the Caucasus. The last East Prussian bison was killed in 1755. A. — Bos bonasus bonasus. Characters those given under the heading of the species. Now restricted to the Bielowitza Forest of Lithuania. 45. 10. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Bielowitza. Presented hy the Tsar of Russia, 1845. 45. 10. 13. 2. Skeleton, mounted. Bielowitza. Same liistory. * * * *. Immature male, mounted in recumbent posture. Bielowitza. No history. B.— Bos bonasus caucasius. Bison bonasus, var. caucasia, Greve, Zool. Beobachtungen, vol. xlvii, p. 269, 1906. Bison caucasicus, HilzJieimer, Mitt. 7c. Nat.-hah. Stuttgart, 1909, p. 252 ; Trouessart, Faune Mayjim. Europe, p. 243, 1910. Bos bonasus caucasicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 433, 1910 ; LydeMer, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 215, 1912. Bison bonasus caucasicus, Filatov, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. voL XXX, No. 8, 1912. Typical locality Caucasus. Very similar in external appearance to typical race, but perhaps somewhat more lightly built, with less long hair on the fore-quarters. No distinctive characters given by Greve when naming this race. According to Hilzheimer, the skull, although it retains the heavy hind portion of the mandible of the typical race, approximates in many features — more BOVINiE 37 especially the form aud relations of the lachrymal — so markedly to the American species that it is regarded by him as more nearly related to the latter than to the former. It has, however, all the essential characteristics of B. honasus ; and, on the assumption that the ancestors of B. bison reached America by way of Bering Strait, it is only natural to expect that the Caucasian bison, as the most eastern representative of B. honasus, should exhibit an approximation to the American species. This race is now restricted to an area of about 125 miles in diameter on the northern flank of the main range of the Caucasus in the neisrhbourhood of the sources of the rivers Laba and Biellaia, extending eastwards to the head-waters of the Zellentchak. 92. 3. 15. 1. Skin and skeleton, mounted. Western Caucasus. Height 5 feet 11 inches. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1892. 92. 3. 15. 2. Skin and skeleton, female, mounted. Western Caucasus. Same history. YI. BOS (BISON) BISOX. Bos bison, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. p. 72, 1757, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 99, 1766 ; LydeJcker, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 216, 1912. Bos americanus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 204, 1788 ; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. p. 279, 1829 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Library, Mamm. vol. iv, p. 252, 1836 ; Sundevall, K. SvensJca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 154, 1846 ; Baird, Mamm. N. America, p, 682, 1859; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Miis. p. 230, 1862; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid. Mus. pt. ii, ]p. 131, 1891 ; Huet, Bull. Soc. Acclim. Paris, vol. xxxviii, p, 344, 1891 ; Flower and LydeJi'Jcer, Study of Mammals, p. 362, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 269, 1896. Bos (Bison) americanus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom., vol. iv, p. 401, V, p. 374, 1827. Urus americanus, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 280, 1835. Bos (Bonasus) americanus, Wagner, Schreher's Sdugthiere, Supj^l. vol. iv, p. 516, 1844 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 174. Bison americanus, Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 49, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 14, 1872; Riitimeyer, Denlischr. schweiz. Gcs. vol. xxii, art. 3, p. 91, 1867, Ahh. schiveiz. pal. Gcs. vol. v, p. 189, 1878; Allen, Mem. Mus. Harvard, vol. iv, p. 36, 1876 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 231, 1884; Hornaday, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886-87, p. 378, 1889; Herrich, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 260, 1892 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. 38 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES PuU. Field. Mus. voL ii) p. 49, 1901; HilzJieimer, Mitt. K. Nat.-hah. Stuttgart, 1912, p. 252. Bison bison, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 5, p. 81, 1891 ; PJioads, Amer. Naturalist, voL xxxviii, p. 526, 1894, Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, 1895, p. 244, 1897, p. 501 ; Elliot, Siippl. Sijnop. Mam7n. N. Amer. {Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 486, 1901, Check-List. Mamm. N. AiJier. {Zool. Puhl. Field Mus. voL vi) p. 57, 1905 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 66, 1903. Bos (Bison) bison. Ward, Bccords of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 435, 1910 ; Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, arid Goats, p. 79, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 303, 1901. American Bison. Typical locality Texas. Smaller than B. honasus (shoulder-height in adult males about 5 feet, 9 inches) ; with a relatively larger head, shorter horns — of which the tips in old bulls become much worn — lower and weaker hind-quarters, a great mass of long hair on crown of head and chin, and heavy fringes on upper part of fore-legs of adult bulls. Long hair of head concealing large ears and that of fore-quarters extending a considerable distance along middle line of back and behind shoulder in adult bulls ; summer coat of hind part of body quite short and smooth, without the curliness of that of B. honasus. Colour much darker than in latter, being blackish brown, passing into black on the long hair of the fore-quarters and head. Horns set lower down on skull than in European species, and skull with a more convex frontal region, and still more tubular orbits. The range formerly included the area lying between the Eocky Mountains and the Alleghanies, and from Mexico northwards to the Peace Eiver ; the head-quarters being the prairies between the Saskatchewan and the Eio Grande. A. — Bos bison bison. Characters those of the species ; ears and tail-tip brown. The range includes that portion of the distributional area of the species lying to the southward of the tract inhabited by B. h. athctbascce. Typical locality Texas. *. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone. Collected by Dr. J. J. Audubon. Purchased, * *. Skin, immature, mounted. Presented hy the Zoological Society. BOVINiE 39 * * *. \^ouRg, mouuted. Same history. 43. 11. 28. 1. Immature skin. Presented ty the Hudson Bay Co., 1843. 94. 4. 15. 1. Head, mounted. Colorado (1878). Presented hy the Lord Walsingham, 1894. * * * ^ Skeleton (skull exhibited). Presented hy the Earl of Derby, about 1848. 65. 12. 8. 24. Skeleton, mounted. Prese7ited by the Zoological Society, 1865. Qd. 12. 8. 26. Skeleton of female, immature. Same history, b^. 11. 22. 102. Skeleton, female (skull exhibited). Presented by the Zoological Society, 1850. 96. 10. 23. 1. Skeleton, young. Bred in Northumber- land. Presented by C. J. Leyland, Esq., 1896. 9. 3. 6. 1. Skull, with horns. Bred at Woburn Abbey. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1909. 99. 4. 1. 1. Skull, with horns. IST. America. Presented by Lady Hall, 1899. 2. 8. 2. 18. Skull. Southwood Hills, Assiniboina; col- lected by E. Hollis, Esq. Purchased, 1902. B.— Bos bison athabascae. Bison bison athabascae, RJioads, Proc. Acad. Pliiladeljjliia, 1897, p. 498 ; Elliot, Siqjj)!. Synop. Mamin. N. Amer. {Zool. Puhl. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 486, 1901, Checli-List Mamm. N. Amer. [op. cit. voL vi) p. 57, 1905. Bos bison athabascae, LydelcJcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 90, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 308, 1901, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 216, 1912 ; Way-cl, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 435, 1910. Bison americanus athabascae, Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Puhl. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 49, 1901. Typical locality 50 miles from Fort Eesolution, Great Slave Lake. Said to be rather larger and generally darker than the typical race, with the horns longer, and more slender. Colour light brown, shading to dark brown, and becoming nearly black on head, under-parts, and limbs, with the ears and tail-tip black. Typically from a spot 50 miles south-west of Fort 40 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Eesolution, Great Slave Lake ; but formerly ranging from the East Slope of the Eocky Mountains to the 95th meridian, and from lat. 63° to lat. 55^ N. ; probably southwards along the Eocky Mountains to the United States. 5. Subgenus BUBALUS. Bubalus, H. S^nith, Griffith's Aniyyial Kingdom, vol. v, p. 371, 1827, as a subgenus ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 23, 1852 ; Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJdngton, vol. xxiv, p. 191, 1911. Anoa, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdoin, vol. v, p. 355, 1827, as a subgenus ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 29, 1852. Syncerus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 709, 1847 ; Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Buffelus, Eilfimeyer, Verh. Ges. Basel, ser. 2, vol. iv, p. 334, 1865, Denkschr. schweiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 3, p. 52, 1867, Ahh. schweiz.pal. Ges. vol. v, p. 189, 1878 ; Matschie, Saugeth. deutsch. Ost.-Afrika, p. 107, 1896. Probubalus, Biltimeyer, Verh. Ges. Basel, ser. 2, vol. iv, p. 334, 1865, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. v, p. 189, 1878. Planiceros, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 10, 1872, as sub- genus. Synceros, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 12, 1872, as sub- genus. Build heavy, and line of back nearly straight ; horns more or less markedly triangular for the greater part of their length, situated low down on the skull, of which the frontal region is highly convex. Ears large, muzzle broad, limbs short and stout, tail tufted and reaching about to hocks ; hair sparse in adults. Thirteen pairs of ribs. Opinions vary greatly as to the number of species of buffaloes, but if all the African forms be included under a single specific heading, the following synopsis will serve to distinguish the well defined species. A. Hair of middle line of back directed forwards from haunches to nape ; ears relatively small ; skull relatively long and narrow, with vomer fused to palatines. a. Size large or medium, horns directed more or less outwardly Bos hubalis. b. Size medium, horns directed more upwardly Bos mindorensis. c. Size small, horns directed mainly upwards, in a V-like manner Bos depressicornis. B. Hair of middle line of back normally directed backwards from nape to rump ; ears large and heavily fringed ; skull relatively* broad and short, with vomer free from palatines Bos caffcr. BOVINiE 41 Vir. BOS (BUBALUS) BUBALIS. Bos bubalis, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 72, 1757, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 99, 1766. Bos bubalus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 206, 1788; H. Smith, Grifitlis Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 392, 1827 ; Button, Journ. Aslat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 142, 1846; SimdevaU, K. Svensha Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 153, 1846; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mils. pt. ii, p. 129, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 491, 1891 ; Hose, Mammals of Borneo, p. 64, 1893 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 266, 1896; Pococl; Proc. Zool, Soc. 1910, p. 934. Bos arnee, Kerr, Linn.'s Animal Kingdom, p. 336, 1792 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 17, pi. xi. Bos buffelus, BlumenhacJi, Haiidbucli Naturgeschichte, ed. 10, p. 121, 1821 ; Flower and LydekJcer, Study of Mammals, p. 361, 1891. Bos arni, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 388, 1827 ; SundevaU, K. Svenska Vet. Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 153, 1846. Bos (Bubalus) arnee, H. Smith, ojp. cit. vol. v, p. 372, 1827. Bos (Bubalus) bubalus, H. Smith, loc. cit. 1827. Bubalus arnee, Jardinc, Naturalist's Library— Mamm. vol. iv, p. 243, 1836 ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 273, 1846. Bubalus arna, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pp. 469 and 921, 1841, xvi, p. 709, 1847; Horsfield, Cat. E. Ind. Mus. p. 179, 1851. Bubalus buffelus. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 152, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 25, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 9, 1872 ; Kelaart, Prodromus Faunce Zeylan. p. 87, 1852 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 226, 1862; Floiuer and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 229, 1884 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 28, 1885; Huet, Bull. Soc. Acclim. Paris, vol. xxxviii, p. 7, 1891. Bos kerabau, SundevaU, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 153, 1846. Buffelus indicus, Riltimeyer, Verh. Ges. Basel, ser. 2, vol. iv, p. 334, 1865, Denkschr. sclnveiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 3, p. 52, 1867, Ahh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. v, p. 189, 1878. Bubalus indicus, Biltimeyer, Denkschr. schweiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 2, p. 32, 1867 ; Steere, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 415. Buffelus sondaicus, Biltimeyer, Denkschr. schweiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 2, p. 52, 1867, Ahh. schweiz iml. Ges. vol. v, p. 189, 1878, nee Bos sondaicus, Milller and Schlegel. Bubalus arni, Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. p. 307, 1867; Sterndale, Mamm. Ind. p. 490, 1884. Bos (Bubalus) buffelus, Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, p. 195, 1867. Bubalus kerabau, Brchm, Tierleben, ed. 3, Sdugethierc, vol. Hi, p. 327, 1891. Bubalus bubalus, Meyer, Ahh. Mus. Dresden, 1896-97, No. 8, p. 14, 1896 ; Matschie, Deutsche Jdger-Zeitung, vol. lix, p. 103, 1912. 42 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Bos (Bubalus) bubalis, LydeMer, Wild Oxeyi, Sheep, and Goats, p. 118, pi. ix, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 83, 1907, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 223, 1912, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. AIus. p. 4, 1913 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, 6th ed. p. 427, 1910. Bubalus bubalis, Hollister, Phili2)j>ine J. Sci. vol. vii, p. 45, 1912. Indian Buffalo : Arni. Typical locality unknown. Size typically large, shoulder-height reaching, it is stated, as much as 6J feet. Hair of middle line of back and neck directed forwards from haunches ; ears relatively Fig. 15. — Head of Indian Buffalo {Bos bubalis). small and not heavily fringed. Horns typically very large, flattened, transversely rugose, widely separated at the base, and either curving in a crescentic form or directed mainly outwards, with an upward and somewhat forward curvature near the tips. Throughout their length the horns depart but little from one plane. Horns of females more slender, and not infrequently longer than those of males. Skull relatively light, narrow, and long, with a nearly straight facial profile ; nasals elongated and slender, narrow near the middle, and projecting on either side considerably beyond the middle suture, and their longest diameter laterally ; vomer fused with BOVINyE 43 palatines ; auditory (tympanic) bulla3 relatively small ; crowns of upper molars nearly square. Colour typically dark ashy, approaching black, but occasionally brown dun. This buffalo exists in a wild state over a large part of India, exclusive of the south and west, as well as in northern Ceylon, while it may also occur on parts of the mainland east of the Bay of Bengal, as it apparently does in Borneo. The following races, or phases, are recognised : — A. — Size large. a. Colour blackish. a'. Horns crescentic, or subcircular B. h.huhalis. h' . Horns directed mainly outwards B.h. macroceros. h. Colour brown dun B. b. falvus. B. — Size medium B. h, hosei. A.— Bos bubalis bubalis. Bubalus buffelus spirocerus, Hodgso7i, Journ. Aslat. Soc. Bengal, vol. X, p. 912, 1841, xvi, p. 710, 1847. Bos bubalis bubalis, LydeJcker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 4, 1913. Characters generally those of the species, with the horns crescentic (fig. 15). The range includes those portions of Peninsular India lying within the distributional area of the species, and at least part of Assam and Kuch-Behar. 44. 10. 22. 1. Skin, new born calf, mounted. Presented h/ the Zoological Society, 1844. 96. 6. 29. 1. Head, mounted. India. Purchased, 1896. 84. 1. 22. 4. Skeleton, with horns, mounted. Assam. Shot by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884. 39. 4. 19 & 1. Frontlet and horns. Purchased at Stevens Auction Booms, 1839. 45. 1. 8. 142. Skull, with horns, female. Upper India. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 143. Skull, with horns. Upper India. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 146. Frontlet and horns. Upper India. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 147. Frontlet and horns. Upper India. Same history. 44 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES *. Skull, with horns, female. Upper India. Same liistory. 604, a. Frontlet and horns. India. No history. 604, h. Skull, with horns. India. No liistory {? Hodgson collection). 604, d. Skull, with horns. No locality. No history. 79. 11. 21. 4. Skull, with horns. India. Transferred from Indict Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 5. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 6. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 7. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 8. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 9. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 22. 10. Skull, with horns. India. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 213. Skull, with horns. Dhubri, Assam. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 214. Skull, with horns, female. Purneah. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 84. Skull, with horns. Dhubri, Assam. This specimen is ISTo. 20 in Ward's list. Length of horns, outside, 56i, girth 21J, tip-to-tip interval 40 inches. Bequeathed hj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 83. Skull, with horns, female. Gowhatti, Assam. This specimen stands 29 in Ward's list. Outside length of horns 54 J, girth 12|, tip-to-tip interval 69| inches. Same history. 5. 7. 29. 1. Skull, with horns, female. Kuch-Behar. Presented ly H.H. the Maharaja of Kuch-Behar, 1905. 7. 10. 27. 1. Skull, with horns. Baraitch district. Presented hy Mrs. J. G. Anderson, 1907. Note. — Several specimens entered in Gray's Hand- List of Edentate, Ihick-Skinned and Buminant Animals, belon^fino- to the Hardwicke, Lidth de Jeude, and other collections, have been omitted from the above list, as being obviously referable to domesticated breeds. BOVINiE 45 B.— Bos bubalis macroceros. Bubalus buffelus macroceros, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Sac. Bengal, vol. X, p. 912, 1841, xvi, p. 710, 1847. Bos bubalis macroceros, Lydckkn-, Game Animals of India, etc. ip. 84, 18! 17, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 228, 1912 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 427, 1910. (?) Bos palaeindicus. Falconer, Cat. Foss. Vert. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 230, 1859. (?) Bos bubalis palaeindicus, LydeJcJcer, Wild Oxen, Slieejp, and Goats, p. 127, 1898. Typical locality Assam. Characterised by the great length and outward direction of the horns, which turn upwards only towards the extremities. Whether the difference in this respect from the typical representative of the species is of racial or merely of dimorphic value, has yet to be determined. These long-horned buffaloes are natives of Assam and Kuch-Behar ; but horns of a very similar type occur in Malaya, although it is not known whether they belong to wild or tame animals. 604, d. Detached horns. Mentioned by Sloane in Phil. Trans., 1727, p. 222 ; figured in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, pi. ccxxxi, fig. 2. These horns, which measure 77| inches in length, and are the largest specimens of their kind, were discovered in a cellar in AVapping by a Mr. Doyle, who gave them to Sir Hans Sloane (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 17). Sloane Collection. 55. 1. 10. 1. Skull, with horns. Fezpur, Central Assam. Length of horns 65| inches. Figured Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 17, pi. xi. Presented hy Col. J. Mathie, 1855. 5. 7. 29. 1. Skull, with horns, fenaale. Kuch-Behar. Presented hy H.H. the Maharaja of Kuch-Behar, 1905. C— Bos bubalis fulvus. Bos bubalus var. fulvus, Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 492, 1891. Bos bubalis fulvus, LydeMer, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 77, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 88, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 5, 1913 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, 6th ed. p. 427, 1910. Typical locality Upper Assam. Characterised by the l)rownish "dun colour of the hide, 46 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES and the form of the skull, in which the forehead is much more convex than in the typical race, and the profile of the face consequently concave, while the muzzle (that portion in front of the orbits) is relatively shorter, and the length of the nasals is less than the interval between their upper extremities and the vertex of the skull, whereas in the typical race it is longer. In these cranial features the Assam buffalo approximates to B. coffer. The range includes the Mishmi Hills as well as Upper Assam. 91. 8. 7. 215. Skull, with horns. Mishmi Hills. Co- type, the other being a mounted head in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. D.— Bos bubalis hosei. Bos bubalis hosei, Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, p. 126, 1898. Typical locality Sarawak, Borneo. Intermediate in size and general appearance between B. h. hubalis and B. mindorensis, with (in the type specimen) a white gorget on the throat. Fore-legs from above knees to hoofs and hind-legs from below hocks mainly dirty white ; front of thighs also whitish. Horns relatively short. In North Borneo wild buffaloes are stated by Dr. C. Hose to occur in the neighbourhood of the Miri and Baram Eivers. 94. 6. 12. 8. Skin, mounted. Sarawak ; collected by Dr. C. Hose. Type. Also skull of same. Purchased, 1894. The following name has been proposed, on the evidence of a skull and horns, for a buffalo from N. India : — Bubalus bubalus septentrionalis, Matschie, Deutsche Jdger-Zeitung, vol. lix, p. 103, 1912. The undermentioned name has been applied to a buffalo reputed to come from the island of Busuanga, in the Calamianes group of the Philippines : — Bubalus moellendorffi, Neliring, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1894, p. 185. BOVINiE 47 It has, however, been stated Ijy a resident that there are no wild buffaloes in the Calamianes group (see Lydelchcr, Wild 0/xn, Sheep, and Goats, p. 130). Bubalus mainitensis, Heude, Me'm. Hist, Nat. Emp. CJiinois, vol. ii, p. 205, 1888, appears to be based on a domesticated buffalo from Mindanao, Philippines. VIII. BOS (BUBALUS) MINDOEENSIS. Bubalus mindorensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Cliinois, vol. ii, pp. 4 and 50, 1888, ihid. p. 204, pi. xix, 1894 ; Heller, Ahh. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 2, pp. 3 and 31, 1890*; Nehring, Zool. Anzeiger, 1890, p. 448; Jentink, Notes Ley den Mus. vol. xvi, p. 199, 1894 ; Meyer, Ahh. Mus. Dresden, 1896-97, No. 6, p. 12, pis. vii and viii, 1896 ; Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xiv, p. 410, 1898 ; Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 191, 1912, Philippine J. Sci. vol. vii, p. 45, 1912. Anoa mindorensis, Steere, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 413 ; Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1895, p. 202. Probubalus mindorensis, Steere, loc. cit. 1888. Bos mindorensis, LydehJcer, Boyal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 206, 1894, Geogr. Hist. Mamm. p. 47, 1896, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 238, 1912. Bos (Bubalus) mindorensis, LydeM-er, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 128, ph X, 1908. MiNDORO Buffalo. Typical locality Mindoro, Philippines. A small, stoutly built species, in many respects inter- mediate between B. huhalis hosei and B. de-pressicomis. Horns short and stout, with deep irregular grooves and pits on the surface, directed mainly upwards, with the tips somewhat incurved ; those of cows more slender and more widely separated on forehead ; colour black. Hair less sparse than in the larger species, but showing the same reversal on middle line of back ; general colour ashy black, sometimes tending to brown ; a triangular patch on inner side of eye, one or two spots on side of lower jaw, lower lip, in some cases one or two gorgets on throat, inner side of ear, and a band or patch above hoof, whitish or greyish white. Head relatively shorter than in B. hiibalis ; ears rather small, with long hairs on inner margin. Shoulder height about 3^- feet. 92. 10. 8. 1. Adult, mounted. Mindoro ; collected by Prof. J. B. Steere. Purchased, 1892. * Separate copies are dated 1889. 48 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES IX. BOS (BUBALUS) DEPEESSICOENIS. Antilope (Anoa) depressicornis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdomy voL iv, p. 293, V, p. 355, 1827. Antilope depressicornis, Quoy and Oaimard, Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. xvii, p. 623, 1829, Voyage de V Astrolabe— Zool. vol. i, p. 136, 1830. Bos (Anoa) depressicornis, Gray, Spicil. Zool. p. 12, 1828. Antilope (Taurotragus) depressicornis, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Sujjpl. vol. iv, p. 539, 1844. Anoa depressicornis, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 286, 1835 ; Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 29, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 13, 1872 ; Sundevall, K. Svensha Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 148, 1846 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 228, 1862 ; Heller, Ahh. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 2, p. 5, 1890* ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 281, 1896; Lonnberg, Acta Soc. TJpsal, vol. iii, p. 1, 1903 ; Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 191, 1911. Bubalus depressicornis. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 178 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 228, 1884. Probubalus celebensis, Riitimeyer, Verhandl. Ges. Basel, ser. 2, vol. iv, p. 334, 1865, Denkschr. scJnveiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 3, p. 52, 1867. Bubalus (Anoa) depressicornis, Riitimeyer, DenTcschr. schweiz. Ges. vol. xxii, pt. 2, art. 3, p. 26, 1867 ; Hofmann, Abh. Mus. Dresden, 1887, No. 3, p. 26. Probubalus (Anoa) celebensis, Riitimeyer, Abh. schiueiz. i^al. Ges. vol. V, p. 189, 1878. Bos depressicornis, Brehm, Tierleben — ed. 3, Saugethiere, vol. iii, p. 448, 1891 ; Flower and Lydehher, Study of Mammals, p. 361, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 130, 1891 ; Lydehher, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 231, 1912. Bos (Bubalus) depressicornis, Lydehher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 131, pi. x; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 431, 1910. Anoa. Typical locality Celebes. Smallest of all buffaloes ; the height at the shoulder being about 3 feet 3 inches, and that at the withers slightly more. Horns of medium length, rising much below plane of occiput, almost straight, and directed upwards and outwards nearly in the plane of forehead, with sharply pointed tips. Ears relatively small, nearly bare at tips. Tail about reaching hocks. A woolly coat in the calves, which is shed in large fleecy masses, leaving the skin of adults almost bare, at least in males. Juvenile coat either blackish or bris^ht golden brown ; adult males black or blackish, but females * Separate copies are dated 1889. BOVINE 49 sometimes brown. White spots may be present above the hoofs, on the throat, hind part of neck, back, in front of eye, and on side of lower jaw ; and there may be white on inner side of shanks. Hair of middle line of back reversed. Frequently only two pairs of lower premolars. A.— Bos depressicornis depressicornis. As the species w^as described on the evidence of a skull, it is of course impossible to know the colour of the skin in the typical race. It is, however, permissible to regard the ordinary black anoas as representing this race, and to take those devoid of white markings as typical. Such white markings certainly occur in the second race ; but whether they may not also occur in some individuals of the present race cannot yet be determined. Some of the undermentioned specimens may pertain to B. d. fergusoni. 607, a. Facial portion of skull and horns. Type ; figured by Hamilton Smith. Bequeathed hy Gen. T. Hardwicke, 1835. 607, a*. Skin, mounted. By exchange with Leyden Museum (?). 96. 6. 24. 1. Skin, mounted. Lipupang, North Celebes ; collected by Dr. C. Hose. There are no white markings on the face or limbs. Purchased, 1896. 607, h. Skeleton, female, mounted. Purchased. 46. 5. 11. 1. Skull, with horns. Purchased at Stevens Auction Rooms, 1846. 46. 5. 11. 1*. Skull, with horns. Figured in Gray's Catalogue of Ungidata, 1852, pi, iii. Same history. 58. 5. 4. 5. Skull, with horns (length 12| inches). Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1852. 60. 8. 26. 20. Immature skull. Collected by Dr. A. E. Wallace. Purchased, 1860. 60. 8. 26. 21. Young skull. Collected by Dr. Wallace. Same history. 50 ■ CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B.— Bos depressicornis ferg-usoni. Bos depressicornis fergueoni, LydeMer, Field, vol. cvi, p. 378, 1905, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 233, pL xxiii, 1912. Juvenile coat golden brown, this colour persisting in at least some of the cows ; white markings on face and limbs. This race is likewise restricted to Celebes, but probably inhabits a different area from the one in which the typical race is found. 0. 5. 26. 16. Skin, immature female. Type. The animal was living in 1900 in the Zoological Gardens at Trivandrum, India. Presented hy H. S. Ferguson, Esq., 1900. 8. 10. 22. 1. Skin. Trom an animal living with the last specimen at Trivandrum. Same donor, 1908. The following name has also been published, but the present writer has not seen the description : — Anoa quarlesi, Ouivens, Bijelragc Zoogdieren Celebes, Batavia, vol. xxii, p. 447, 1911. X. BOS (BUBALUS) CAFFEE. Bos caffer, Simrrman, K. Svensl-a Vet. -Ah. Handl. vol. xl, p. 79, 1779 ; Wagner, Schreber's Scmgthiere, vol. v, p. 1697, pi. ccci, 1844; Sundevall, K. Svensha Vet.-Al: Handl. 1844, p. 153, 1846; Huet, Bidl. Soc. Acclim. Paris, vol. xxxviii. p. 338, 1891 ; Flowtr and Ly deliver, Study of Mammals, p. 361, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 130, 1891, Mamm. S. Africa, vol. i, p. 254, 1900 ; Nicolls and Eglington, Sjpoi'tsman in South Africa, p. 72, 1892 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 261, 1896 ; Lydehker, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 234, 1912; PococJi-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 434. Bos (Bubalus) caffer, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 384, V, p. 371, 1827 ; Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheejh and Goats, p. 94, pi. vii, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 67, 1908 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 418, 1910. Bubalus caffer, Jardine, Nat. Libr. — Mamm. vol. iv, p. 237, 1836 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1843, Cat. TJngidata Brit. Mus. p. 28, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 12, 1872; Garrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 227, 1862 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 480, 1875, p. 457; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 230, 1884 ; Pcchuel-Loesche, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. vol. iii, p. 707, 1888 ; Bocage, J. Soc. Lisboa, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 24, 1890; Pousargues, A^in. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 7, vol. iv, p. 86, 1897 ; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges, nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 161. BOVINE 51 Buffelus cafifer, Matschic, Sdugeth. Deutsch. — Ost.-AfriJca, p. 107, 1895. Syncerns caffer, HoUistcr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. African Buffalo. Typical locality Sunday Eiver, Algoa Bay, South Africa. Horns relatively shorter, less markedly triangular in section, less rugose, and typically more expanded and much more closely approximated at the base than in B. huhalis. Size and colour variable, the latter ranging from black to reddish or orange dun. Hair of middle line of back normally directed uniformly backwards. Ears large and heavily fringed with long hairs. Skull massive, relatively short and broad, with the facial profile markedly convex, the muzzle proportionately short and wide, the nasals also short and broad, with their greatest length in the middle line of the skull. Vomer free from palatines. Auditory, or tympanic, bulla large, projecting much beyond plane of inferior aspect of basioccipital. The distributional area includes all such parts of Ethiopian Africa as are suited to the habits of these animals. All the forms of African buffaloes appear to the writer to be local races of a single species, many of them probably intergrading. Whether all the forms to which separate names have been given — mostly on tlie evidence of the skull and horns — are really entitled to even racial distinction, the material in the Museum is insufficient to afford means of arriving at a definite conclusion. The extent to which buffalo-horns became worn down in old age is so great that, without a large series of specimens from the same localities for comparison, two races might easily be made from young and old individuals of one and the same form. Although Dr. Matschie has attempted to make a "key"' to the various races, from the evidence of the horns alone, it is really impossible at present to do this satisfactorily ; but the races may be divided into two main groups from the characters of the horns. GEOUP I. Horns bent sharply backwards a short distance from their bases, so that they do not lie in the same plane for any E 2 52 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES appreciable portion of their length, frequently with a strong basal boss. Bodily size large ; skin and hair black. Subgroup i. Horns, in place of curving immediately inwards at the point of maximum span, Ijending at first backwards. A.— Bos caffer cafFer. Bos caffer typicus, LydeMe?', Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, p. 97, 1898. Syncerus caffer caffer, HolUster, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typically from Sunday Eiver, near Algoa Bay, whence the range extends northwards apparently to Zululand. Horns without a prominent basal boss, and their smooth tips diminishing very rapidly in calibre and distinctly bent inwards and backwards ; maximum span occuring where central axis of tips cuts the horns. 71. 7. 3. 8. Frontlet and horns, immature. Algoa Bay. From the locality, this specimen may be regarded as a typical example of the present race. Purcliasecl, 1871. 52. 2. 15. 10. Frontlet and horns. South Africa. FurcJiasedC^), 1852. 58. 5. 4. 9. Frontlet and horns. South Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society, 1858. 42. 4. 10. 14. Skull, with horns. Cape Colony. Purchased, 1842. 606, b. Skull, with horns. Locality unknown. Figured in Gray's Catalogue, 1852, pi. ii. No history. 606, i. Skull, with horos, female. Locality unknown. No history. 50. 11. 22. 101. Skeleton, mounted, belonging to tliis or one of the allied races. South Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society, 1850. 606, c. Yery young skull, with the budding horns, and body-skin. Cape Colony ; collected by Verreaux. Purchased. BOVINiE 53 B. — Bos caffer neumanni. Bubalus neumanni, Matscliie, Sitzhcr. Ges. nat. FreiiJicle, 1906, p. 169. Bos caffer neumanni, LydeJcker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 71, 1908. Syncerus neumanni, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Chagwe, Uganda. Cliaracterised, according to ]Matschie, by the bases of the horns being flattened, and their short tips diminishing rapidly in calibre and directed mainly upwards, with a very slight inward and backward direction, and the greatest span immediately below the points of the tips. This buffalo is stated to be very like B. c. cequinodialis, from which it differs by the distinct backward sweep of the basal portion of the horns. There are no specimens in the collection which can be referred to this race. C— Bos caffep ruahensis. Bubalus ruahaensis, Matschie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 170, errorim, Bubalus ruhahensis, Matschie, in Schillings^ Die Zauher des Elelescho, p. 95, Leipsic, 1906, errorim. Bos caffer ruahensis, LydeJcJcer, Game Animals of Africa, p. 71, 1908. Syncerus ruahaensis, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 193, 1911. Bubalus ruahensis, Matschie, in Uteris, 1912. Typical locality Ruaha Valley, German East Africa. Allied to B. c. neumanni, but with the basal portion of the horns much thickened and roughened, diminishing rapidly in calibre in the terminal portion, which is relatively short, and sharply bent backwards near the base, so that the tips are behind the skull. Thickest portion of under surface of horns considerably below orbits. No specimen in collection. 54 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES D.— Bos cafFer schilling-si. Bubalus pihillingsi, Matschie, in Schillings' Die Zauberdes Elelescho, p. 95, 1906, errorim. Bos caffer pihillingsi, Lydeklier, Game Animals of Africa, p. 72, 1908. Syncerus schillingsi, HoUister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 193, 1911. Bubalus schillingsi, Matschie^ in Uteris, 1912. Typical locality an island in the Pangani Eiver, near the Masimani Eange, Usagara, German East Africa. Horns moderately flattened at base, bent downwards and backwards in such a manner that the most prominent portion of the under surface lies in the same plane as the orbit ; the long tips bent so strongly inwards and outwards, but not backwards, that they form a right angle ; in the middle of the length of the horn the tip suddenly diminishes in width. Type in collection of Mr. E. C. Schillings. No example in the Museum. E, — Bos caffer wemberensis. Bubalus wembarensis, Matschie, in Schillings' Die Zauher des Elelescho, p. 95, 1906, errorim. Bos caffer wembaerensis, LydeJcher, Game Animals of Africa, p. 72, 1908. Syncerus wembarensis, HoUister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 193, 1911. Bubalus wemberensis, Matschie, in Uteris, 1912. Typical locality Chaya Swamp, southern part of Wembere Flats. Characterised, according to its describer, by the horns being strongly thickened at the base and then sharply bent downwards but scarcely at all backwards ; directed at first outwardly, narrowing rapidly, with the tips pointing upwards and running nearly parallel to each other, although showing a slight approximation. The type specimen is somewhere in Africa. No example in the collection. BOVINiE 55 F.— Bos caffer g'ariepensis. Bubalus gariepensis, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 19C6, p. 166. Bos caffer gariepensis, LydeJcTcer, Game Animals of Africa, p. 70, 1908. Syncerus gariepensis, HoUistcr, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJdngton, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Ligua Valley, upper Orange (Gariep) Valley. From tlie other members of this subgroup the Orange Piiver buffalo is stated to be distinguished by the great length of the tips of the horns, which exceed one-third the total horn-length, and also by the marked thickening of the basal portion of the horns. Type apparently in Berlin. No example in the collection. Subgroup ii. Horns curving sharply inwards from point of maximum span towards middle line of skull. G. — Bos caffer radcliffei. Bubalus caffer radcliffei, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. i, p. 371 ; Matschie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 162. Bos caffer radcliffei, Lydehker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 70, 1908, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 235, 1912. Syncerus caffer radcliffei, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1912. Typical locality Burumba, Ankoli, South- West Uganda. Horns very broad and flat in the palm, with the bases diverging considerably from each other in front, contrasting in these respects with those of B. c. caffer, which are very convex on the palm, with their inner edges (close to each other in old Ijulls) parallel. Horns of type measure 43i inches in length and 11 J- inches across palm. This buflalo forms a northern race of B. caffer fully as large as the typical southern race, but tending in the flatness of its horns towards the smaller B. ceqidnoctialis. 5. 4. 3. 37. Skull, with horns. Burumba, Ankoh. Type. Presented hj Lieut.-Col C. Delme-Baddiffc, 1905. 56 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 5. 4. 3. 38. Skull, with horns. Burumba. Same liistory. 5. 4. 3. 39. Skull, with horns, immature. Burumba. Saine history. 5. 4. 3. 40. Three pieces of skin. Burumba. Same history. 10. 12. 10. 1. Mounted head, provisionally referred to this race. Mount Kenia. A very old bull. Presented hy D. 0. Boherts, Msq., 1010. Fig, 16. — Skull a:sd Hoens of Ankoli Buffalo [Bos caffer radcliffei). From Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904. 11. 12. 13. 1. Mounted head, of very similar type, but younger. Presented hy FT. G. Barclay, Esq., 1911. 87. 7. 8. 6. Skull, with horns, belonging to this or a nearly allied race. British East Africa. Presented hy the Lord Delamere, 1887. H. — Bos caffep limpopoensis. Bubalus limpopoensis, Matschie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 167. Bos caffer limpopoensis, LydeTiher, Game Animals of Africa, p. 70, 1908. Svncerus limpopoensis, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Lembobo Mountains, southern Swaziland (Gazaland). Characterised by the absence of a backward trend in the BOVIN.E 57 outer part of the horns, which (unlike those of the next two races) extend forwards considerably in advance of the plane of the greatly developed basal bosses. 7. 10. 25. 4. Skull, witli horns, provisionally referred to this race. Portuguese East Africa. The tips of the horns turn backwards, so that they do not actually project in advance of the plane of the basal boss. Presented hy F. Vaughcin Kirhj, Esq., 1907. I. — Bos caffer azrakensis. Bubalus azrakensis, MatscJiie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freiinde, 1906, p. 169. Bos caffer asracensis, Lyde'k'kci', Game Animals of Africa, p. 70, 1908. S^'ncerus azrakensis, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Dar Eoseires, on the Bahr-el-Azrak, Egyptian Sudan. The horns have an inward curvature from the point of maximum span very similar to that found in the next race (wiesei), but the backward trend is less developed, and the tips have a distinct downward trend. Type in the Berlin Museum. jSTo example in collection. J.— Bos caffer wiesei. Bubalus wiesei, Matscliie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 168. Bos caffer wiesei, Lydehker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 70, 1908. Syncerus wiesei, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 193, 1911. Typical locality Middle Zambesi Valley, between Loangwa and Eevegu, or near the point of entrance of the Eevabwe Eiver. Characterised, according to its describer, by the pronounced backward flexure of the middle portion of the horns, and the existence of a backward trend in the outer portion, although the tips are not distinctly bent downwards. Type in Berlin Museum. 86. 5. 5. 1. Skin, mounted, provisionally referred, from its locality, to the present race. ^lashonaland ; shot by F. C. Selous, Esq., September Stli, 1885. Purchased, 1886. 58 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 86. 5. 5. 2. Skin, female, mounted. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1886. GROUP II. Horns, as a rule relatively small and extending upwards and outwards from their bases more or less nearly in the same place, without strongly developed basal bosses. Bodily size medium or small ; colour of hair generally dun, reddish, or brown in females and young males, and occasionally in adult bulls ; but in some cases adults of both sexes dark. K.— Bos caffer aequinoctialis. Bubalus caffer aequinoctialis, Bli/th, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 371 ; Pechuel-Loesche, Zool. Jahrb. Sysf. vol. iii, p. 713, pi. xxvii, 1888. Bubalus pumilus orientalis, Broo'ke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 483, pi. xlii. Bubalus aequinoctialis, Bi-ooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 457 ; Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 7, vol. iv, p. 87, 1897 ; Matschie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, pp. 161, 174. Bos aequinoxialis, Hiiet, Bull. Soc. AccUjii. Paris, vol. xxxviii, p. 337, 1891. Bubalus caffer equinoctialis. Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 12, 1872. Bos centralis. Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 265, 1896, nee Gray. Bos caffer aequinoctialis, LydeJcJcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and. Goats, p. 101, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 73, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 422, 1910. S^Ticerus caffer aequinoctialis. Heller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typified by a frontlet and horns collected hj Consul Petherick in East Equatoria ; the range includes a large part of the AVhite Xile region. This race forms to a certain deij^ree a connecting: link between the first and second groups, the bodily size being considerable, and the horns relatively large and to some extent inclining backwards in their middle portion. Tips of horns, according to Matschie, short, and less than one-third total horn-length ; they taper rapidly, and are directed more inward than backward, and their axis forms an anjxle of about 56'' with the basal portion of the horns, which is considerably thickened. General colour blackish brown, with a dark tail-tip. bovine: 59 74. 11. 2. 5. Mounted skin. Setit Valley, Bogosland, Abyssinia. Length of horns 21 J- inches, maximum span 28f inches. P^ircJiascd , 1874. 74. 11. 2. 3. Skeleton, witli horns, mounted. Same locality. Horn-length 28^, maximum span 31 inches. Same history. 74. 11. 2. 4. Skeleton, with horns, female; skull exhibited in gallery. Same locality. Same history. 1. 8. 8. 47. Mounted head. Eastern Sudan. Presented hy R. McD. Haiuker, Esq., 1901. Tlie following specimen appears to indicate a Ijuffalo intermediate in some respects between B. c. cequinoctialis and B. c. matheivsi. The horns are noticeable for the great width of their basal portion and the shortness of the tips. The hair is black. 13. 1. 13. 1. Skull, with horns, and scalp. Wandi (Wando), Lado Enclave. Length of horns along outer curve 27^ inches, palm-breadth 9J inches, tip-to-tip 27f inches. Presented hy G. W. Grahham, Esq., 1913. L.— Bos caffep mathewsi. Bos caffer mathewsi, Lydeklcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 163, Gaine Animals of Africa, p. 72, 1908. Bubalus mathewsi, Matscliie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 174. Sjncerus caffer mathewsi, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Mfumbiro or Ufumbiro district, Ruanda, north-east of Lake Kivu, l^etween Tanganyika and the Albert-Edward Nyanza. Horns smaller than in the last, and witli little backward inclination of the central portion ; tips inclining backwards and inwards, and their loncj axis forminii' an an^de of about 35° with that of the basal portion. General colour blackish, with a white tail-tip. 4. 5. 19. 1. Skull, with hums. Mfumbiro district, Euanda, north-east of Lake Kivu. Type (fig. 17). Presented hy A. Mathews, Esq., 1904. 60 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Fig. 17.— Skull and Hoens of Kivu Buffalo {Bos caffer mathewsi). From Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901. M.— Bos caffer cottoni. Bos caffer cottoni, LydeTiker, Field, vol. cix, p. 87, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 996 (1907), Game Animals of Africa, p. 73, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 996, 1913, p. 236, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 239, 1912. Syncerus caffer cottoni, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington^ vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Semliki Forest ; perhaps ranging to French Conoco. A relatively large race, with a distinct backward deflec- tion of the basal part of the horns in adult bulls. General colour of adult bulls deep red, darkening, at least in some individuals, into brown ; mane and lower part of legs black or blackish. Cows apparently duller red, with a distinct black mane and dark shanks. 9. 9. 16. 1. Mounted head and body-skin, female, pro- BOVINE 61 visionally referred to tliis race (see Proc. Zool. See, 1913, p. 23(3). Interior of French Congo ; shot by Prince Paul Demidoff. The general colour is foxy red, with dark brown shanks, and a jet black mane, and a few black hairs at the tail. The head indicates a bigger animal than the cow of B. c. Jmnti, and the black mane distinguishes tlie specimen from all the other red buffaloes in the collection. Presented hy Prince E. Demidoff^ 1909. N.— Bos cafFep thierryi. Bubalus thierryi, MatscJiie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freimde, 1906, p. 172. Bos caffer thierryi, Lj/del-lier, Game Animals of Africa, p. 72, 1908. Proc. Zool Soc. 1910, p. 992. Syncerus thierryi, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 193, 1911. Typical locality Togoland, W. Africa ; also recorded from Upper Shari Valley, French Congo. Long axes of smooth tips and rough basal portion of horns forming about a right angle with one another; the long tips tapering rapidly, and having approximately the same direction as the free basal edges of the horns ; their summits separated by an interval exceeding one-third the maximum span. Type apparently in Berlin. 10. 5. 16. 1. Frontlet and horns. Upper Shari Valley. In the fact that they are situated throughout their length almost in one plane, coupled with the great length of the slender, cylindrical tips, which exceeds that of the basal portion, and the right angle formed by the junction of these two portions with one another, the horns accord with the pair from the interior of Togoland, described and figured by Dr. Matschie under the name of Buhalus thierryi. The Shari horns are, however, deeper in the antero-posterior dkection at their bases, where they are more expanded and flattened, and also more closely approximated in the middle line than in the type of thierryi. The latter, is, however, a female, and this being so, there seems no reason why the Shari horns should not pertain to the same race. Accordingly, despite the long interval between the localities wliere the two specimens were obtained, there seems no possibility of 62 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES separating the Shari horns from thierryi, and they are referred provisionally to that race. Presented hy Dr. H. K. W. Kumm, 1910. 0.— Bos cafFer mayi. Bubalus mayi, Matscliie Sitzbcr. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, p. 172. Bos caffer mayi, LydeJcker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 72, 1908. Syncerus mayi, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Bengo, Loanda. In this race the horns, which are approximated at the tips, have a decided upward direction recalling in some degree those of the Pliilippine Bos mindorensis ; their tips tapering gradually and slightly, and their length not exceed- ing one- third of the total horn-length. Colour apparently undescribed. Type seemingly a drawing in the Eoyal Library, Berlin. No example in the collection. P.— Bos caffer brachyceros. Bubalus brachyceros. Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 587, 1837, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1843, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mils. p. 24, 1852, Cat. Baminants Brit. Mus. p. 10, 1872, Hand-List Puminants Brit. Mus. p. 81, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 499, 1873, xiii, p. 258, 1874 ; Bhjth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 157; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, pp. 161, 174. Bos brachyceros, Sundevall, K. Svensha Vet. -Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 153, 1846. Bubalus brachycerus, Gerrard, Cat. Bodies Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 227, 1862. Bubalus pumilus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 482, 1875, p. 455. Bos caffer brachyceros, Lydehker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 112, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 72, 1908, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 243, 1912, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1913, p. 240; Alexander, From the Niger to the Congo, vol. ii, p. 394, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 424, 1910. Syncerus brachyceros, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 192, 1911. Typical locality Lake Chad district. The following tentative key {Proc. Zool. Soc., 1913, p. 241) to the named races of West African dwarf buffaloes in BOVINE 63 which the colour of the hair is known may be conveniently introduced here : — A. Both sexes dark ; horns regularly curved in a subcircular manner. Size medium B. c. sinqjsoni. B. Adult bulls dark, young bulls and cows red or tawny; horns more expanded laterally. a. Throat of bulls orange tawn3\ a'. Size large; throat of cows orange.... B. c. ijlanicevos. b'. Size smaller ; throat of cows coloured like neck ; horns mainly in one plane ; ear-fringe of cows partly orange (some old bulls red) B. c. liunti. b. Apparently no orange on throat. Size medium ; horns strongly bent backwards ; ear-fringe of cows mainly black B. c. brachijceros. c. Adults of both sexes rufous or tawny ; horns more or less ungulated and flattened. a. Size small ; horns strongly ungulated ; heavy ear-fringes ; ax)parently a dark dorsal stripe B. c. nanus. b. Size apparently larger ; horns less strongly ungulated; less abundant ear- fringes ; no dark dorsal stripe B. c. beddingtoni. In the present race the horns, so far as can be determined, are of the general type of those of ]jlaniceros, but with the tips inclined more backwards and inwards, so that the interval between them is less. Old bulls apparently black, younger ones, like cows at all ages, rufous or tawny, with black " points." Apparently no orange on throat. 605, a. Skull, with horns, female. Lake Chad district. Co- type. Figured in Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 114, as a male, but identified as a fully adult female in Froc. Zool Soc, 1913, p. 240. Length of horns 17 inches, tip-to-tip interval 6£ inches. Presented by Capt. H. Clapperton, B.N., and Col. D. Denliam, about 1825. 605, h. Skull, with horns, female. Lake Chad district. Co-type. Same history. 4. 7. 9. 13. Frontlet and horns of an aged bull. Northern Nigeria, east of Kontago. Length of horn 17 inches, tip-to-tip interval 20 inches, palm width 6 inches. Preseiited by Capt. H. Coch, 1904. 7. 7. 8. 254. Skull, with horns, of a younger bull 64 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES provisionally referred to this race. Shot during the Alexander- Gosling expedition by Capt. Gosling on an island in the Ubangui. Length of horns 25 J inches, tip-to-tip interval 10 J inches, palm-width 6 J inches. Alexander gave the tip-to-tip interval at llf inches. The colour of the skin Fig. 18. — Skull and Horns of Female Lake Chad Buffalo {Bos cajfer brachyceras). From Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats. of this bull was dull tawny, with black face, mane, ear-fringes and legs ; one cow shot at the same time was similarly coloured, but a second cow was a richer tawny, with the forehead red. The Ubangui Kiver forms the division between French and Belgian Congo. Presented hy Boyd Alexander, Usq., 1907. BOVINiE 65 The following specimens indicate allied bultaloes, one of which was of larger size than B. c. hrachyceros : — 55, 5. 20. 4. Skull, without lower jaw or horns. Niger Valley. Presented hij Dr. W. B. Baihie, 1855. 7. 7. 8. 252. Skull, with horns. Locality unknown ; obtained during Alexander-Gosling expedition. Horn-length 29 inches, tip- to- tip interval 30i inches, palm- width 8 inches. Presented hy the Alexander -Gosling Expedition, 1907. 7. 7. 8. 254, a. Skull, with horns, of an immature bull agreeing approximately in size with the last. Locality unknown. Same history. 72. 11. 11. 1. Skull, with horns, belonging to this or one of the allied species. Locality unknown ; collected by E. Blyth, Esq. Purchased, 1872. The following immature skulls are referable to various members of the nanus — lolanifrons — hrachyceros — simpsoni group : — 4. 7. 27. 1. Immature skull, with horns. South Nigeria. Presented hy E. D. Simpson, Esq., 1904. 91. 3. 26. 1. Skull, with horns, of about same age as last. Sette-Kama, French Congo. Purchased, 1891. 91. 3. 26. 2-3. Two younger skulls, with horns. Sette- Kama. Same history. 5. 11. 27. 16. Immature skull of approximately the same age as the last, with one horn. French Congo ; collected by G. L. Bates, Esq. Purchased, 1905. 55. 5. 20. 6-7. Two immature skulls, with horns. Niger Valley. Presented hy Dr. IF. B.Baikie, 185 o. 10. 6. 1. 45-46. Two immature skulls, with horns. Oban, Southern Nigeria ; collected by P. A. Talbot, Esq. Purchased, 1910. 10. 1. 19. 1. Immature skull, with horns. Kasai Valley, Congo Free State. Presented hy IV. M. Hilton- Simpson, Esq., 1910. 66 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Q.— Bos eaffer planiceros. Bubalue planiceros, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 157 ; Benshaiu ibid. 1904, ii, p. 130; MatscJiie, Sitzhei'. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1906, pp. 161, 174. Bubalus centralis, Gray, Cat. Ruyyiinants Brit. Mus. p. 11, 1872 Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 11, 1873; Matschie, Siiuge- thieve Togogehietes, p. 19, 1893, Sitzber. Ges. 7iat. Freunde, 1906, p. 162 ; Fousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 7, vol. iv, p. 87, 1897. Bos eaffer planiceros, Lydehlier, Wild Oxen, SJieej), and Goats, p. 103, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 73, 1908, The Ox and Its Kindred, p. 241, 1912, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1913, p. 235 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 424, 1910. Bos pumilus, Brehm, Tierleben, ed. 3, Sdugeth. vol. iii, p. 320, fig. 1891, nee Turton. Sjncerus planiceroe, Hollister, Froc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 193, 1911. Syncerus centralis, Hollister, loc. cit. Typical locality probably Gambia, see Proc. Zool. Soc, 1913, p. 240 ; from Gambia the range extends into Sierra Leone. Adult bulls dark, younger bulls and cows red or tawny ; an orange tawny band on the throat of both sexes, and a similarly coloured patch below the ear. Horns curving regularly, with a considerable lateral expansion. 91. 1. 8. 1. Frontlet and horns of old bull. Probably from Gambia. Type. The tips of the horns are so w^orn down that they are quite blunt and rounded, while the rugosities on the palm are much abraded. Exchanged with King's College, London, 1891. 65. 3. 30. 1. Skull of a younger bull, wanting the lower jaw, with the 'right horn. Type of B. ccntrcdis. West Africa ; collected by Dalton (not, as stated Ijy Gray in his Hand-List, 1873, Dr. Baikie). Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Frennde, 1906, p. 162, incorrectly states that B. centralis was based on an Atbara buffalo. Purchased^ 1865. 11. 2. 16. 1. Mounted head. Upper Gambia. The horns agree very closely with those of the preceding specimen. Fresented. by G. Femvick Owen, Esq^., 1901. 11. 6. 10. 112. Skull, with horns, and skin. Upper Gambia. The general colour is dark chocolate-brown, with the fetlocks and tail-tip l)lack. Same historg. BOVINyE 67 11. 6. 10. 115. Skull, with horns, and skin. Upper Gamhia. Same history. 46. 10. 16. 1. Skeleton, female. Gamhia; collected hy Whitfield. Skull exhihited. Presented hy the Earl of Derhy, 1846. R.— Bos caffer hunti. Bos (Bubalus) caffer huuti, LydekJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1913, p. 240. Typical locality Southern Nigeria. Size smaller than in preceding race, with which this agrees in general colour, but with no orange-tawny band on throat Fig. 19.— Head of S. Nigerian Buffalo {Bos caffer hunti). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1913. of COWS, and that in bulls narrower. Male horns differ from those of |:>/ 1782 ; Wagner, Suxipl. to do. vol. iv, ^. 242, 1844 ; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 36, 1850; Blasius, Sdageth. Deutschlands, p. 471, 1857; Cornalia, Fauna Ital. — Mamm. p. 56, 1870; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiu, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 243, 1884 ; Flower and LydekJcer, Study of Mammals, p. 356, 1891 ; Brehm, Tierlehen, ed. 3, Sdugeth. vol. iii, p. 220, 1891 ; Lydehher, Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, p. 154, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 132, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 46, 1912; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 414, 1910 ; Pococh, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 857 ; Tesdorpf, Einbilrgerung des Muffelwildes (Mouflons) auf dem europdischen Festlande, Neudamm, 1910, p. 9 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 242, 1910 ; Nasonov^ Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1911, p. 1292; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 987, 1912; Satunin, Mitt. Kaukas. Mus. vol. vii, p. 78, 1912. yEgoceros musimon, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. -Asiaf. vol. i, p. 230, 1811. Ovis musmon, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 322, V, p. 360, 1827; Jardine, Nat. Lihr.-Mamm. vol. iv, p. 132, 1836; Bonaparte, Iconogr. Fauna Ital.-Indice distrib. 1811. Capra musmon, Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 488, 1829. Ovis musimon var. occidentalis, Brandt and Ratzeburg, Med. Zool. vol. i, p. 55, 1829. Caprovis musimon, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 702, 1847 ; Gray, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 132, 1873. Musimon musmon, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 191, 1855; Graells, Mem. Ac. Madrid, vol. xvii, p. 369, 1897. Musimon musimon, Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 85, 1873. (?) Ovis matschiei, Duerst, in Wilclicns' Grundzilge Naturgcsch. Haustiere, ed. 2, pp. 177 and 180, Leipsic, 1905. Mouflon. 76 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Sardinia ; the name 0. m. occidentcdis is available for tlie Corsican race. Size small ; shoulder-height about 27 inches. Horns generally, or frequently, curving forwards in " amnion " fashion by the sides of the face, but in some instances " perverted " ; females either horned or polled. General colour of upper-parts reddish or blackish brown, darker in winter than in summer ; a blackish median streak on neck and shoulder, extending as a blackish shade behind the latter ; a conspicuous greyish white saddle-patch in adult rams in winter. Under-parts and inner sides of limbs dull Fig. 24. — Head of Saedinian Mouflox {Ovis musivion). From a photograph lent by the New York Zoological Society. whitish ; a black area on lower surface of neck, continued down upper part of leg and as a narrow stripe on part of shank nearly to hoofs ; dark area of upper-parts divided from white of belly by dark flank-band ; tail black above, whitish beneath. Horns are known to occur in some Corsican ewes, while hornless qwq^ are common in Sardinia, but whether this is a constant difference remains to be proved. The state- ment that Sardinian rams have normal and Corsican rams " perverted " horns is not borne out by the facts. Duerst recognises two kinds of mouflon living side by side, alike in Sardinia and Corsica, viz. : 0. mitsimon : foxy CAPRINE 77 red with a brown stripe on Imck, white spots on heads and flanks ; horns light-coloured, curved in a single plane. 0. matschiei : more brownish grey in general colour, face ash-grey rarely marked with white ; horns dark brown, curved in a spiral with tips directly outwards. 53. 8. 29. 49. Skin, mounted. Sardinia (?). Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1853. 95. 4. 4. 1. Skin, mounted. Genargentu Eange, Central Sardinia. Presented hy Ford G. Barclay, Esci., 1895. 5. 3. 6. 3. Skin, mounted. Sardinia. Presented hy J. Poicland Ward, Fsq., 1905. 61. 3. 24. 2. Skin, female. (?)Bred in London. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1861. 62. 12. 22. 2. Skin, female. (?) Bred in London. Same donor, 1862. 60. 4. 23. 1. Skeleton. (?) Bred in London. Same donor, 1860. 55. 12. 26. 162. Skull, with horns. Sardinia; collected by W. Ewer, Esq. Same donor, 1855. 95. 4. 16. 6, a. Skull, with horns. Genargentu Eange, Sardinia. Presented hy E. N. Buxton, Esq., 1895. 95. 4. 16. 6-7. Two skins, one associated with the preceding specimen. Genargentu Eange. Same history. 9. 1. 11. 1. Frontlet and horns. Corsica; collected by Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major. The curvature of the horns is normal, without terminal " perversion." Purchased, 1908. 5. 3. 6. 2. Skin, young. Sardinia. Presented hy A. Bayley- IVorthington, Esq., 1905. III. OVIS ORIENTALIS. Ovis musimon var. orientalis, Brandt and Batzeburg, Med. Zool. vol. i, p. 54, 1829. Ovis gmelini, Blyth, Proa. Zool. Sac. 1840, p. 69 ; Brooke, ibid. 1875, p. 526 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 88, 1876 ; Danford and Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276, 1880, p. 55 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mas. pt. ii, p. 139, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 258, 1896; Satunin, Zool. Jahrh. Syst. vol. ix, p. 312, 1896; MatscJiie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1896, p. 97 ; Badde, Museum Caucasicum, vol. i, p. Ill, 1899; Dinnik, Zajp. KavJi. old. Btiss. Geogr. ObsC. vol. xxvii, pt. 1, p. 158, 1910. 78 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Ovis orientalis, Keyserling and Blasius, Wh'heltliiere Euroi). p. 29, 1840 ; Wagner, Schreber's Saugthiere, Stipj^I. vol. iv, p. 507, 1844 ; Sevei-tzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiv, voL viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873 ; Nehring, Zool. Garten, vol. xxviii, p. 378, 1887 ; LydeJiJier, Wild Oxen, Slieei), and Goats, p. 159, 1898, Large and Small Game of Euro}je, etc. p. 135, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xx, p. 122, 1907, The Sheej) and Its Cousins, p. 253, 1912; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 412, 1910 ; Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. 1910, p. 681, 1911, p. 1270. Ovis (Musimon) orientalis. Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 36, 1850. Caprovis (Musimon) orientalis. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1872; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 251, 1862. Caprovis orientalis, Gray, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 131, 1873. Red Sheep. Typical locality Troodos Mountains, Cyprus ; the range extendino; throug-h Asia Minor and Transcaucasia to Persia. Typically a small sheep (26 J inches at withers), Ijut attaining larger dimensions (33 inches) on the Asiatic mainland. Horns " perverted " homonymous, typically with outer front angle bevelled off. Typically the general colour bright rufous above in summer; in winter browner, with a more or less distinct light saddle-patch ; a dark flank-band separating rufous area from white of belly ; no white rump- patch, and basal half of upper side of tail coloured like back, but tip black. Muzzle, chin, throat (in summer), inner side of ears, under-parts, buttocks below tail, and inner sides and shanks of legs white ; throat-fringe, which may expand into a distinct ruff, a line near front of thigh, and one on front of fore-legs blackish. There has been much confusion as to which is the typical race of this species, but it has been conclusively shown by Nasonov that the Cyprian sheep is entitled to this position. The specimens in the collection do not suffice to form a ^' key " to the local races ; and as Nasonov's work is in Eussian the writer has been unable to avail himself of the information it contains. It may he noted that the eastern forms of the species appear to approximate — especially in the greater development of the throat-ruff — to 0. vignei. CAPRINE 70 A.— Ovis orientalis orientalis. Ovis ophion, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 69 ; Brooke, ibid. 1875, p. 526; Alston and Danford, ibid. 1880, p. 59; Biddulph, ibid. 1884, p. 594, pi. Ixviii ; Langkavel, Zool. Gavten. vol. xxxiv, p. 183, 1891; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 256, 1896; Giinthcr, Journ. Linn. Soc. — Zool. vol. xxvi, p. 374, 1900. Ovis cyprius, Blasius, Sdugetli. Dcutschlands, p. 473, 1857. Caprovis ophion, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1872. Musimon cyprius. Sever tzow. Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiu, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 85, 1873. Ovis cypria, Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoio, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873. Ovis orientalis ophion, LydeTiker, Wild Oxen, Sheej}, and Goats, p. 163, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 137, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 413, 1910. Ovis orientalis onentolis, Nasonov,'Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1911, p. 1271. Typical locality Troodos Mountains, Cyprus. Size small (about 26J^ inches at withers). General colour rufous fawn above (browner in winter), white beneath, with indistinct blackish dorsal stripe for a short distance above withers, and narrow blackish band dividing rufous from white area, which is continued down thighs near front; a more or less distinct light saddle-patch, most apparent in winter. A blackish crest down throat and chest, expanding into small ruff inferiorly. Front of fore-legs above knees blackish ; dark patches inside thighs above hocks ; tail-tip black ; ears grey externally, white internally. Forehead, upper part of muzzle, and area in front of eyes dusky brown ; nose, chin, and throat white. Outer front angle of liorns completely bevelled off. 85. 3. 2. 1. Skin, mounted. Troodos Eange. Figured by Col. Biddulph, loc. cit. Presented hy Gen. Sir R. Biddidph, G.C.B., 1885. 0. 1. 16. 1. Mounted female head. Cyprus. Presented hy Lieut.-Col. J. Marriott, 1900. 85. 6. 6. 1. Skin and horns. Troodos Piange ; shot by Gen. Sir Pv. Biddulpli. Presented hy Col. J. Biddulph, 1885. S%. 11. 31. 1-2. Two skins, with horns. Troodos liange. Presented hy Hamilton Lang, Esq., 1886. 80 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B.— Ovis opientalis gmelini. Ovis gmelini, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 69 : see also under head of species. Ovis orientalis typica, LydeJckcr, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 160, 1898. Ovis orientalis gmelini, LydeM-er, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. XX, p. 121, 1907, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 242, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 256, 1912; Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1911, p. 1272. Typical locality Erzerum, Asia Minor. Size larger (33 inches). Typically the horns directed mainly backwards, with outer front angle distinct. General colour of upper-parts apparently russet-yellow or foxy red, with a dark purplish mark ^bove knees and darkish streak on chest, the dorsal region being also darker than elsewhere. In winter a light saddle-patch, and a short chestnut and black throat-rnft'. Less white on chin and throat than in typical race. The sheep from the Cilician Taurus may represent a distinct race, characterised by the larger extent and purity of the white area on the muzzle, chin, and throat in summer. 55. 12. 24. 396. Skull and skin. Erzerum ; collected by Messrs. Dickson and Eoss. Type. Presented hi/ the Zoological Society, 1853. 55. 12. 24. 395. Immature skull and skin. Erzerum ; collected by jMessrs. Dickson and Eoss. Scime history. 55. 12. 26. 156. Skull, with horns, of female. Erzerum; collected by Messrs. Dickson and Eoss. Same history. 47. 9. 22. 2. Immature skull and skin. Armenia. Presented hy the Hon. E. Curzoii, 1847. 0. 1. 29. 1. Mounted skin, with skull separate. Khoda- rendikian, Asia Minor. Presented hy C. G. K. Lee, Esq., 1900. 54. 1. 24. 1. Skull, with horns, provisionally referred to this race. Stated to be from an island in the Mediterranean ; figured by Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, pp. 56 and 57 Length of horns 40J inches ; this being the " record " measurement. Presented hy TV. Burchart Barker, Esq., 1854. 8. 11. 21. 2-3. Two skins. Ivuz Dagh, near Enagli, Asia Minor. Presented hy A. Buxton, Esq., 1908. CAPKIN.E 81 The following specimens may represent a distinct race : — 76. 8. 7. 3. Skeleton, mounted. Cilician Taurus, Asia Minor. Presented hy C. G. Danford, Esq., 1876. 76. 8. 7. 4. Skeleton, female. Cilician Taurus. Same histoinj. C— Ovis opientalis anatolica. (?) Ovis anatolica, Valenciennes, Comi)t. Bend. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xliii, p. 65, 1856 ; Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873; Greve, Zool. Gart. 1895, p. 367; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freiinde, 1896, p. 99. Ovis orientalis anatolica, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Pefersb. 1911, p. 1277 ; Lydehher, The Sheep and Us Cousins, p. 257, 1912. Typical locality Anatolia. Unrepresented by skins in collection. Horns much curved downwards. * *. Cast of frontlet and horns. Original from Anatolia, Presented hy J. Powland. JVairl, Psq., 1903. D. — Ovis orientalis urmiana. Ovis ophion va)\ urmiana, GUnther, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. — Zool. vol. xxvii, p. 374, 1900. Ovis ophion urmiana, LydeJcker, Great and Small Gajne of Europe, etc. p. 131, 1901, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 242, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 257, 1912. Ovis urmiana, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1911, p. 1281. Typical locality Koyun Daghi Island, Lake Urmi, Western Persia. A relatively small race, with the front outer angle of horns bevelled off, much in the same manner as in Cyprian race. In a specimen figured by Nasonov (op. cit. p. 1283, fig. 4) the horns are bent sharply downwards, with very little backward inclination, so that theii* tips project much below the plane of the upper cheek-teeth, instead of being nearly continuous with the same. Probably there is a well-developed throat-ruff in winter. 99. 9. 13. 1. Skull, with horns. Island in Lake Urmi, Persia. Type. Presented hy R. S. Gi'mthcr, Esq., 1899. 82 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES E.— Ovis orientalis erskinei. Ovis gmelini erskinei, LydekTcer, Field, vol. civ, p. 1031, 1904. Ovis orientalis typica, LydeJcker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xx, p. 122, 1907; Ward, Becords of Big Gajue, ed. 6, p. 412, 1910. Ovis urmiana erskinei, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Betersh. 1911, p. 1286. Ovis orientalis erskinei, LijdekJcer, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 259, 1912. Fig. 25. — Head of Elbuez Red Ram {Ovis orientalis erskinei). CAPRINE 80 Tyj)ical locality Elburz Eange, Persia. So far as can be judged from the head and neck, the colour is less distinctly red tlian in the Cyprian and Armenian races, while there is a distinct front outer angle to the horns, and a strongly developed dark throat-ruff in winter. The front surface of the horns is consequently flatter than in the typical race, and distinctly defined from the outer one. In all these respects this race approximates to 0. vignei, in which " perversion " of the horns may occur as an abnormality. Whether this race has a dark flank-band is not apparent. 4. 11. 18. 1. Mounted head (fig. 25). Southern flank of Elburz Eange, Persia. Type. Presented hy the Hon. TV. Erdcine, 1904. F. — Ovls orientalis isphahanica. Ovis orientalis isphaganica, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1910, plate facing, p. 702. Ovis urmiana isphahanica, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1911, p. 1290, Ovis orientalis isphahanica, LydeJcJcer, The Sheej) and Its Cousins, p. 260, 1912. Typical locality Ispahan, Persia. The only description is in Eussian. No specimen in collection. IV. OVIS LAEISTANICA. Ovis laristanica, Naso7iov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1909, p. 1179, 1911, p. 1295, pi. ; LydeliTcer, The Sheej) and Its Cousins, p. 260, 1912. Typical locality Laristau, southern Persia. Horns normally homonymous. General colour of upper- parts in winter (according to Nasonov) dark brownish yellow, with a dark band across the shoulders, behind and parallel to which is a wdiite band, and in front a whitish patch, thus forming a kind of double saddle-patch. A blackish flank- band dividing the dark area from the white of the belly. Crown of head, forehead, and muzzle blackish ; a black streak from eye to mouth, and l^elow this a narrower grey one ; G 2 84 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES outer side of ears grey ; tail whitish. Front and outer side of fore-legs above knees blackish tawny, and a streak of same down front of shank below white knees; elsewhere lower part of fore-legs and the whole of lower part of hind- legs white. A strong black tbroat-ruff, with some brownish yellow hairs ; and long blackish hair on the neck, descending to the chest. In summer the general colour changes to chestnut, with almost complete obliteration of saddle-patch. The Laristan sheep, of which there is no specimen in the collection, is provisionally allowed specific rank. Y. 0VI8 YIGNEI. Ovis vignei, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 70; G-ray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 169, 1843 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 127, pi. Ixxix; Severtzoiu, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, pt. 2, p. 153, 1873 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 526 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 435, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 138, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 497, 1891 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xvii, p. 5, 1894 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 250, 1896, ed. 6, p. 408, 1910 ; LydeH-er, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 166, pi. xii, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 99, 1907, The Sheej) and Its Cousins, p. 261, 1912, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 9, 1913 ; PococTi, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 859. Ovis montana, Cunningham, Ladah, p. 199, 1854, nee Schreher. Caprovis (Musimon) vignei, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 55, 1872. Musimon vignei, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 191, 1855 ; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, p. 62, 1873. Caprovis vignei, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 526 ; Gray, Hand- List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 130, 1873. Urin, Urial, or Sha. Typical locality Astor. Size medium ; shoulder-height from 32 to 36 inches. Horns strongly wrinkled, curling forwards by sides of face in '' ammon " fashion, generally forming little more than one complete turn, with the tips inclined inwards, although in some cases with slight terminal eversion ; females with short upright horns. Throat of rams with a large and more or less black ruff of long stiff' hairs, commencing behind the chin in two lobes, which soon unite to extend as a continuous fringe down the middle of the throat to the chest. Tail short, general colour of upper-parts rufous grey or fawn in summer, greyish brown in winter ; under -parts, limbs, buttocks, and CAPRIN.E 85 tail whitish or white ; ruff in some instances wholly black, but more generally with a mixture of white hairs, and in old rams white in front passing into Idack l)ehind. Muzzle in old age whitish or white. A black or blackish patch behind shoulder, and in some instances a blackish flank-band and markings on outer side of limbs. Females and immature males almost uniformly greyish ])rown above and paler beneath. Occasionally the tips of the horns display " perversion." The ransje extends from Sind, the Trans-Indus districts of the Punjab, Afghanistan, Gilgit, Baluchistan, the Cis- Indus Salt Eange, through Astor to Zaskar, Ladak, and Tibet, and also including parts of Uussian Turkestan, Transcaspia, and Persia. The following four races — some of which probably inter- grade — may be recognised : — A. Size large ; colour tending to brownish or greyish. a. Horn-girth in five specimens from 10 to 12 inches ; much black in ruff 0. v. vignei. b. Horn-girth from 10 to 12J inches ; front surface of horns much flattened ; front of ruff mainly white 0. v. arhar. B. Size apparently medium. Horn-girth from 9 to llf inches ; tips of horns tending to turn outwards, and their front angles often knotted 0. v. cycloceros. c. Size smaller ; colour redder than in a. Horn-girth from 8 to 10 inches 0. v. punjabiensis. A. — Ovis wignei vignei. Ovis vignei typica. Lydeliher, Wild Oxen, Sheejj, and Goafs, p. 171, 1898. Ovis vignei vignei, Lydehker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mas. p. 9, 1913. Typical locality Astor. Size relatively large, reaching to at least 36 inches at shoulder, and body-colour tending to be browner or greyer than in punjahiensis. Horns with somewhat convex front surface, and a basal girth of from 10 to 12 inches. Much black in ruff, which is less developed than in other races. The range extends from Astor to Zaskar, Ladak, and probably Tibet. 86 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 6. 2. 10. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. Ladak. Purchased, 1900, 51.7.16.9. Skull, with horns, and skins. Ladak; collected by Gen. Strachey. Fresented hy the Hon. East India Co., 1851. 51. 7. 16. 10. Horns. Ladak; collected by Gen. Strachey. Same history. 56. 9. 22. 15. Skull, with horns. Ladak ; collected Ijy Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 88. 3. 20. 5. Skull, wdth horns. Indus side of Chang- clienmo Valley, Ladak. Presented hy R. Ly deleter, Esq., 1888. 92. 7. 29. 2. Body-skin. Eamghat, junction of Astor Eiver with Indus. Presented hy H. Littledale, E^q., 1892. 91. 8. 7. 176. Skull, with horns. Zaskar. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 177. Skull, with horns. Zaskar. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 178. Skull, with horns. Near Leli, Ladak. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 179. Skull, with horns. Ladak. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 180. Skull, with horns. Ladak. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 99. Skull, with horns. Near Leh, at an elevation of 10,000 feet ; collected by Ney Elias, Esq., the w^ell-known Central Asian traveller. In this specimen, which stands No. 4 in Ward's list, the horns measure 36^ inches in length by 11^ in girth, with a tip-to-tip interval of 4J inches. The record horn-length is 39 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 1. 4. 15. 2-3. Two skins. Zoji-la, dividing Kashmir from Dras. Presented hy Ca'pt. E. T. Holden, 1901. B.— Ovis vignei punjabiensis. Ovis vignei punjabiensis, Lydeliher, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 10, 1913. Ovis cycloceros, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 128, pi. Ixxx, 1887, p. 637 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 294, 1867 ; Kinloch, Large Ga7ne Shooting, pt. i, p. 29, 1869 ; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Mosco2u, vol. viii, pt. 2, p. 153, 1873 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, p. 87, 1876; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 435, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamyn. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 138, 1891 ; nee Hutton, Caprovis cycloceros, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 55, 1872. CAPRINE 87 Ovis vignei cycloceros, Lydehher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 172, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 101, 1907, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 265, 1912 ; Ward, liecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 408, 1910. Typical locality Salt IJaiige, Piinjal). Size relatively small, the shoulder-height Ijeirig al^out 32 inches, and colour redder than in typical race. Horns of same general type as in latter, l)ut with the hasal girth usually ranging, in good specimens, from 8 to 10 inches; the curves nearly in one plane, and tending to form a circle. Iluft' strongly developed. Blanford * was the first to point out that the horns of the type of the true cydoccros differ in size from those of Punjab specimens. 91. * * *. Skin, mounted. Salt Eange, Punjab. Purchased, 1891. G8. 9. 12. 36. Skin, mounted ; probably belonging to this race. Locality unknown. Frescnted hi/ the Zoological Society, 1868. 56. 5. 6. 81. Skull, with horns. Salt Ptange. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 56. 5. 6. 82. Skull, with horns. Salt Eang^e. Same history. 56. 5. 6. 83. Skull, with horns. Salt Eancre. Same history. 56. 5. 6. 84. Skull, female. Salt Eange. Same history. 44. 9. 30. 19. Skull, with horns, probably referable to this race. Salt Eange (?). Presented hy the Hon. East India Co., 1844. 12. 3. 19. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Nishnapur, Punjab. Presented hy Major J. W. Watson, 1912. 66. 8. 10. 3. Skull, probably referable to this race. Punjab (?). Presented hy Dr. Hugh Falconer, 1866. 91. 8. 7. 171. Skull, with horns. Aklior Hills, north of Campbellpur, Punjab. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 166. Skull, with horns. Salt Eange. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 169. Skull, with horns. Salt Eange. Same liistory. * Mainm. India, p. 458. 88 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 12. 10. 31. 6b. Skull, with horns. Salt Kange. Length of horns 33 J, gh*th 9j, tip-to-tip interval 12 J inches. This is the second best nrial definitely known to be from the Salt Bange in Ward's list ; the horn-length in the best being 34 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. C— Ovis vigfnei cycloceros. Ovis cycloceros, Hulton, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 514 ; Thomas, Trans. Linn. Soc. — Zool. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 63, 1890. Ovis blanfordi, Hume, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, vol. xlvi, p. 327, pi. iv, 1887 ; Hclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 639. Ovis vignei blanfordi, Lyde'k'ker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 174, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 100, 1907, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 264, 1912, Cat. Huyne Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 10, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 408, 1910. Typical locality Afghanistan. Size probably medium. Horns tending to turn outwards at the tips, and forming a more open spiral than in the other Fig. 26. — Skull and Horns of Afghan Ueial {Ovis vignei cycloceros). races, with the front angles prominent and occasionally showing a bended structure ; basal girth in good specimens from 10 to 12^ inches. The urial of Waziristan and the Trans-Indus districts CAPRINE B9 generally, as well as of Baluchistan, are included in this race, which may perhaps also comprise the Sind form. 91. 8. 7. 170. Skull, with horns. Pishin Valley; col- lected by Col. Sir 0. B. St. John, K.C.B. Presented Ixj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 172. Skull, with horns. Kelat, Baluchistan. Topo-type of Uanfordi. ^''rac history. 91. 8. 7. 17M Skull, with horns. Pubbi Hills, Balu- chistan. >S^^^»^ history. 91. 8. 7. 174. Skull, with horns. Quetta, Baluchistan. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 175. Skull, with horns. Haji Khan, Kelat. Same history. 12. 10. ol. 71. Skull, with horns. Kelat; collected by Dr. Duke. Type of Uanfordi. Length of horns 34^, girth 9, tip-to-tip interval 17 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 66. Skull, with horns. Haji Khan, Kelat. Length of horns 37.i, girth lOi, tip-to-tip interval 12 inches. These dimensions are exceeded by specimens from Waziristan. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 73. Skull, with horns. Seah Koh, Afghanis- tan ; shot by Col. G. de Morton. Same history. 85. 2. 26. 1. Skin, mounted. Hills north of Peshawar, Punjab ; collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Purchased, 1885. 56. 9. 22. 10. Skin, mounted. Hills near Attock ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 56. 9. 22. 17. Skin, mounted. Hills near Attock ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 79. 11. 29. 28. Skin. Afghanistan. Figured by P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 127. Transferred from India 3hiseurn, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 683. Skin, mounted, female. Afghanistan ; collected by J. H. Griffiths, Esq., 1879. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 27. Skull, with horns. Afghanistan. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 28. Skull, with horns. Afghanistan. Same history. 86.10.15.21. Mounted head. Gulran, Afghanistan; 90 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES obtained during the expedition of the Afghan Boundary Commission, 1884-5, by Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison. Presented hy the Government of India, 1886. 86. 10. 15. 22. Skull, with horns. Gulran ; same col- lector. Same history. 86. 10. 15. 23. Frontlet and horns. Gulran; same collector. Same history. ^Q. 10. 15. 24. Head, mounted. Khusan, Afghanistan, 24/11/84; same collector. Same history . 86. 10. 15. 25. Head, female, mounted. Khusan, 24/11/84 ; same collector. Same history. 86. 10. 15. 26. Head, young, mounted. Kambas, Afghanistan, 1/5/85 ; same collector. Same history. ^Q. 10. 15. 27. Skin, immature. Chasma Satz Pass, Afghanistan ; same collector. Same history. 11. 10. 10. 1. Head, mounted. Chitral. Presented hy Ga])t. E. A. LyaJl, 1911. 91. 9. 23. 1. Skull, provisionally referred to this race. Presented hy Messrs. Torr & Co., 1891. D.— Ovis vignei arkar. Ovis arkar, Brandt, Lehman's Beise nach Buchara, in Beit?'. Buss. Beich. p. 310, 1852. Ovis arkal, Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschl. p. 469, figs. 243, 244, 1857 ; Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiv, vol. v, art. 2, p. 153, 1873 ; Peters. Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1876, p. 180 ; Badde and Walter, Zool. Jahrh. Aht. f. Sijst. 1SS9, p. 1065, Wiss. Ergeh. Transcas]). vol. i, Zool. p. 1065, 1890 ; Matschie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1896, p. 97 ; LydeJiker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 92, 1900. Caprovis (Argali) arkal, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 250, 1862. Caprovis arkal, Gi-ay, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1872. Ovis vignei arkal, LydeJcher, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 101, 1907, Field, vol. cix, pp. 147, 1118, 1907, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 265, 1912; Kennion, Field, vol. cix, p. 529, 1907, By Moun- tain, LaJce, and Plain, p. 208, 1911 * ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 408, 1910. Ovis arcar, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 1913, p. 7. Ovis arcar arcar, Nasonov, op. cit. p. 14. Including. Ovis vignei varentsowi, Satunin, Zaniil-ok Kaulas. Omd. vol. xxv, p. 41, 1905, Mitt. Kauhas. Mus. vol. ii, p. 375, 1906. * Name misprinted vigeni. caprine: 91 Ovis arcar varenzovi, Nasonov, Bull. Ac. Sci. Sf. Prfcrsh. 1913, p. 19. Ovis arcar dolgopolovi, Nasonov, op. cit. p. 25. Typical locality Ust-Urt Plateau, Transcaspia. 0. V. varentzou-i is from the Kopet-Dagh, l^etweeu Persia and Turkestan. Nasonov's memoir Ijeing in Itussian, the present writer cannot form an opinion as to the validity of Fig. 27.— Head of Kopet-Dagh Urial {Ovis vignei arkar). 0. a. dolgopolovi, which is founded on two heads collected by Karelin, it is believed, in the neighbourhood of Astrabad. Size {teste Kennion) very large, but measurements of height not available. Horns with the front surface much flattened and sparsely wrinkled, and the two front angles strongly developed ; frequently forming more than a complete circle; basal girth in fine specimens from 10 to 12:^ inches. 92 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Piuff almost wholly white in front in adult rams ; this being very markedly the case in the head figured by Nasonov * as 0. arcar dolgopolovi ; general colour of body rufous. The urial of the Kopet-Dagh and Ala-])agh do not appear separable from this race. 7. 12. 14. 1. Head, mounted. Bujnurd, Ala-Dagh, Seistan, Persia. Presented hy Major B. L. Kennion, 1907. 9. 11. 17. 1. Skull, with horns. Bujnurd. Same donor, 1909. 10. 4. 16. 1. Skull, with horns. Bujnurd. Same donor, 1910. 10. 4. 16. 2. SkuJl, w^ith horns. Bujnurd. Same history, 7. 7. 5. 3, Skull, with horns, and skin. Kopet-Dagh, on Persian and Turkestan border. Same donor, 1907. 7. 7. 5. 2. Skull, with horns, and skin. Kopet-Dagh. Same history. 2. 11. 24. 1. Skull, with horns. Kopet-Dagh. Presented hy St. Georye Littlcdale, Esq., 1902. 94. 5. 31. 2. Skull, with horns. Turkestan. Purchased, 1894. 8. 6. 10. 3. Skull, female. Khorasan, Persia. Presented hy Major P. M. Sijkes, 1908. 11. 8. 24. 6. Skin, female. Bujnurd. Presented hy Major R. L. Kennion, 1911. VI. OVIS AMMOK Capra ammon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 70, 1757, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 97, 1766; Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 487, 1829. Ovis argali, Pallas, Sjpicil. Zool. fasc. xi, p. 20, 1777-80 ; Blasius, Sdugeth. DeutscJil. p. 468, 1857 ; Radde, Reise Ost.-Sibcr. p. 236, 1862 ; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiu, vol. viii, art. 2, pp. 150 and 154, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 209, 1876 ; Peters, Monatsber. Al: Berlin, 1876, p. 180 ; Brelim, Tierleben, ed. 3, Sdugeth. vol. iii, p. 222, 1891. Ovis ammon, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim. — Mamm. p. 250, 1777 ; Schreber, Sdugtliiere, pi. 288,1788 ; Wagner. Suppl. to saiyie, vol. iv, p. 1349, 1844; Sha2V, Gen. Zool. pi. cci, 1800-1812; H. S7nith, Gri^th's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 317, v, p. 359, 1827 ; Jardine, Nat. Libr.-Mamm. vol. iv, p. 137, 1836; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 518 ; Blanford, ibid. 1896, p. 787 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 243, 1896, ed. 6, p. 398, 1910 ; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1896, p. 99; Lydel-ker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, * Op. cit. pi. iii. CAPKINyE 93 and Goats, p. 174, pi. xiv, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 95, 1907, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 268, 1912, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 5, 1913; Pousargues, Mem. Sac. Zool. France, 1898, p. 146; Sclater, Proc. Zool Soc. 1899, pi. viii. iEgoceros argali, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 231, 1811. Caprovis (Argali) argali. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 174, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 57, 1872. Musimon argali, Gcrvais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 191, 1855. Caprovis argali, Gray, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 132, 1873. Argali. Size typically very large (46 to 48 inches at shoulder). Horns large and strongly wTinkled, curving forwards by the side of the face in a close or open spiral, with the tips directed markedly outwards, and the whole often forming considerably more than one complete circle. Tail very short ; generally white or whitish. Frequenth' a large white and comparatively short-haired throat-ruff, at least in winter ; often a dark nuchal, and in some instances a dorsal crest. Generally no distinct dark flank-band dividing the fawn of the upper-parts from the white of the belly ; in some cases a blackish patch behind upper part of fore -leg. Summer coat very short and frequently pale-coloured, showing a large amount of white on hind-quarters, which may extend over a consideraljle portion of the thighs, and more or less white on muzzle. Winter coat close, thick, and darker. Face-gland and lachrymal pit large. Typical locality Altai, probably the Semipalatinsk district. The available material in the collection is quite in- sufficient to give a complete diagnosis of this very variable sheep — inclusive of seasonal colour-changes ; while it is still less possible to give a complete " key " to the local races, several of which probably intergrade. The following provisional key includes some of the better- known of these races : — A. Size large (highest at shoulder, 48 in. in 0. a. ammon). a. Horns massive and thick, with first turn of spiral approximated to face. a' . Horns very massive, with descending portion inclined inwards, tops directed much outwards, and front outer angle rounded off, the whole 94 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES forming more than a complete circle ; length from 59 to 62 in., / i (b^ girth 18 to 20 in. No ruff* 0. a. ammon. (jj^ h'. Horns less everted, with first turn nearly vertical, forming about a circle, and front outer angle often distinct ; length from 48^ to 57 in., « girth 17 to 19 in. A ruff at all 1\S>*A seasons* 0. a. hodgsoni. ^ c'. Closely allied to last, but with front outer angle of horns rounded off. Known horns ranging from 41 to 5O2 in. in length, with a girth of from 16^ to 18 in 0. a. mongolica. y (V . Horns smaller ; length from about 45 2 ^jr to 47 in., girth 14^ to 15^ in 0. a. sairensis. b. Horns slighter and forming a more open curve, frequently with outer front angle strongly pronounced. a'. General colour in winter rufous, thighs coloured like back, no distinct rump -patch, tail yellowish above, muzzle white ; throat-ruff yel- lowish. Horns moderately extended; length 55 to 58 in., girth 17 in 0. a. littledalei. h' . General colour in winter pale fawn, thighs, rump-patch, tail, and ruff white ; face light-coloured. a". Horns of general type of little- dalei, but apparently somewhat -pM\ 'J^"^, thicker; rump-patch small 0. a. harelini. h" . Horns of same general tjpe, but with outer front angle fre- quently rounded off; rump- patch larger 0. a. humei. c" . Horns slender and forming a more open and extended spiral than in any of the other races, with front outer angle generally pro- nounced ; length of fine speci- mens 69 to 75 in., girth 14^ to /O ^ 16 in., or, rarely, 17 in 0. a. ;poli. ^\ir^ Size smaller. a. General colour in winter dark brown, gradually shading into white of imder-parts, a white rump-patch and muzzle, tail greyish brown . above, throat-ruff greyish white. AaV^ Horns of the littledalei type; V" >^ length 35| to 38 in., girth 10 J in. 0. a. nigrimontana. V h. Imperfectly known. Horns apparently H^ more of the ammo7i form ; length a '^$v*^ in type 40 in., girth 11^ in 0. a. storcki. YAir * Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 787. CAPRINE 95 The range of the argali extends from Bokhara, through the Altai and Tiljet to the Gobi Desert of MongoUa, and also includes western Kamchatka. A.— Ovis ammon ammon. Ovis argali altaica, Scvcrtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiv, voL viii, art. 2, p. 154, 1873. Ovis ammon typica, LydcTiher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 177, 1898; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 398, 1910. Typical locality Semipalatinsk, Altai. Largest of all sheep, the shoulder-height reaching to about 48 inches. Horns very massive, with descending portion inclined inwards, so that tlie horns are greatly Fig. 2S. — Head of Siberian Aegali {Ovis anwion amnion). " nipped in " by the sides of the face, the tips directed much outwards, so that the entire horn forms rather more than a complete circle, and both front angles rounded off; length in line specimens from 59 to 62, girth from 18 to 20 inches. No throat-ruff, at any rate in summer. General colour of head, neck, body, and limbs externally to knees and hocks, in winter,* rufous brown tinged with grey; the latter * The specimen (No. 45. 4. 21. 9) from which this description is mainly taken, was considered by Sir V. Brooke {Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 519) to be in summer coat, but is certainly in winter dress. 96 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES predominating on face, and also pronounced on upper part of neck and shoulders ; under-parts more rufous ; upper side of tail fawn ; a white rump-patch present in some instances, hut in others represented merely hy a paler area on lower part of buttocks.* In summer the whole coat (No. 98. 2. 6. 8) very short, and of a pale tint approximating to that of whitey brown paper ; a white rump-patch. The range of this race, which formerly included a con- siderable portion of the Altai, cannot be fully defined. 45. 4. 21. 9. Head, mounted, and body-skin (winter coat). Altai, Siberia; collected by Dr. Brandt. Described by Brooke, Proc. ZooL Soc, 1875, p. 519. Purchased, 1845. 45. 4. 21. 10. Skin, female, mounted. Altai; collected by Dr. Brandt. Purchased, 1845. 98. 2. 6. 8. Skin, mounted (summer coat). Altai. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1898. 98. 2. 6. 9. Skeleton. Altai. Same history. 96. 10. 14. 1. Head (fig. 28), mounted (summer coat). Altai. Presented hy Major 0. S. Cumherland, 1896. 96. 10. 14. 2. Skull, with horns, and scalp-skin. Altai. Same history. 95. 12. 13. 1. Imperfect skin. Kokagutch, N.W. Altai. Same donor, 1895. 97. 5. 18. 1. Head-skin. Altai. Same donor, 1897. 78. 12. 21. 23. Skin, female, mounted, pro^dsionally referred to this race. Arcat Mountains, Siberia; collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange with Bremen Grografhical Society, 1878 B. — Ovis ammon mongolica. — Ovis argaU mongolica, Severtzoiu, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 154, 1878. Ovis jubata, Peters, Monatsh. Ah. Berlin, 1876, p. 117, pis. i-iv ; :- PrzewalsM, Cat. ZooL Coll. p. 15, 1887 ; Noacl; Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 626. * In the passage cited Brooke states that there is no rump-patch in No. 45. 4. 21. 9, but that a large one is present in a specimen in the Leyden Museum obtained by the same collector (Brandt), and therefore probably from the same district. .^ CAPEINiE 97 Ovis amraon jubata, Lydelxher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 180, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 12G, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 271, 1912; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 402, 1910. (?) Ovis argali dauricus, Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Mosco7v,\o\.\iu, art. 2, p. 87, pi. iv, 1873. (?) Ovis darivini, Przeivalski, Reisen in Tibet, 268, 1879-80. Typical locality the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. An imperfectly known race in some respects intermediate between aininon and hodgsoni, the horns, although less "nipped in" by the sides of the face, having their front Fig. 29. — Skull akd Horns of Mongolian Argali [Ovis amnion mongolica). From a specimen collected by Col. Abbot Anderson. angles rounded off, as in the former, wdiile the throat carries a heavy ruft' like that of the latter. In the few horns of which measurements have been recorded the lenj^th ranges from 41 to 50 J inches, and the girth from IGJ to 18 inches. No specimen in collection. C— Ovis ammon hodgrsoni. Ovis nayaur, Hodgson, Asiat. Research, vol. xviii, pt. 2, p. 135, 1833, in part. Ovis hodgsoni, Bhjth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 65; Sclatcr, ibid. 1860, p. 129 ; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, pp. 151 and 154, 1873 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 520 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 427, 1884 ; Pousargucs, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 148 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid. Mus. II 98 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES pt. ii, p. 136, 189] ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 494, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 293, 1896. Ovis ammonoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pp. 230 and 913, 1841, xv, p. 338, 1846 ; Hutfon, ibid. voL xvi, p. 568, 1847. Ovis ammon, Horsfield, Cat. E. Ind. Mus. p. 176, 1851 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, pt. i, p. 19, 1869 ; Blanford, Jouj'u. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL xli, p. 40, 1872, nee Linn. (Caprovis bambhera. Gray, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. pi. xvi, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 57, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 132, 1873. Caprovis argali, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 527, nee 0. argali, Pallas. Ovis blythi, Scvertzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 154, 1873. Ovis brookei. Ward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 143 ; Brooke, ibid. 1875, p. 521 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 434, 1884, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 35, 1886, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 205 ; Pousargues, Mem. Zool. Soc. France, 1898, p. 153. (?) Ovis dalai-lamse, Przewalski, Cat. Zool. Coll. p. 16, 1887. (?) Ovis henrii, Milne-Edwards, Rev. gen. Sci. 1892, p. 672. Ovis ammon hodgsoni, Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 180, pi. XV, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 95, 1907, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 269, 1912, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 6, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 399, 1910. Typical locality Tibet ; probably ou the northern frontier of Nepal. Size somewhat less than in typical race. Horns with the tips (which are often l)roken) less everted than in ammon, the descending portion nearly vertical, the front outer angle often distinct, and the whole forming about one complete circle ; length in fine specimens from 48 J to 57, girth from 17 to 19 inches. A large throat-rufP, apparently at all seasons, and a nuchal crest. General colour greyish brown above, paler and whitish below ; rump-patch, buttocks, throat, chest, under-parts, and inner sides of the legs white ; crest and a stripe down front of each leg dark. In old rams the back becomes grizzled, owing to the presence of white hairs. A dark mark above tail. In females there is little or no crest and no ruff, while the white is less pure, and the rump-patch less distinct. This is stated to be the summer coloration by Blanford, who suggests that the winter colouring is paler ; but this is not supported by what occurs in ammon. CAPRINiE 99 79.11.21.661. Skin, mounted. Ladak ; collected by Messrs. Schlagintweit. Transferred from India Musettrn, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 686. Immature skin, mounted, provisionally referred to this species and race. Ladak. Same history. 91. 10. 7. 165. Skin, mounted (winter coat). Sikhim collected by L. Mandelli, Esq. Also skull. Presented hj Br. TV. T. Blanford, 1891 91. 10. 7. 166. Skin (winter coat). Sikhim; same collector. Also skull. Same history. 68. 6. 24. 27. Skin. Nepal. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858 79. 11. 21. 21. Skull, with horns. Tibet; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Co-type. Transferred from Lidia Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 22. Skull, with horns. Tibet ; same collector. Co-type. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 150. Skull, with horns. Tibet. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 151. Skull, immature, with horns. Tibet. Same history. Erontlet and horns. Tibet. Same history. Horns. Tibet. Same history. Skull, female, with horns. Tibet. Same donor, 1848. 58. 6. 24. 23. Skull, with horns. Sikhim. Same donor, 1858 79.11.21.489. Skull, female. Ladak; collected by Gen. Strachey. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 585. Skull, with horns. Ladak ; same collector. Same history. 51. 7. 16. 12. Skull, with horns. Ladak; same collector. Presented hy the Hon. East India Co., 1851. 51. 12. 22. 2. Skull, with horns. Ladak; same collector Same history. 56. 9. 22. 14. Skull, female. Ladak ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purehased, 1856 56. 9. 22. 18. Skull, with horns. Ladak ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 59. 8. 7. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Ladak. Presented hy Col. Congreve, 1859. H 2 45. 1. 8. 149. 45. 1. 8. 148. 48. 6. 11. 22. 67. IC )A k 1. E. Blyth, Esq. 88. 3. 20 1. 4. Ladak. 91. 8. 7. 181. 91. 8. 7. 182. 91. 8. 7. 183. 91. 8. 7. 184. 91. 8. 7. 185. 100 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Skull, with horns. Tibet ; collected by Purchased, 1867. Skull, with horns. Changchenmo Valley, Presented by R. Lydekkcr, Esq., 1888. Skull, with horns. Hanle, Spiti, Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. Skull, with horns. Ladak. Same history. Skull, with horns. Ladak. Same history. Skull, with horns. Ladak. Same history. Skull, female, with horns. Sikhim; col- lected by L. Mandelli, Esq. Same history. 91.8.7.186. Skull, with horns. Hundes, Tibet; col- lected by N. Troup, Esq. Same history. 91.8. 7. 187. Skull, with horns. Hundes; same collector. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 67. Skull, with horns. Ladak ; collected by A. Dalgleish, Esq. The length of the horns is 46^, the girth 19f , and the interval between the tips 20 inches ; the corres- ponding dimensions in the record specimen being 57, 18j, and 29 inches. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 68. Skull, with horns. Chantang, Piudok, Western Tibet, near the Pangong Lake. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 69. Skull, with horns. Ma Chan, Gartok, Western Tibet. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 70. Skull, with horns. Hundes. Same history. D.— Ovis ammon storcki. Ovis storcki, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xx, p. 293, 1904. Ovis ammon storcki, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 398, 1910 ; Lydel-Jier, The Sheejp and Its Cousins, p. 275, 1912. Typical locality Western Kamchatka. A small and very imperfectly known race, with liorns apparently of the ammon type, but, in the type specimen, measuring only 40 inches in length and llj in girth. No example in the collection. CAPEINiE 101 E.— Ovis ammon sairensis. Ovis sairensis, Lydckkcr, Wild Oxen, Shecj), and Goats, p. 185, fig. 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 113, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 127, 1900 ; Noack, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 696. Ovis amnion sairensis, Lydekher, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 117, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 275, 1912 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 403, 1910. Typical locality the Saiar, Sair, or Jair Mountains of Zimgaria. Considerably smaller than hodgsoni, but with relatively lnassi^'e horns, which form rather more than a complete circle, and measure (in the few specimens known) from 45J to 47 inches in length, and 14^ to 15^ in length. In summer the whole of the upper-parts, with the exception of the wliite muzzle, as well as the upper portion of the legs, are reddish fawn, there being no rump-patch, while most of the under-parts are darker. Females with a dark dorsal streak. The range includes the Semitau, north of the Sair Mountains, but the sheep, with a large white rump -patch, from the Irtish Valley, north of Lake Balkash, referred to this race by the present writer in the Proc. Zool Soc. for 1900, is probably distinct. 90.4.30.3. Skin, mounted. Saiar Mountains, Zungaria. Type. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1890. 90. 4. 30. 4. Skin, immature, mounted. Saiar Moun- tains. '^^'"^^' Ustorij. 90. 4. 30. 5. Skin, female, mounted. Saiar Mountains. Same history. 90. 4. 30. 5, a. Skull of last specimen. 90. 4. 30. 6. Skeleton, mounted. Saiar ]\Iountains. Same history. 90. 4. 30. 7. Skull. Saiar Mountains. Same history. 2. 6. 2. 3-4. Two skins. Same locality. Same donor, 1902. The folloiuing siKcimens have hcen iwovisionaUy referred to this race, Int are p'ohally distinct : — 0. 3. 26. 2. Skull, with horns, and skin. Puchtawa, Irtish Valley. Presented hy the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1900. 0. 3. 26. 3. Skull, female, with horns, and skin. Puchtawa. '^"''^^ history. 102 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES F.— Ovis ammon littledalei. Ovis sairensis littledalei, LydeMer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 82, pi. vii. Ovis ammon littledalei, LydeJclcer, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 117, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 276, 1912, Cat, Hume Bequest Brit. Mas. p. 7, 1913 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 404, 1910. Typical locality south-east of Kulja, or Hi, Tiaii Shan. Horns (fig. 30) shorter and less expanded than in j^oli p. 106), forming a little more than one complete turn ; length in fine specimens 55 to 58, girth 17 inches. Head brownish grey, with a nearly pure white muzzle ; throat-ruff pale yellowish fawn ; general colour of upper- parts (including nape) bright rufous fawn, rather darker on Fig. 30. — Skull and Hoens op Kulja Argali {Ovis ammon littledalei). middle of back, but no distinct dorsal line or flank-band ; thighs coloured like back ; no light rump-patch ; tail pale yellowish fawn, with a whitish tinge ; fore-legs whitish grey in front to knee, where there is a yellowish patch ; hind-legs whitish grey in front nearly to hoofs, above which they are light fawn ; throat-ruff coloured much like tail. 2. 3. 9. 7. Head, mounted. South-east of Kulja, or Hi. Type. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1902. 2. 3. 9. 8. Skin. Same locality. Co-type. Same histori/. 5. 3. 6. 1. Skull, with horns. Same locality. Presented by A. Bayley-Worthington, Esq., 1905. 13. 2. 6. 1. Skin. Same locality. Presented hy Col. J. H. Ahhot Anderson, 1913. CAPRINiE 103 2. 3. 9. G. Skin. Upper Kok, Tian Shan. Eeference provisional. Presented hy St. Geovfje Littledale, Esq., 1902. 1.11.1.91. Skin. Saisan Nor, north of Kulja. lieference provisional. Presented hj Lord Elphinstone, 1901. The following specimens, which are not racially deter- mined, represent sheep more or less nearly allied to littledcdei and Jcarelini : — 98. 2. 6. 9. Skull, with horns. Tarbagatai, Altai. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1898. 91. 6. 17. 3. Skull, with horns. Semitau, Altai. Same donor, 1891. 5. 3. 21. 1. Skull. Cymbsi Hills. Presented hj Lord Oshorne Beauclerk, 1905. G.— Ovis ammon nig-rimontana. Ovis nigrimontana, Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoju, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 87, 1873, A?in. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 211, 1876 ; BrooJce, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 517 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mas. pt. 2, p. 132, 1891; LydeU'er, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 202, 1898 ; Carruthers, Field, vol. cxiv, p. 623, 1909. Ovis ammon nigrimontana, Lydel-kcr, Field, vol. cxiv, p. 663, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 279, 1912 ; Ward, Records of -Bin Game, eel. 6, p. 404, 1910. ^^# Fig. 31. — Skull and Hokks of Bokhaean Aegali {Ovis amnion nigrimontana). From a specimen collected by ;Mr. D. Carruthers. 104 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Karatau, Bokhara. Horns of tlie littledalei type, but much smaller ; length 35 J to 38, girth 10^ inches in the two described specimens. Colour, in winter, of a Samarkand ram, dark l)rown above, slightly paler on neck, and l>ecomiug greyish brown on flanks ; throat-ruff white tinged with grey ; head darker than neck, with wlnte muzzle ; rump-patch and under-parts white ; tail greyish brown above ; legs dirty white with dark reddish brown stripe in front, which is narrower and paler in hind than in front pair. In young rams the ruff is little developed and the general colour more rufous. No example in the collection. H. — Ovis ammon karelini. Ovis karelini, Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiv, vol. viii, art. 2, pp. 84, 86, pi. i, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, pp. 171, 210, 1876. Ovis poll karehni, LydeJcker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 197, 1898, partim. Ovis ammon kareUni, LydeTxTxer, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 117, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 275, 1912, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 8, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 404, 1910. Fig. 32. — Skull and Horns of Alatau Aegali {Ovis ammon karelini). From a specimen in Sir E. G. Loder's collection. CAPRINiE 105 Typical locality Alatuii, Semirechensk, Altai. Horus of the general type of littledalei, but rather heavier ; length in two specimens 45J and 49J, girth 14J and 16^ inches. Head pale fawn on forehead and cheeks, shading into white on muzzle ; throat-ruff white, shaded with grey ; general colour light Ijrown, becoming lighter towards tail, where it is greyish white ; a distinct dark dorsal streak and broad flank-band ; a rather small white rump-patch, which includes the white tail ; hind surface of thighs white, gradually shading into fawn of fore part of sides of same ; front of fore-legs to knees, and lines on outer and inner sides of hind-legs to hoofs pale fawn ; under-parts yellowish white. No authenticated specimen in the collection. I.— Ovis ammon heinsi. Ovis heinsi, Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 87, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 211, 1876; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 517 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 132, 1891 ; Shitkow and Sabanejew, Zool. Jahrh. Aht. f. Sijst. vol. xxviii, p. 457, 1909. Ovis ammon heinsi, Lydekher^ The Sheej) and Its Cousins, p. 281, 1912. Typical locality Tokmak district, north-west of Lake Issik, and therefore not far from the Alatau, the typical locality of Jcarelini. Typified by subadult skulls, with horns, the description of which is insufficient to furnish a clue to the affinity of this race. The size is stated to be rather less than in karelini, to which the horns of this race seem to approximate. No specimen in the collection. J.— Ovis ammon humei. Ovis ammon humei, Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 6, 1913. Ovis poh, Stoliczka, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 425, pi. liii ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 496, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 133, 1891, nee Bhjth. Ovis heinsi (•?), Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv, pt. 2, p. 112, 1875, nee Severtzow. Ovis karelini, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 512 ; Blanford, Scient. Besults 2nd Yarkand Miss. — Mamm. p. 80, 1879, nee Severtzow. 106 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Ovis sculptorum, Flotver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 245, 1884, nee Blijth. Ovis poll karelini, Lydeliker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 197, IS^Q, partim. Typical locality Tian Shan, north-west of Kashgar. Horns more or less of the littledcdei type, but with the outer front edge rounded in adults; length in co-type 47, girth Vol inches. Head greyish brown above and at sides, but whitish on most of face ; back brownish grey, without dark dorsal streak, and no distinct flank-band ; under-parts, limbs (including whole of thighs), a large rump-patch, and tail pure white. In females a dark dorsal stripe from nape to root of tail in winter coat. 79. 11. 21. 246. Skin, mounted. Tian Shan, north- west of Kashgar; collected by Second Yarkand Mission, 1873. Type. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 246, a. Skull of same. 79. 11. 21. 249. Skin, mounted. Same locality and collection. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 249, a. Skull of same. 75. 10. 9. 1. Skull. Tian Shan, north-west of Kashgar. Second Yarkand Expedition. Presented ly Gen. Sir T. E. Gordon, K.C.B., 1875. 12. 10. 31. 87. Skull with horns, apparently immature. Co-type. Tian Shan, north of the Maralbashi Forest ; collected by A. Dalgleish, Esq. Length along outer curve 47, girth 13 J, tip-to- tip 40 inches. Entered in Hume Catalogue as frontlet. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hnrne, Esq., C.B., 1912. K.— Ovis ammon poll. Ovis poli, Blijtli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 62, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. vii, p. 195, pi. v, 1841 (polii) ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 54, 1872, Hand-List Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 130, 1873; Gerrard Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 254, 1862 ; Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscotv, vol. viii, art. 2, pp. 150 and 154, pis. ii and iii, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 171, 1876 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 514; Blanford, Scient. Besult, 2nd Yarkand Miss.— Mamm. p. 83, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 326, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 496, 1891 ; Biddulph, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 157, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1879, p. 280 ; Scidly, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 209; Stcrndale, Mamm. India, p. 424, 1884; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1888, p. 141 (poloi), in part; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 133, CAPRINiE 107 1891 ; De Poucins, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x, p. 53, 1895; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 240, 1896; Lydeliker, Wild Oxen, Sheej), and Goats, p. 188, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, p. 129, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 91, 1907; Brehm, Tierleben, ed. 3, Sdugcth. vol. iii, p. 228, 1901. (?) Ovis arkar, W. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 89. Caprovis polii, Brehm, Tierleben, ed. 3, Sciugeth, vol. iii, p. 228, 1891. Ovis poli typica, Lydehker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 192, 1898. Ovis ammon poli, LydekJcer, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 117, 1909, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 282, 1912. Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 8, 1913; Ward, R^^cords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 405, 1910. Typical locality the rainirs, in the neighbourhood of the Syr Daria. Horns slender and forming a more open and outwardly extended spiral than in any of the other races ; lengtli of fine specimens 69 to 75, girth 14 J to 16, or rarely 17 inches. Coat in summer longer than in ammon; general colour of upper-parts light speckled brown ; most or all of face, Fig. 33. — Skull and Horns of Pamir Argali {Ovis ammon poli). throat, chest, under-parts, buttocks, and legs white or whitish, the white extending largely on to outer side of thighs ; a blackish streak from nape to withers ; no distinct throat-ruff. In winter the hair considerably longer, forming a wdiite ruff on throat and chest and a darkish crest from nape to withers ; upper-parts with a more or less rufescent tinge, especially towards border of fawn area. In females, which have no ruff, the front of the neck is brown in winter, while in summer there is no dark stripe from nape to tail. 79. 11. 21. 20. Frontlet and horns. Pamir; collected by Lieut. Wood, E.N. Type of the race. Traiuf erred fro III India Museum, 1879. 108 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 89. 3. 9. 1. Skin, moimted. Alai Plateau, Pamii\ Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1889. 89. 3. 9. 2-3. Two skins, moimted. Alai Plateau. Same history. 91. 6. 17. 1. Skull, with horns. Ivarakol, Pamir. Same donor, 1891. Skull, with horns. Ivarakol. Same history. Skull, with liorns. Great Pamir. Presented hy Gen. Sir T. E. Gordon, K.C.B., 1875. 84. 6. 26. 1. Skull, with horns. Sarikol, south-east Presented hy the Hon. Charles Ellis, 1884. 184. Skull, with horns, immature. South-east Presented hy A. 0. Hnme, Esq., C.B., 1891. 188. Skull, with horns. Tagdumbash Valley, 91. 6 75. 8 Pamir. 91. 8 Pamir. 91. 8 17. 10. South-east Pamir, 91. 8. 7. 189. 91. 8. 7. 191. 91. 8. 7. 192. 91. 8. 7. 193. 91. 8. 7. 194. Skull, with horns. Skull, with horns. Skull, with horns. Skull, with liorns. Skull, with horns. Same history. Tasjdumbash. Same history. Tagdumbash. Same history. South-east Pamir. Same history. Tagdumbash. Same history. South-east Pamir. Same history. Tagdumbash; collected Same history. Valley between Little 91. 8. 7. 195. Skull, with horns, by A. Dalgleish, Esq. 12. 10. 31. 76. Skull, with horns and Great Pamii\ In this head, which stands Xo. 17 in Ward's list, the length of the horns is 66j, the girth 13|, and the tip-to-tip interval 46J inches. The record length is 75 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 74. Skull, with horns. Same locality ; col- lected by Mr. Dalgleish. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 75. Skull, with horns. Same locality ; col- lected by Mr. Dalgleish. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 79. Skull, with horns (fig. 33). Same locality. Same history. 92. 7. 17. 2. Skin, in winter coat. Tagdumbash. Presented hy H. Lennard, Esq., 1892. CAPRINE 109 The two following names have also been applied to members of the present group : — Ovis sculptoriim, Bhjth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 12, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. vii, pi. v, 1841; BrooJie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. ,024; Floiver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 245, 1884. Type a single horn of unknown locality in Mus. ti. Coll. Surg. Ovis colHmu, Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 154, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 208, 1876. VII. OVIS CANADENSIS. Ovis canadensis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xv, pi, 610, 1804* ; Biddulph, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 684 ; Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, p. 78, 1890, No. 5, p. 81, 1891, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. xiv, p. 29, 1901 ; Floiver and Lijdekker, Study of Mamm. p. 355, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. 2, p. 137, 1891 ; Liehenwalde, Zool. Gart. vol. xxxv, p. 934, 1894 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 391, 1910; Lydekher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 204, 1898, Great and Small Game of Eurojie, etc. p. 3, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 288, 1912; Mearns, Mamm. U.S. and Mex. Boundary, vol. i, p. 235, 1907; Prehle, N. Amer. Faima, No. 27, p. 155, 1908 ; Warren, Mamm. Colorado, p. 9, 1910; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 861 ; Cary,N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, p. 62, 1911 ; Miller, List Amer. Mamm. U.S. Mus. p. 395, 1912. Ovis cervina, Desmarest, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv, p. 5, 1804, 2nd ed. vol. xxi, p. 553, 1818 ; Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer. — Mamm. p. Ill, 1880; Bhoads, Amer. Natural, vol. xxviii, p. 526, 1894, Reprint of Ord^s N. Amer. Zool. App. p. 25, 1894 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. vii, p. 258, 1895, ibid. vol. xxxi, p. 23, 1912 ; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1896, p. 99 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 46, 1901, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 53, 1905 ; Stone and Cram, Amer. Mamm. p. 61, 1903. Ovis montana, Schreber, Sdugthiere, pi. 294, D. 1804; Tiedemann, Zoologie, vol. i, p. 404, 1808 ; Cuvier, Regne.Anim. vol. i, p. 267, 1817; Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. i, p. 271, 1829; Jardine, Nat. Libr. vol. iv, p. 142, 1836; Baird, P. Red River Explor. vol. viii, p. 673, 1857; Blasius, Saugeth. Deutschl. p. 470, 1857; Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867, p. 136; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873 ; Coues and Yarrow, Rep. Wheeler Surv. vol. v, Zool. p. 68, 1875 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 522 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 246, 1884 ; Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 677 ; Brehm, Tierleben, ed. 3, Saugeth. vol. iii, p. 231, 1891 ; Hornaday, 5th Rep. N. York Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 101, 1901. Ovis ammon (?), Mitchell, N. York Med. Repos. vol. x, p. 35, 1806; Harlan, Fauna Amer. p. 262, 1825, ncc Capra ammon, Linn. * Vide Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxi, pp. 13 and 15, 1912. 110 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Ovis pygargus, H. Smith, Ch^ffitli's Anim. Kingdom, \o\. iv, p. 318, vol. V, p. 357, 1827. Caprovis (Argali) canadensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1852, Cat. Bumi7iants Brit. Mus. p. 57, 1872; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 250, 1862. Musimon montanus, (xcrvais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 191, 1855. Caprovis canadensis, G7'ay, Hand-List Bu7ninants Brit. Mus. p. 133, 1873. Bighorn Sheep. Typical locality near Calgary, Alberta. Size large ; shoulder-lieight in typical race about 38 inches. Horns, apart from lines of growth, comparatively smooth, with front outer angle strongly developed and inner one rounded off; curving forwards by the sides of face, and forming about one complete circle, or rather more, the tips being distinctly everted. Skull relatively short, with very prominent orbits, the lower border of which is nearly at right angles w^ith nasal suture ; lachrymal pits, like the face-glands, small. 1^0 nuchal crest or throat-rufP. General colour ranging from greyish brown, with a conspicuous white rump- patch, divided by a blackish line connecting the dark upper .side of tail with dark of back in the dark forms, to blackish brown in one direction and creamy white in the other Horns of females short, ribbed at base, and inclining back- wards and outwards. In the comprehensive sense in which the name canadensis is here used, the range of the species extends from Mexico to the Yukon and Alaska, and thence to eastern Kamchatka and north-eastern Siberia. The following is a tentative " key " to the local races : — A. Size large or medium ; horns massive, moder- ately divergent, with the tips generally blunted; ears large or medium, pointed, and moderately haired. a. Ears medium. a'. Size large ; general colour greyish brown; tooth-row medium 0. c. canadensis. b'. Skull smaller, with more slender horns 0. c. calif orniana c' . Skull larger, with longer tooth-row, and longer or more slender horns 0. c. auduboni. d'. Size smaller; tail shorter and sparsely haired ; tooth -row short ; colour pale dingy brown, or grey salmon, very dark below, with rump-patch in- distinct 0. c. nelsoni. CAPKINiE 111 e' . Size larger, ears and tail shorter, coat thicker and greyer, and horns less distinctly triangular 0. c. sierra. /'. General colour whitey brown, lighter than in nelsoni 0. c. cremnohates. h. Ears larger. a". No dorsal stripe; ears 4^ in 0. c. mexicana. h". A dorsal stripe; ears 6.^ in 0. c. gaillardi. B. Size smaller, horns slender and more divergent, with the tips sharp and entire ; ears small, blunt, and thickly haired. a. Ears moderately small ; skull medium in length. ^ a' . General colour white. a" . Interval between paroccipital and m. 3, 94 mm 0. c. dalli. h" . Same interval 84 mm 0. c. Jcenaiensis. b'. General colour grey on back 0. c. fannini. c' . General colour blackish or black. a" . General colour blackish brown, exclusive of rump-patch 0. c. stonei. b". General colour deep black 0. c. cowani. b. Ears very small and blunt ; skull very short. c. Ears very small and blunt ; facial portion of skull very short. a'. Rump-patch small; face uniformly whitish ; colour slaty grey, or grey- fawn 0. c. nivicola. b' . Rump-patch larger; face with a trans- verse dark band ; general colour light ; ears slightly larger 0. c. borealis. c'. Imperfectly known 0. c. alleni. A.— Ovis canadensis canadensis. Ovis canadensis typica, LydekJcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goafs, p. 209, pi. xvii, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 10, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 391, 1910. Ovis cervina cervina, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi. p. 23, 1912 Ovis canadensis canadensis. Miller, List Mamrn. U.S. Mus. p. 395, 1912. Typical locality near Calgary, Alberta. Size large (40 inches at shoulder) ; horns massive, moderately divergent, with the tips generally broken in adults ; coat, in winter, harsh, stiff, and of moderate length ; ears medium, broad, pointed, with moderately thick hair. General colour of upper-parts greyish brown of varying 112 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES intensity, tending to ashy grey on face, and darker (Vandyke brown) on hind-legs, especially the front; chest and fore portion of nnder-parts dark ; a dark dorsal stripe ; buttocks, sides of tail, hind portion of abdomen, and muzzle white or creamy yellow; hind surfaces of legs lighter than body; upper side of tail coloured like back. In summer the coat shorter, and the general colour tending to bluish grey. Fine horns measure from 40 to 44J inches in length (occasionally more), and from 15 to 17 J in girth. The range includes the Eocky Mountain region from Alberta and southern British Columbia to New Mexico and central Arizona ; in the state of Washington westward to the mountains of Ferry, Okanagan, and Chelan counties: also the Blue Mountains of north-eastern Oregon. * * * *. Skin, mounted. Eocky Mountains; collected by Sir John Eichardson (see Biddulph, Prot;. Zool. Soc, 1885). Ao history. 72. 12. 12. 1. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone, Montana. Puixhasecl, 1872. 59. 12. 29. 7. Skeleton (7 years old). Vancouver. Presented hij Capt. Palliscr, 1859. 59. 12. 29. 8. Skeleton (3 years old). Vancouver. . Same history. 59. 12. 29. 9. Skeleton (2 years old). Vancouver. Same history. 59. 12. 29. 10. Skeleton, fenaale. Vancouver. Same history. 52. 9. 18. 16. Skull, with horns. No locality. Described by Blyth, Proe. Zool. Soc, 1840, p. 64; length of horns, 41 inches. Presented hy the Zoological Soeiety, 1852. 67. 2. 23. 4. Skull, with horns. No locality ; collected by A. G. Dallas, Esq. Purchased, 1867. 1025, i. Skull, with horns. Taken from a skin. No history. 7. 7. 19. 1. Skull, with horns, but wanting lower jaw. British Columbia. Presented hj Major J. H. Wrigley, 1907. 91. 9. 1. 3. Head, immature female, mounted. Upper Yellowstone, Montana. Presented hy E. S. Cameron, PJscj., 1891. CAPRINiE 113 10. 1. 21. 1. Head, nioimted. British Columbia. Presented hy J. C. Cookseii, 1910. 11. 3. 28. 2. Skin. Wiggins Fork, Big Wind Valley, north-west Wyoming. Presented hy the Hon. Ij. 0. Kay-Shuttlevjorth, 1911 . B.— Ovis canadensis californiana. Ovis californianus, Douglas, Zool. Journ. vol. iv, p. 332, 1829. Ovis calif ornica, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. i, p. 272, 1829 ; Severtzoiv, Trans. Sac. Nat. Moscotv, vol. viii, art. 1, p. 153, 1873. Ovis californiana, Blytli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 77, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. vii, p. 199, pi. v, 1841; Bidduljpli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 683 ; Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxv, p. 187, 1912. Ovis cervina californiana, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 25, 1912 ; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 150, 1912. Ovis canadensis californiana, LydelcTcer, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 288, 1912. Typical locality near Mount Adams, Yakima County, Washington. Skull somewhat smaller than in canadensis, with horns resembling those of stonei more than those of canadensis. Horns much lighter than in canadensis, and about the size and general shape of those of stonei, though less spreading, and exhibiting the triangular cross section and flat front in a marked degree. The upper cheek-teeth are, as compared with those of canadensis, relatively large. The range formerly included the Cascade Mountains of southern Washington and Oregon, as well as Mount Shasta and the hilly country to the eastward in northern California. 52. 9. 18. 5. Skull and horns. Near Mount Adams, Cascade Eange ; collected by D. Douglas, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1852. C— Ovis canadensis auduboni. Ovis canadensis auduboni, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 31, 1901 ; Lydekker, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 289, 1912. Ovis cervina auduboni, Elliot, Synop. Mamui. N. Amer. {Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. ii) Suppl. p. 484, 1901, Chech-List. Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {Zool. Publ. Field Mks. vol. vi) p. 53, 1905 ; Stone and Cram, Amer. Mamm. p. 64, 1903; Allen, Bidl. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 26, 1912. I 114 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Bad Lands between White and Cheyenne Kivers, South Dakota. Described from the evidence of skulls and horns ; the former of which are characterised, in addition to certain structural peculiarities, by their large size and the great proportionate length of the row of cheek-teeth, while the latter are stated to be longer and more slender than in the typical race. No specimen in the collection. D.— Ovis canadensis nelsoni. Ovis nelsoni, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi, p. 218, 1897 ; Hornaday, 5th Bep. N. York Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 120, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, Amer. Mamni. p. 64, 1903 ; Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 30, p. 51, 1909. Ovis canadensis nelsoni, Lydehher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 208, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 10, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 290, 1912 ; Stephens, Calif. Manim. p. 58, 1906 ; Mearns, Mamm. U.S. and Mexican Bound. Surv. vol. i, p. 245, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 391, 1910. Ovis cervina nelsoni, Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Puhl. Field Miis. vol. ii) p. 46, 1901, Chech List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {Zool. Puhl. Field Miis. vol. vi) p. 54, 1905 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 26, 1912. Typical locality Grapevine Mountains, on the border of southern California and Nevada. Size small, coat short, stiff, and harsh, with a colour pattern similar to that of stonei (p. 120), but the tint much paler — pale dingy brown according to Merriam, pale salmon- grey according to Hornaday. Eump-patch small, com- pletely divided by dark median line, and frequently indistinct ; under-parts and limbs (except where white) much darker than back, contrasting sharply with white areas. Tail short and sparsely haired. Forehead less concave than in canadensis, and cheek-teeth smaller and forming a shorter row. The range comprises the mountains of southern Nevada, of the south of California, and of the northern part of Lower California. No specimen in the collection. CAPRlNiE 115 E.— Ovis canadensis sierrae. Ovis cervina sierrae, Grinncll, Univ. Calif, Zool. Pull. vol. x, p. 144, 1912. Ovis canadensis sierra^, Lydekker, Tlie Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 290, 1912. Typical locality east slope of Mount Baxter, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Near akin to nchoni, but larger, with shorter ears and tail, greyer and thicker coat, and basal section of horns approximating more to a circular than a triangular form. Compared with typical canadensis it differs by the rather inferior size, less heavy coat, much paler colour, and the above-mentioned horn-section. No specimen in collection. F,— Ovis canadensis cremnobates. Ovis cervina cremnobates, Elliot, Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. iii, p. 239, 1903, Mamm. Mid. Amer. {Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. v) p. 84, 1904, Chech List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {Zool. Publ. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 54, 1905 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 27, 1912. Ovis canadensis cremnobates, LydekJcer, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 292, 1912. Typical locality Mattomi, San Pedro, Martii^ Mountains, Lower California. Stated to resemble nclsoni, but of a much lighter colour, whitey brown — the head being in some cases nearly white — a small rump-patch, which is not separated from the fawn area by a darker line, and the front of the legs nearly black, as in the under-mentioned stonci. Orbital width greater (20 to 25 mm.) than in nclsoni. The range includes the mountainous parts of Lower California, from Satillo del Eey northward — especially on the Gulf side — nearly to the United States frontier. 1025, c. Skull, with horns, and skin, belonging to this or one of the allied races. California. Presented hj the Hudson Baij Company, 116 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES G.— Ovis canadensis mexicana. Ovis niexicanus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 30, 1901 ; Hornaday, 5th Bep. N. York Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 120, 1901; Stone and Cram, Amer. Mamm. p. 64, 1903; Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, p. 70, 1905. Ovis canadensis mexicanus, Lydekher, Great and Small Game of Euro])e, etc. p. 11, 1901 ; Mearns, Mamm. U.S. and Mex. Bou7id. Surv. vol. i, p. 232, 1907. Ovis cervina mexicanus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. {Zool. Puhl. Field Mus. vol. v) p. 86, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 54, 1905. Ovis cervina mexicana, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 26, 1912. Ovis canadensis mexicana, Lydekker, The SheejJ and Its Cousins, p. 289, 1912. Typical locality region round Lake Santa Marta, Cliiliualma, Mexico. A large sheep, lighter in colour than the typical race, but with the same arrangement of tints ; ears much larger, tail slightly longer, and cheek-teeth larger. General colour drab-brown, without dorsal stripe ; rump-patch relatively broad ; throat, legs, and tail darker than back ; chin and inner and hind surfaces of hind-legs white. General colour said to be intermediate between that of canadensis and nelsoni. Skull with frontal region less concave, and horns longer and less massive than in former. The range includes the mountains of northern Chihuahua, the extreme west of Texas, southern New Mexico, and the south of Arizona. 2. 8. 72. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Chihuahua, Mexico. Purchased, 1902. H.— Ovis canadensis gfaillardi. Ovis canadensis gaillardi, Mearns, Mamm. U.S. and Mexican Bound. Surv. vol. i, p. 240, 1907 ; Lydekker, The Sheej) and Its Cousins, p. 291, 1912. Ovis cervina gaillardi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 27, 1912. Typical locality Gila Mountains between Tinajas Altas and the Mexican boundary line in Yuma County, Arizona. Allied to mexicana, but with the ears still longer CAPKIN^^: 117 (Gk inches). Compared with canadensis, the horns are lighter, less curved outwards, and smoother, with a less pronounced front outer angle ; orbit less prominent, with the frontal region between them less concave; nasals flatter; and the row of cheek-teeth longer (3f inches) in the under- mentioned specimen against ^ inches in a larger skull of typical canadensis. The type specimen is a female, which is stated to differ from mexicana and nelsoni by its inferior Fig. 34. — Head of Sonokan Bighorn {Ovis canadensis gaillardi). From a photograph by Messrs. Dracopoli. size and smaller feet, as well as by the absence of a white muzzle and a dark dorsal stripe. The range includes the mountains of north-western Sonora and south-western Arizona. 12. 5. 14. 1. Head, mounted (fig. 34). Pinacate Moun- tains, north-western Sonora. Presented hy Messrs. I. N. and J. Dracopoli, 1912. 118 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES I.— Ovis canadensis dalli. Ovis montana dalli, Nelson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 13, 1884. Ovis dalli, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. ix, p. 112, 1897, vol. xii, p. 3, 1899 ; Merriani, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi, p. 217, 1897 ; Nelson, Nation. Geographic Mag. vol. ix, p. 128, 1898 ; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 27, p. 157, 1898 ; Stone, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii, p. 43, 1900 ; Horn- aday, bth Rejp. N. York Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 80, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, Amer. Mamm. p. 64, 1903 ; Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 30, p. 51, 1909. Ovis canadensis dalli, Nelson and True, Nat. Hist. Collect. Alaska, p. 282, 1887 ; Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 219, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 15, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 294, 1912 ; McConnell, Ottaiua Natural. vol. vi, p. 131, 1892 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 394, 1912. Ovis cervina dalli, Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Puhl. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 47, 1901, Check-List. Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {Zool. Puhl. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 55, 1905. Ovis dalli dalli, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 27, 1912. Typical locality near Fort Reliance, Yukon ; the range extending over a great part of Alaska and Yukon, and south- eastwards to the Mackenzie Mountains. Size rather smaller than in typical canadensis (39 inches at shoulder) and build lighter ; horns more slender and divergent, with the tip sharp, and the front angles so pro- nounced as to produce a groove beneath them on the lateral surfaces, colour amber-yellow; coat softer and longer than in canadensis ; ears short, bluish, and thickly haired ; skull markedly shorter than in typical race. General colour uniformly creamy white. Good horns measure from 38 to 49 inches, with a girth of from 12 J to 14 J inches. 99. 2. 22. 1. Skin, mounted. Alaska. Presented hy J. Tatchell Btiidley, Esq., 1899. 99. 2. 24. 2. Skin, female, mounted. Alaska. Same history. 10. 5. 31. 1. Head, mounted. Alaska. Presented hy Staff-Surgeon C. N. Richard, R.N., 1910 5. 10. 18. 2. Skin. Yukon Territory. Presented hy H.H. Prince Color edo Mansfeld, 1905. 10. 3. 16. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Klondike ; collected by H. Pinkiert. PurcJiased, 1910. CAPKIN^ 119 4. 9. 18. 3. Skull, female, with one horn and without lower jaw, referaljle to this or one of the allied races. Alaska. Presented hj Cai^t C. E. Ea.ddiffe, 1904. J.— Ovis canadensis kenaiensis. Ovis dalli kenaiensis, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, xvi, pp. 145, 219, 1902, vol. xxxvii, p. 28, 1912. Typical locality Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Distinguished from dalli by the shorter posterior nares in the skull, and the consequent approximation of the mastoid process to the last molar ; the interval between the two being 94 mm. against 84 mm. in dalli. Correlated with this is a difference in the angle made ]jy the Ijasioccipital axis with the palatal axis. The cheek-teetli are stated to be larger, and the tooth row more curved. The distributional area is stated to be completely isolated from that of dalli. No specimen in the collection. K.— Ovis canadensis fannini. Ovis fannini, Hornaday, 5th Rep. N. York Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 78, 1901 ; Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 30, p. 51, 1909. Ovis canadensis fannini, Lyde'k'ker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 19, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 294, 1912; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 394, 1912. Ovis dalli fannini, Allen, Bidl. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 28, 1912. Typical locality near Dawson City, Yukon. General characters those of dalli, Ijut a large portion of the upper-parts brownish grey, conveying " the appearance of a white animal covered with a grey blanket." Tail darker than back. The range is mainly comprised between 58^ and 64'' North latitude, and between 129° and 135° West lonc^itude : in British Columbia and Yukon this race merges into dalli to the north and into stonci to the south.* 5. 10. 18. 1. Skin, mounted. Yukon Territory. Presented hy H.H. Prince Coloredo Mansfeld, 1905. 5. 10. 18. 2. Head, mounted, female. Yukon Territory. Same history. * Sheldon, The Wilderness of the Upper Yuhon, New York, 1911. 120 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES L.— Ovis canadensis stonei. Ovis stonei, Allen, Bull. Amei'. Nat. Hist. vol. ix, p. Ill, pis. ii, iii, 1897, ihid. vol. xii, p. 2, 1899 ; Nelsoyi, Nation. Geogr. Mag. vol. ix, p. 128, 1898 ; Stone, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii, p. 42, 1900 ; Hornaday, 5th Bep. N. York Zooh Sac. 1900, p. 97, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, Amer. Mamm. p. 64, 1903 ; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 27, p. 156, 1908. Ovis canadensis stonei, Lydel-Jier, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 217, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 12, 1901, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 294, 1912 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 395, 1910. (?) Ovis liardensis, LydehTcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 215, fig. 41, 1898. Ovis dalli stonei, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxi, p. 28, 1912. Typical locality Chioni Mountains, northern British Columbia. Closely allied to dalli, but the horns rather more diver- gent, the coat shorter and more compact, and the general colour, when adult, some shade of greyish or blackish brown, with, in the lighter phases, a full black dorsal stripe, extending to the tip of the tail. Face greyish ; rump-patch, hind portion of lower surface of body, and parts of hind surface of legs white. The range includes northern British Columbia, eastward of long. 130'' W. ; further north this race passes imperceptibly into fannini. 52. 5. 9. 2. Skin, mounted. Liard Valley, Canada. Type of liardensis, but apparently not really separable from present race. Presented hj Dr. J. Bae, 1852. 5. 11. 23. 1. Skin, mounted. Stichin Valley. Presented hy David T. Hanhury, Esq., 1905. M.— Ovis canadensis cowani. Ovis cowani, Bothschild, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 238. Typical locality Mt. Neve, Logan, British Columbia. Stated to differ from stonei in being wdioUy deep black above, with the exception of the white rump-patch, which is smaller, and the grey face. No specimen in collection. CAPRINE 121 N. — Ovis canadensis nivicola. Ovis nivicola, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. i, pi. i, 1829; Severtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiu, vol. viii, art. 2, pp. 86, 153, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 208, 1876 ; BrooA-e, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 521 ; Gnillemard, ibid. 1885, p. 675 ; Biddulph, ibid. p. 679 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 249, 1896. Ovis inontanus, Middendorff, Reise Zool. p. 116, 1851, nee Schreber. Ovis canadensis nivicola, LydeJiA'er, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 221, pi. xxiiA, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 297, 1912; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 396, 1912. Typical locality eastern Kamchatka. General characters very similar to those of dalli and stonei, but ears still shorter, blunter, and more thickly haired, a shorter face, longer coat, and relatively small rump-patch ; general colour slaty grey, or grey-fawn. Good horns measure from 34 to 39i inches in length, and from ISJ to 14J in girth. 83. 2. 10. 2. Skin, mounted. Near Petropaulski, Kam- chatka ; collected by Dr. Dybowski. Also skull of same specimen. Purchased, 1883. 1. 11. 22. 3. Skin, mounted (winter coat). Kamchatka. Pi'esented hy St. George Littledale, Esq.^ 1901. 1. 11. 22. 4. Skull, with horns. Kamchatka. Same history. 1. 11. 22. 5. Skull, with horns. Kamchatka. Same history. 1. 11. 22. 6. Skull, wdth horns, female. Kamchatka. Same history. 88. 2. 20. 19. Skull, with horns. Kamchatka. By exchange with St. Petershiirg Museum, 1888. 88. 2. 20. 20. Skull, with horns. Kamchatka. Same history. 0. 10. 10. 4. Skin. Kamchatka. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1900. 0.— Ovis canadensis borealis. Ovis borealis, Sevcrtzow, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873; Peters, Monatsber. AJc. Berlin, 1876, p. 180; Bimge and Toll, Exped. Neusibir. Inseln iind Jena-Lande, p. 34, 1886; Nehring, Tundren und Steppen, p. 36, 1890; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xx, p. 293, 1904 ; Matschie, Appendix to P. Niedieck's Kreuzfahrten im Beringmeer, p. 236, 1907. 122 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Ovis canadensis borealis, Lydekh&r, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, voL ii, p. 84, pL viii. The Sheep and Its Coiisins, p. 298, 1912 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 397, 1910. Typical locality apparently Verkhoyansk Mountains, between Yana and Lena Valleys ; Matscliie gives Byrranga Mountains, south of Taimyr Peninsula, between Lena and Yenisei Valleys. Closely related to last, but ears, which are very thickly haired, rather larger, as is also the rump-patch, although this does not include the short, bushy tail, or extend on the buttocks above the line of its root ; general colour lighter; face white, with a broad wood-brown trans- verse band between eyes and nostrils, spreading on to cheeks ; nape white mingled with grey ; a faint dorsal stripe, becoming more pronounced as it approaches the blackish brown tail. Eather more white on under-parts and legs than in oiivicola. 2. 4. 26. 2. Skin, mounted. Yana Valley. Figured by present w^riter, Proc. Zool. Soc, loc. cit. Presented hij J. Talbot Clifton, Esq., 1902. 91. 6. 29. 8. Skull, with horns. Stanovoi Mountains, East Siberia ; collected by Messrs. Dorries. Purchased, 1891. P.— Ovis canadensis alleni. Ovis alleni, Matschie, in Niediech's Kreuzfahrten im Beringmeer, p. 236, 1907, English Translation, p. 226, 1909; typified by head figured by Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xx, p. 295, fig. 3. Typical locality Taiganos Peninsula. Named on the supposition that, on geographical grounds, it may prove distinct from horealis. No specimen in collection. IL Genus AMMOTRAGUS. Animotragus, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 13; Gray, Cat. TJngu- lata Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1852 ; Biltimeyer, Ahh. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. iv, p. 101, 1877 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 862. Horns " perverted " homonymous, curving backwards over neck, and marked with strong transverse wTinkles, especially when immature, those of females larger than in CAPRINiE 123 OcL^. Two teats ; tail relatively long, reaching nearly to hocks, with long liairs on terminal half. No face-glands or foot-glands. No heard ; males not malodorous. Skull without lachrymal pits. Yertehr?e: c. 7, d. 13, l. 6, s. 4, ca. 14. Eestricted to North Africa. AMMOTRAGUS LERYIA. Antilope lervia, Pallas, Sjncil. Zool. fasc. xii, p. 12, 1777. Ovis tragelaphus, Cuvicr, Reg7ie Animal, vol. i, p. 268, 1817 ; Dcs- marest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 486, 1822 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 319, v, p. 359, 1827 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 169, 1843 ; Floiuer and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 248, 1884 ; Lataste, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 288, 1885 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 141, 1891 ; Flower and LydeJclier, Study of Mammals, p. 354, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 257, 1896. Ovis (Ammotragus) tragelaphus, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, pp. 13 and 76. Ammotragus tragelaphus. Gray, Knoiuslcy Menagerie, vol. ii, p. 40, 1850, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 134, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mies. p. 134, 1873 ; Gcrrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 252, 1862. Musimon tragelaphus, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. p. 192, 1853. iEgoceros tragelaphus, Heuglin, Petermann's Mitt. 1861, p. 16. Aries tragelaphus, Lataste, Explor. Scient. Tunisie, Mamm. p. 35, 1887. Ovis (Ammotragus) lervia, LydeJil-er, Wild Oxen, Sheej). and Goats, p~ 226, 1898, Game Aniinals of Africa, p. 86, 1908. Ovis lervia, Anderson and de Winton, Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 334, 1902 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 389, 1910 ; Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. XX, pt. 2, 1913. Ammotragus lervia, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 13 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 862 ; LydekJcer, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 302, 1912. Arui: Barbary Sheep. Typical locality Mauretania. Size comparatively large ; shoulder-height ahout 39 inches. Head relatively long and narrow, with rather large ears ; a short upright mane from neck to middle of back ; long hair developed on throat, sides of body and limbs. Tips of horns directed inwards, or inwards and downwards. General colour of head, upper-parts, and outer side of limbs uniform rufous or greyish brown, rather darker on mane ; inside of ears, chin, middle line of under-parts, and inner surface of 124 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Upper segment of limbs whitish ; a few dark bars on throat. Horns yellowish brown, darkening with age. Good horns measure from 20 to 28 J inches in length, and from 10 J to 11 J in girth. The range extends from the Atlas to the Egyptian Sudan, its southern limits including the desert south of Biskra and the mountains in the neighbourhood of Khartum. The four geographical races may be Ijriefly diagnosed as follows : — A. Horns scarcely, if at all, depressed ; an in- distinct dark median face -stripe A. lervia lervia. B. Horns markedly depressed ; no face-stripe. a. General colour brownish grey ; beard blackish A. lervia hlainei. h. General colour sandy rufous. h' . General colour warm sandy rufous ; no whitish subauricular patch.... A. lervia ornata. c' . General colour pale sandy rufous ; a white subauricular patch A. lervia sahariensis. A.— Ammotragus lervia lervia. Ovis lervia lervia, Botliscliild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx, pt. 2, 1913. Typical locality Mauretania. Horns scarcely, if at all, depressed ; an indistinct dark median face-stripe. The distributional area includes a large portion of Algeria. 50. 11. 22. 3. Skin, mounted. North Africa. Presented by the Zoological .Society, 1850. 50. 12. 2. 20. Skeleton, wanting skull, associated with preceding. Sccme history. 48. 8. 21. 129. Skin, immature. Menagerie specimen. Presented hy J, Baker, Escj[., 1848. 54. 12. 6. 3. Skin, immature. Menagerie specimen. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1854. 95. 6. 7. 1. Skin, mounted. Amarkadu Mountains, near Biskra, Algerian Sahara. Presented hy Sir E. G. Loder, Bart., 1895. 2. 11. 4. 82. Skull, with horns, and skin. Wadi Agarib, Tripoli. Presented hy J. I. S. Whitalcer, Bsq^., 1902. CAPRINE 125 95. 7. 10. 54. Immature female skin. Ecru. Same donor, 1895. 98. 7. 4. 35. A similar specimen. Morocco. Same donor, 1898. 56. 12. 30. 1. Skeleton. Menagerie specimen. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1856. 58. 1. 12. 3. Skeleton, mounted. Menagerie specimen. Same donor, 1858. (jQ. 12. 30. 17. Immature skeleton. Menagerie specimen. Same donor, 1866. 96. 12. 15. 1. Frontlet, with horns. Amarkadu Moun- tains, near Biskra. Presented hy the Hon. A. Ward, 1896. 46. 10. 30. 175. Horns, female. Djered, Tunisia; col- lected by L. Eraser, Esq. Purchased, 1846. 669, a. Horns. No locality. No history. 669, h. Horns. No locality. No history. 669, y. /j. Two pairs of horns. No locality. No history. 669, c. d. Two pairs of horns, female. No locality. No history. B.— Ammotragrus lervia sahariensis. Ovis lervia sahariensis, Bothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx, pt. 2, 1913. Typical locality Oued Mya, west-central Sahara. Horns strongly depressed, turning sharply downwards before bending backwards ; general colour pale rufous sandy, with a whitish patch below and somewhat behind each ear, but no face-stripe. Type in Tring Museum. No specimen in the collection. C. — Ammotpagrus lervia ornata. Ovis ornata, I. Geoffroy, Bescrip. Egypte, Hist. Nat. vol. ii, p. 742, pi. vii, 1833. Ovis lervia ornata, Bothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx, pt. 2, 1913. Typical locality Cairo. Nearly allied to sahariensis, but deeper rufous in colour, and without subauricular light patches. The distributional area includes the Eed Sea littoral, to which this race seems to be now restricted. No specimen in the collection. 126 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES D.— Ammotrag'us lepvia blainei. Ovis lervia blainei, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. voL xx, pt. 2, 1913. Typical locality border of Dongola and Kordofan. Horns strongly depressed, but less bent backwards than in other races ; general colour brownish grey, less rufous than in other races ; sides of head, face, and mask much darker owing to admixture of blackish hairs ; beard on sides of lower jaw nearly black ; no subauricular light spot. Type in collection of G. Blaine, Esq. 95. 6. 8. 1. Skull, with horns. Nile Valley, above Wadi Haifa ; collected by Capt. Dunning. Purchased, 1895. III. Genus PSEUDOIS. Pseudois, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 343, 1846 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 177, 1852 ; Lydehhcr, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlix, p. 131, 1880, The Sheep and Its Cousins, p. 305, 1912 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 158 ; PococTc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 863. Horns ''perverted" homonymous, curving backwards over neck, and, except for lines of growth, smooth, those of females small and spear-like. Two teats ; tail rather longer than in Ovis with long hairs. Face-glands absent, but their position marked by a small patch of bare skin ; foot-glands absent, or represented by small rudiments. No beard ; males not malodorous. Skull without lachrymal pits. Vertebra: c. 7, D. 13, L. 6, s. 4, ca. 10. The genus is intimately connected with the goats by means of Capra cylvtidricornis. Eestricted to the highlands of Central Asia. PSEUDOIS NAHOOE. Ovis nayaur, Hodgson, Asiat. Research, vol. xviii, pt. 2, p. 135, 1838, in part ; Matschie, SB. Ges. nat. Frcunde, 1896, p. 97, 1897, p. 72 ; na,me misprinted, subsequently corrected by author. Ovis nahoor, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 107, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pp. 231, 293, 1840, xi, p. 283, 1842, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 129 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, pt. 1, p. 25, 1866; Milne-Edwards, Rech. Mamm. p. 357, pis. Ixviii and Ixix, 1868-74 ; Severtzoiv, Trans. Soc. Nat. Moscoiv, CAPRlNyE 127 vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873; Riltimeyer, Abh. schweiz. x>al. Ges. vol. iv, p. 182, 1877 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 247, 1884 ; W. L. Sclatcr, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 140, 1891. Ovis burrhel, Blyth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 67, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. scr. 1, vol. vii, p. 248, 1841, Joarn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. X, p. 868, 1841 ; Sevcrtzow, Trails. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. viii, art. 2, p. 153, 1873. Ovis nahura. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 170, 1843; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 296, 1867; Blan/ord, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli, p. 40, 1872, Scicnt. Results, 2nd Yarkand Miss. —Mamm. p. 85, pi. xiv, 1879, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 499, 1891; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 438, 1884; Flower and Lydehker, Study of Mammals, p. 354, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. *387, 1910. Pseudois nahoor, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 343, 1846, xvi, p. 702, 1847; Horsfield, Cat. E. Ind. Mus. p. 176, 1851 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 177, 1852. Cat. Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 133, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 133, 1873 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 527 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 252, 1862 ; Przeioalski, Reis. Mongolie, p. 219, 1875, Cat. Zool. Collect, p. 16, 1887 ; Lijdekker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlix, p. 131, 1880, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 11, 1913; Pousargues, Mem. Zool. Soc. France, 1898, p. 156. Musimon nahoor, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm, vol. ii, p. 191, 1855. Pseudois burrhel, Przewalski, Cat. Zool. Coll. p. 16, 1887. Ovis (Pseudois) nahura, Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheej), arid Goats, p. 231, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 105, 1907. Pseudois nahura, Nathusius, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 333; Langkavel, Zool. Garten, vol. xxx, p. 298, 1889 ; Lydekker, The Sheejp and Its Cousins, p. 305, 1912. Pseudois nayaur, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 863. Bharal. Typical locality the Tibetan frontier of Nepal. Size medium; shoulder-height about 36 inches. Head long and narrow, with small ears ; hair of uniform length throughout. Horns rounded or subtriangular at base, marked with lines of growth and fine stride, the tips, which are situated over the withers, inclmed inwards and slightly upwards. General colour of head and upper-parts brownish grey, suffused with slaty blue, browner in summer, and more distinctly slaty grey, washed witli brown, in winter ; under- parts, inner and hind surfaces of legs, and buttocks as far as root of tail white ; in adults the face, chest, a stripe down front of legs, except on knees, which are white, a flank-band, and terminal two-thirds of tail black. In females the Idack on 128 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES face, chest, and flanks wanting. Colour of horns blackish olive. Good horns measure from 26 to 32 inches in lenath, and from 10^ to 12 J, or occasionally 13 J in girth. The distributional area extends from Hunza and Nagar, through the Shigar district of Baltistan, Garhwal, and Tibet, to Sze-chuan, Shen-si, and Kan-su. The Kan-su and Shen-si bharal may represent a distinct race. 43. 1. 26. 12. ) Skull, imperfect, with horns, and skin, 43. 1. 12. 122. J female. Nepal frontier. Type. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843. 57. 7. 29. 3. Skin, mounted. IS'o locality ; mentioned Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 80. Presented hy the Linnean Society, 1857. 79. 11. 21. 658. Skin, mounted. Kumaon; collected by Gen. Strachey. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 659. Skin, mounted, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 103, c. Skin, mounted, female. Locality unknown. No history. 668, u. Skull, with horns, and skin. Barinda Pass, near Jamnotri, east of Simla ; collected by Lieut. E. Smith, 1836. Type of 0. hurrhcl ; see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 78, 1840, p. 67. Presented hy the Zooloyiccd Society. 1. Skin, mounted. Ladak. Purchased, 1897. 526. Skeleton, imperfect. Nepal frontier. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 152. Skull, with horns. Nepal frontier. Same history. 43. 1. 12. 109. Odd horns. Nepal frontier. Same donor, 1843. 58. 6. 24. 27. Skull, with horns, immature. Sikhim. Same donor, 1858. 56. 5. 6. 74. Skull, with horns. Sikhim. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 79. 11. 21. 25. Skull, with horns. No locality. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 55. 1. 20. 8. Skull, with horns, and skin, female. Nepal. Presented hy H.H. Maharaja Dhulcep Singh, 1855. 56. 9. 22. 13. Skull, female. Himalaya; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. ' 1 . 97. 5. 10 45. 1. 12. CAPRINiE 129 88. 3. 20. 1. Skull, with horns. Skieii Valley, Ladak. FrcHentcd hy It Lydehhcr, Esq., 1888. 8. 2. 29. 3. Skull, with horns. Niti, Garhwal. Presented hy Dr. T. G. Longstaff, 1908. 11. 11. 1. 9. Skull, with horns, and skin. Shen-si, China ; collected by Dr. J. A. C. Smith. Presented hy the Hon. Walter Rothseliild, 1911. 94. 2. 8. 4. Skull, with horns, and skin, female. Moun- tains east of Koko Nor. Presented hy St. George Littledcde, Escj^., 1894. 91. 8. 7. 196. Skull, with horns. Near Leh. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 197. Skull, with horns. Spiti. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 198. Skull, with horns. Garhwal. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 199. Skull, with horns. Paipshu. Seime history. 9. 8. 7. 200. Skull, with horns. Near Leh. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 77. Skull, with horns. Garhwal. This specimen stands No. 3 in Ward's list. Length of horns 30|-, girth 12 j, tip-to-tip interval 21 J inches. The record horn- length is 32J inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 78. Skull and horns. Garhwal. Same history. IV. Genus CAPRA. Capra, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 68, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 94, 1766; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 300, vol. V, p. 356, 1827 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 158; Pococh, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 864; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. EnrojJC Brit. Mus. p. 988, 1912. Hircus, Bocldaert, Elenchus Animal, p. 147, 1785 ; Gray, Cat. Ungu- lata Brit. Mns. p. 153, 1852. Aries, LinJc, Zool. Beytrage, vol. i, pt. 2, p. 96, 1795. Tragus, Schranh, Fauna Boica, vol. i, p. 80, 1798. ^goceros, Pallas, Zoogr. Bos^o-Asiat. vol. i, p. 224, 1811. Ibex, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 700, 1847 ; Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mils. p. 59, 1847. ^goceros, Gray, Cat. XJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 148, 1852, Cat. Binni- nants Brit. Mas. p. 52, 1872, nee Pallas. Orthagoceros, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. Supi)l. p. 738, 1905. K 130 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Horns large and, iu wild species, usually heteronymous, but in some instances " perverted " homonymous ; those of the former type either scimetar-like, with more or less pronounced knots or knobs on front angle or surface or spiral ; in females smaller and smooth. Tail much as in Pseudo'is. Face-glands wanting ; foot-glands sometimes present in fore-feet of Indian domesticated breeds, always absent in liind-feet ; * two teats. A beard on chin in males, which are strongly odorous. Skull w^ithout lachrymal pits ; markedly convex in profile, with upper end of premaxilla wedged in Ijetween nasal and maxilla. Terminal and median vertical ridges on outer side of upper premolars obsolete. Vertebrae : c. 7, D. 13, L. 6, s. 4, ca. 9-13. The distributional area of the genus comprises the mountainous districts of many of the Mediterranean countries, namely, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, northern Italy, the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, and north-eastern Africa, whence it extends eastwards through the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia, Sind, and Baluchistan to Central Asia. The genus is closely connected with Fscudo'is by means of C. caucasica cylindricomis. The following is a provisional key to the species here recomised : — A. Horns " perverted " homonymous, forming a double curve, with the extreme tips turning upwards. a. Horns devoid of prominent knots and more or less bharal-like ; beard short and curling C. caucasica. I b. Horns compressed, marked with irregular trans- verse ridges, and forming a long open spiral ; beard long and straight C. injrenaica. B. Horns heteronymous, more or less scimetar-like, and knotted or knobbed in front, with the tips turning downwards ; beard long and restricted to ,- f chin. r\^>^-^'' a. A bony boss on forehead C. walie. v^ &. No boss on forehead. a'. Horns imperfectly scimetar-like; when piy" knobs fully developed , short C. severfzoivi. ^ b'. Horns distinctly scimeter-like. a". Front surface of horns broad. a^. Beard moderate ; general colour uniform; horns moderate C.ibex. * Not verified in all the species. CAPPJNaE 131 h^. Beard longer; back frequently with light saddle : horns very large, with very broad front surface C. sibirica. b". Front surface of horns narrower C. nubiana. c". Front surface of horns forming a sharp ridge C. hircus. c. Horns forming a corkscrew-like or screw-like heteronymous spiral, with the tips everted ; beard forming a fringe on throat and chest C. falconeri. AM^ I. CAPRA CAUCASICA. Capra caucasica, Gi'ddenstdclt, in Pallas, Acta Ac. Petrop. vol iii pt, 2, p. 278, 1779. The synonomy is given under the heading of the local races of this and the next species. Typical locality Central Caucasus in the neighbourhood of Malka and Backsan, to the east of Mount Elbruz. A heavily built goat, with more or less bharal-like horns of the "perverted" homonymous type, and a short curling beard. The horns are generally marked only by irregular transverse lines, but in the typical race may show slight knots on the front surface; they have a double curve, and the tips are directed inwards and upwards. A. — Capra caucasica cylindricornis. Ovis cylindricornis, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 68. .Egoceros pallasi, Bouiller, Bull. Soc. Moscow, vol. xiv, p. 908, pi xi 1841. Capra caucasica, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Europ. p. 28, 1840 ; Blasius, Sliugeth. Deutschl. p. 479, 1857 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 315. Ovis pallasi, Beichenbach, Naturgeschichte Wiederkduer, pi. xlix 1846. ^goceros caucasica. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 148, 1852. Capra pallasi, Badde, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 553 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 235, 1896. Capra cylindricornis, Biicliner, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. vol. xxxv. No. 8, p. 21, 1887 ; Menzbier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618 * Satu7iin, Zool. Jalirb. Abt. fiir Syst. vol. ix, p. 312, 1896 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 235, 1896, ed. 6, p. 385, 1910 ; Poiisar- gites, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 159; Lydel-hcr, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 242, pi. xx, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 141, 1901, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 379, 1909; Dinnik, Zool. Beob. vol. xHx, p. 336, 1908; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 241, 1910; Pococl; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 866. Eastern Tur. K 2 132 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 'Typical locality Eastern Caucasus, probably the neigh- "bourhoocl of Kasbeg, whence the range extends, in an elliptical area, to Daghestan. Horns of the general type of Pseudo'is nalioor, but more massive; their section subtriangular, with a rounded front surface, and their direction at first upwards and outwards, then backwards and downwards, and finally inwards and upwards. General colour in winter reddish or chestnut- brown, with a more or less defined dark dorsal stripe ; tail blackish brown above, whitish inferiorly; groin and inner sides of thighs dirty white ; chest and front surfaces of legs Fig. 35. — Head of Pallas's Caucasian Tue {Capra caticasica cylindricornis). From Ward's Records of Big Game. blackish brown. Summer coat, except on the dark areas, rather lighter, with a tendency to greyish. Shoulder-height about 36 inches. Fine horns measure from 36 to 46 inches in length, with a girth of from 12J to 14 inches, and a tip- to-tip interval ranging from 8 J to 19 inches. 76. 2. 19. 1. Skin, mounted, and skull. Caucasus. Purchased, 1876. 79. 11. 15. 1. Skin, mounted, referable either to this or the next race. In their flattened and somewhat knotted front surface the herns are very similar to those CAPRINE 133 (No. 13. 2. 1. 1) entered as C. c. caucasica. Also skull of same (1690, ^0- Furcliaml, 1879. 7. 11. 10. 2. Skin, mounted. Eastern Caucasus. Presented hjj Prince Paul Dcrnidoff, 1907. 7. 11. 10. 1. Head, female, mounted, and body-skin. Eastern Caucasus. Same history. 93. 11. 20. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Kasbek, Eastern Caucasus. By exchange, 1893. 93. 11. 20. 2. Skull, with horns, and skin, immature. The horns are distinctly ridged, as appears to be generally the case in immature animals. Kasbek. Same history. 12. 7. 14. 1-3. Three skulls, w^ith horns. Eastern Caucasus. xVll are unusually fine specimens. Presented hy St. George lAttlcdcde, Esci., 1912. B.— Capra caucasica caucasica. Capra caucasica, Gi'ddcnstddt, in Pallas, Acta Ac. Petrop. vol. iii, pt. 2, p. 273, 1779; Menzhier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618; Satunin, Zool. Jalirh., Aht.f. Syst. vol. ix, p. 311, 1896, Privoda i ochota MosJiva, vol. xxxvii, pt. 8, 1909 ; Dinnih, Zool. Beoh. voh xlix, p. 338, fig. 2, 1908* ; Mat. faun.fior. Boss, vol. ix, p. 1, 1909 ; Camarano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamin. Eurojpe, p. 240, 1910. ^goceros ammon, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso.-Asiat. vol. i, p. 221, 1811, nee Capra ammon, Linn. Hybrid (?) C. cylindricornis and C. caucasica, LijdeJcJcer, Wild Oxen, Sheejy, and Goats, p. 251, 1898. Typical locality the district of ^lalka and Baksan, eastward of Mount Elbruz, Central Caucasus, whence the range extends to Mount Dychtau. Horns somewhat less bharal-like than those of C. c. eylin- dricornis, being frequently long and slender, subquadrangular in section, with the front surface flattened and devoid of knots, but in other cases shorter, stouter, and more nearly triangular in section, with incipient (or vanishing) knots ; terminal curve including about one-third total length. According to Dinnik,t tlie horns are to a considerable extent intermediate between those of C. c. cylindrieornis and those of C. severtzowi, but nearer the former than to the latter, the * Name printed caucasia. t Op. cit. p. 338. 134 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES resemblance being sometimes so close that it is difficult to say whether specimens should be referred to cylindricornis or to true caucasica. This, taken in conjunction with the form of the beard, seems to indicate that these two tur are local races of one and the same species. According to Dinnik, the general colour in winter is darkish brown, but in summer reddish grey, with a dark dorsal streak, the head reddish brown, darker in front than on the sides. The front of the legs is dark, the inner surface of the thighs white. Tail shorter than in cylindri- cornis. 13. 2. 1. 1. Frontlet and horns (fig. 36) provisionally referred to this race. Caucasus. Length of horns on front curve 26 j inches (68*5 cm.), girth 11| inches (30 cm.), tip- to-tip interval 21 J inches (55 cm.). In a specimen described by Dinnik * the length is 29 J inches (77 cm.), and the girth 12^ inches (37 cm.). In other specimens, of a more slender type, the length may reach 33 1 inches (83 cm.), with a girth of only 10| inches (27 cm.). Presented hy R. Lydekker, Esq., 1913. 11. CAPKA SEYERTZOWI. Capra severtzowi, Menzhier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618. Western Tur. Synonymy under heading of subspecies. Typical locality Western Caucasus. Horns ibex-like, subtriangular in section, and curving backwards in one plane, with the tips directed downwards (as in fig. 37), and more or less distinct knots on front surface ; beard, when fully developed, elongated in its middle portion and narrow and straight in summer. Horns from the lihcetian Alps (fig. 37) present a close resemblance to those of the present species, although an approximation to the former is made of certain heads of C. ibex figured by Camerano.f The Rhoetian horns are stated to have been found, with other skulls and skeletons, in a glacial moraine at Lauternabach, in the Eoseg district, and * Op. cit. p. 339. t Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, pL 1, figs. 5, 10, 11, 1896. CAPRINiE 135 :e believed to be a1)0ut three centuries old.* The^leugtli 75 cm., and the tip-to-tip interval 74 cm. ; are along front curve is Fig. 36.— Frontlet and Horns of East Caucasian Tur [Capra caucasica). Fig 37.-FRONTLET and Horns of an Ibex, or Tur, from a glacial moraine in the Roseg district, Rhsetian Alps. From a photograph of Mr. A. Ghidiui. this equality in the two measurements being paralleled in a pair of horns of C. severtzowi mentioned by Dinnik, in which they are respective 80 and 85 cm. * Ghidini, Diana, Geneva, May, 1909, p. 68. 136 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A.— Capra severtzowi severtzowi. Capra severtzowi, Menzbier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618 ; Satunin, Zool. Jahrh. Aht. f. Syst. vol. ix, p. 312, 1896 * ; MatscJiie, Sifzher. Ges. nat. Freimde, 1901, p. 27; Dinnik, Zool. Beoh. vol. xlix. p. 353, 1908; Ti'ouessart, Faune Mamm. Eurojie, p. 240, 1910. Capra caucasica, Pallas, Acta Ac. Petrop. vol. iii, pt. 2, 1779, p. 273, pis. xvii A and b, 1783 ; Bilchner, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. vol. XXXV, No. 8, p. 16, pi. ii, 1887; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 227, 1896, eel. 6, p. 383, 1910 ; LydeU-er, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 246, pi. xxi, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 141, 1901, nee Giildenstddt. Capra (Ibex) severtzowi, Camerano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906. Capra caucasica severtzowi, LydeJiJcer, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 376, 1909 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 383, 1910. * . . Typical locality AYestern Caucasus, in the central chain, to the west of Mount Elbruz, and to the south of the chain of Teberda. Size large ; shoulder-height 38 to about 42 inches. f Horns long, with relatively small knots on front surface ; beard, when fully developed, of moderate length. General colour in summer tending more or less to rufous, with, at least in some, instances, no distinct dark dorsal stripe. General colour in summer rufous brown, darker and browner on the forehead, wdiere the hair is longer, wavy, and forms whorls, another whorl occurring on the nose ; under-parts much the same tint as back,f chest dark reddish brown in the middle ; on front of legs colour darker than on the body, becoming black near the hoofs, above which is a white spot. Dinnik lays stress on the wide interval between the horns, but this appears to be dependent on age ; the tip-to-tip interval in the undermentioned mounted specimen (No. 92. 3. 16. 1) being only 16 inches. Fine horns measure from 34 to just 40 inches along the front curve, with a girth of from 11 to 12| inches, and a tip- to- tip interval ranging from 15 J to 2 7f inches. 92. 3. 16. 1. Skin, in summer coat, mounted, and skeleton. Western Caucasus. Presented hi/ St. George Littledale, Esc[., 1893. * Name spelt severzoivi. t Forty-three inches = 109 cm., according to Dinnik. X Dinnik gives the general colour as reddish grey, and that of flanks and under-parts dirty white. CAPRINJE 137 92. 3. 16. 2. Skull, witli horns, and skin. AVestern Caucasus. Same hutorij, 2. 6. 15. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Western Caucasus. Same donor, 1902. 92. 1. 1. 2. Skull, with horns, and skin, immature. Sources of Malka Eiver, Central Caucasus. By exchange with St. Fctcrsburg 3fnse2f/m, 1892. 92. 1. 1. o. Skull, with horns, and skin, female. Same locality. Same history, B.— Capra severtzowi dinniki. Capra dimiiki, Satunin, Atiat. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 344, 1905, Mitt. Kaul-as. Mus. vol. ii, p. 82, 1905; Dinnil-, Zool. Beob. vol. xlix, p. 356, 1908 ; Basevig, Semja ocliotn. 1909, p. 39. Capra caucasica dinniki, LydeJcJcer, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 376, 1909 ; Ward, Records of Big Gume, ed. 6, p. 384, 1910. Typical locality the main chain of the Xorth-western Caucasus ; also occurring on the upper courses of the Belaya and Laba; Mount Shungus forming the north-western extremity of the distributional area of this race as well as of the species. Height a little inferior to C. s. severtzoiri. Horns shorter and thicker, with moi'e pronounced knots on front surface, and thus more ibex-like. Beard rather longer. According to Dinnik, the general colour in summer is greyish or yellowish brown, lighter on flanks and back, darker on crown of head, with the hair long and wavy on forehead, and dirty white on the under-parts ; the legs very dark brown. A brown spot on the chin in front of beard, as in C. caucasica cylindricornis. In winter the colour is darker, varying from greyish to yellowish or rufous brown with a dark dorsal stripe. Good horns measure from 30 to 34 J inches along front curve, with a girth of from llj^ to 12;^ inches, and a tip-to- tip interval of from 16 J to 25 J inches. 86. 9. 20. 1. Skin, in winter coat, mounted. Near Mount Elbruz ; collected by P. A. Hoist, Escp Purchased, 1886. 86. 9. 20. 2. Skin, immature, in winter coat, mounted. Same locality'and history. Purchased, 1886. 88. 5. 15. 1. Skull, with horns. Xorth-west Caucasus. Presented hy St. George Littledcde, Esq., 1888. 138 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Incert^ Sedis. Capra raddei, Matschie, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1901, p. 32; Satunin, Mitt. Kaiikas. Mils. voL ii, p. 82, 1905 ; Dinnih, Zool. Beoh. voL xlix, p. 321, 1908. Typical locality upper part of Ingur Yalley, Caucasus. Both Satunin and Dinnik are of opinion that this is not a distinct form. III. CAPEA PYEENAICA. Capra pyrenaica, Schinz, N. Denksclir. schiveiz. Ges. vol. ii, p. 9, pis. ii, iii, 1838 ; Blasius, Sdugetli. DeutscJil. p. 480, 1857 ; BusJc, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. x, p. 118, 1877 ; Floiver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mils. B. Coll. Surg. p. 250, 1884 ; Lijdel-her, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 41, 1885, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 253, pi. xxii, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 149, 1901; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 315; Nathusius, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 333 ; Chapman and Buck, Wild Spain, p. 129, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 228, 1896, ed. 6, p. 381, 1910; Camerano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906 ; Carruccio, Boll. Soc. Zool. ital. ser. 2, vol. X, p. 184, 1909 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 237, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 989, 1912. ^goceros pyrenaica, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 147, 1852, Cat. Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 52, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 123, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 294, 1862. Ibex pyrenaicus, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 188, 1855 ; Graells, Mem. Ac. Madrid, vol. xvii, p. 353, 1897. Ammotragus (?) pyrenaicus, Nathusius, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 333. Pyrenean Ibex. Typical locality Pyrenees. Horns of the "perverted" homonymous type, without distinct knots, markedly compressed laterally, forming an open spiral with the tips bent backwards over the neck ; their antero- external border raised into a rim, and their general direction upwards, outwards, and finally backwards, with the extreme tips upwards. Colour relatively light (paler than in C. ibex), with sharply defined dark areas. Beard, in winter^ long. General colour pale brown, with outer sides of limbs black, a black band on lower part of flanks, and a short black mane, continued along the back as a narrow stripe; forehead and beard blackish or very dark brown, and under-parts and inner sides of limbs white. In winter a whitish under-fur. In summer ground- CAPRINiE 139 colour browner, and black areas more definite. Females and young males lack a mane and black markings on head and body, showing a blackish tint only on front of limbs ; in males the black areas appear in the second or third year, becoming larger and darker with age. Height at shoulder from about 27 to 32 inches. The distril)utional area includes the mountains of Spain and Portugal ; four local races Ijeing recognised. A.— Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica. Capra pyrenaica typica, Lyde'k'ker, Wild Oxen, Slieej), and Goats, p. 257, 1898. Capra pyrenaica p^'renaica, Cabrera, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p. 966; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 990, 1912. Typical locality Spanish Pyrenees ; the distributional area formerly including the Pyrenees and eastern part of the Cantabrian chain, but now restricted to region of Mt. Perdido, Huesca. Dark markings attaining the maximum development ; lateral stripe broad, black of withers extending downwards nearly or quite to that of upper part of legs ; horns widely spreading, with rim on antero-internal border sharply defined. Good horns measure from 28 to 31 inches along outer curve, with a girth of from 8^ to 10 J inches, and a tip-to-tip interval ranging from 20 to 28J inches. 48. 2. 5. 4. Skin, mounted. Pyrenees. Purchased, 1848. 48. 2. 5. 5. Skull, female. Pyrenees. Purchased, 1848. 0. 10. 28. 1. Head, female, mounted. Spain. Presented hy Lieut. -Col. J. Marriott, 1900. 50. 9. 4. 1. Immature skin, mounted. Spain. Presented hj Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1850. 68. 9. 12. 12. Immature skin. Spain. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1868. B. — Capra pyrenaica lusitanica. Capra lusitanica, Franca, Bull. Soc. Port. Sci. Nat. voL ii. p. 114, 1909, based on the " Cabra-Montez da Serra do Gerez " of Bocage, Mem. Ac. R. Sci. Lishoa, ser. 2, voh ii, pt. i, p. 1, pis. i, ii. Capra pyrenaica lusitanica, Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. " Mus. p. 991, 1912. 140 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Serra do Gerez, Minlio, Portugal; but distributional area formerly embracing the mountains of Galicia and northern Portugal. Horns apparently less divergent than in other races. No specimens of this race (which may be extinct) in collection. C— Capra pyrenaica victoriae. Capra pyrenaica victoriae, Cabrera, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p. 975; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. E^crope Brit. Mils. p. 991, 1912. Typical locality Madrigal de la Vera, southern slope of Sierra de Gredos, Caceres, Spain. Intermediate in size and in extent of black markings, between injrenaica and liispanica ; rather browner than hispanica in summer, with horns similar in size to those of that race, but relatively broader and flatter. No specimen in collection. D.— Capra pyrenaica hispanica. Capra hispanica, Schimper, C. B. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxvi, p. 318, 1848 ; Eosenhauer, TJiiere Andalusiens, p. 4, 1856 ; Busk, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. X, p. 118, 1877 ; Chapman and Buck, Wild Spain, p. 129, 1893. Ibex hispanicus, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 189, 1855 ; Graells, Mem. Ac. Madrid, vol. xvii, p. 357, 1897. Capra pyrenaica liispanica, Lj/dekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats^ p. 258, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 151, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 381, 1910 ; Troues- sart, Faune Mamm. Euroj^e, p. 237, 1910; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 991, 1912. Typical locality Sierra Nevada (" Picacho de Veleta et Mulahacen "), Spain. Distributional area includes mountains of southern and eastern Spain (Sierra de Pionda, Sierra Nevada, Sierra Morena, Sierra ]\Iartes, and Sierra de Cardo). Dark markings less developed than in other races ; dark lateral stripe narrow, and black of udthers confined to median line; nasal bones more abruptly narrowed than in typical race; horns widely spreading, less compressed than in vidorice, with an tero -internal rim less defined than in typical 2^l/'''cnaica. 55. 11. 26. 14. Skin, mounted. Southern Spain. Purchased, 1855. 777, l. Skull of preceding specimen. Sayne history. CAPKIN^i 141 IV. CAPKA IBEX. Capra ibex, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 68, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 95, 1766; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 480, 1822; H. Smith, Gri]ffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 300, vol. v, p. 357, 1821',^ Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 167, 1843, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 32, 1850, Cat. XJngiilata Brit. Mus. p. 142, 1862, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 52, 1872, Hand-List. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 123, 1873; Blasius, Sdugeth. Dcutschl. p. 475, 1857 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 248, 1884 ; Sclater, Broc. Zool. Sac. 1886, p. 315 ; Beichenau, N. Jalirh. Min. 1896, vol. i, p. 221 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 227, 1896, ed. 6, p. 372, 1910 ; Lydehker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 273, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 162, 1901 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 236, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 989, 1912. Capra alpina, Girtanjier, Journ. Bhysique, vol. xxviii, p. 224, 1786. iEgoceros ibex, Ballas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 224, 1811, in part. Ibex alpinus. Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 59, 1847; Nehring, Tundren imd Steppen, p. 206, 1890. Ibex europsea, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvL, p. 700, 1847. Capra (Ibex) ibex, Camerano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906, Ivii, p. 1907. Capra ibex graicus, Matschie, Deutsche Jdger-Zeitung, vol. lix, p. 102, 1912— invalid, teste Camerano, Bull. Mus. Zool. e. Anat. Torino, vol. xxvii. No. 656, 1912. Alpine Ibex. Typical locality Swiss Alps; the distributional area formerly including the greater part of the Alps, but now restricted to a few localities in Piedmont, Italian Alps. Height about 32 to 34 inches. Horns inclining backwards in a bold scimetar-like sweep, distinctly triangular in section, with the front surface broad, flattened, and carrying a number of bold transverse knots or knobs. Beard, which is confined to chin, moderate. General colour dusky grey, darker on chin, upper portion of throat and under-parts ; blackish below and along anterior surface above, this dark area not noticeably contrasted or sharply defined; tail coloured like body at base, blackish at tip. Fine horns measure from 30 to 44f inches along front curve, with a girth of from 9 to lOJ inches, and a tip-to-tip interval rauQ-ing from 21 to 40 inches. 620, h. Skin, mounted. Alps. Presented bij Mrs. A. G. CamjMl, before 1872. 142 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 650, a. Skin, mounted. Alps. Purcliased, Icfore 1872. 97. 12. 11. 1. Skin, mounted. Piedmont side of Monte Eosa. rurcJiased, 1897. 35. * * *. Skull, with horns. Alps. Presented hy Messrs. Murray and Brockedon, 1835. 45. 12. 16. 1. Horns, Chamonix. Purchased, 1845. 650, a, l). Two pairs of horns. Alps. Purchased. 57. 3. 18. 2. Skull, female, with horns. Purchased, 1857. 57. 3. 18. 2. Skull, young. Purchased, 1857. V. CAPEA SIBIEICA. Capra alpium sibiricum, Pallas, Sjpicil. Zool. fasc. 11, p. 31, pi. iii, 1766. Capra sibirica, Meyer, Zool. Annal. vol. i, p. 397, 1794 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mils. p. 52, 1843, Cat. Ungidata, Brit. Mils. p. 150, 1852, Cat. Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 52, 1872, Hand-List Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 194, 1873 ; Blasiiis, Sdugeth. Deutschl. p. 481, 1851 ; Badde, Beise Ost.-Siberien, vol. i, p. 243, pi. x, 1862 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Maymn. Brit. Mus. p. 248, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 292, 1867 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, pt. i, p. 3, 1869 ; LydeJiker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 275, pi. xxiv, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 167, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 113, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 13, 1913 ; Severtzoiv, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 333, 1878 ; Blanford, Scient. Besidts Q,nd Yarlcand Miss., Mamm. p. 86, 1879, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 503, 1891 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, p. 162, 1898 ; Stern- dale, Mamm. India, p. 444, 1884; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 316 ; Przeiualski, Cat. Zool. Collect, p. 15, 1887 ; Thomas, Trans. Linn. Soc. — Zool. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 64, 1889 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 143, 1891 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xvii, p. 6, 1894 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 224, 1896, eel. 6, p. 369, 1910 ; Noach, Zool. Anz. vol. xxvi, p. 390, 1903. yEgoceros ibex, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 224, 1811, in part. Capra pallasi, Schinz, N. Denhs. scliweiz. Ges. vol. ii, p. 9, 1838, nee yEgoceros pallasi Rouillier, vide Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 553. Capra ibex, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 913, 1841, vol. xi, p. 283, 1842, nee. Linn. Capra ibex bimalayaniis, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 414, 1842. Capra hinialayana, Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 463, 1845 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 150, 1852 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 523. Ibex sibirica, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi. p. 700, 1847. CAPRIN.E 143 Ibex sibiricus, Nehring, Tundren unci Steppen, p. Ill, 1890. Capra (Ibex) sibirica, Camcrajio, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906. Asiatic Ibex. Typical locality nortlieiu slope of Sayausk Mountains, in the neighbourhood of Alunku Sardyx, west of Lake Baikal. JS'early related to C. ibex, but the size considerably larger (the height at the shoukler sometimes reaching as much as about 42 inches), the horns often larger, and the beard longer and more profuse. Horns very massive, with the front surface very wide, without any bevelling of the outer edge, and the outer side of the bold transverse knots almost as much developed as the inner ; the section being completely triangular, with the hind angle compressed. Hair, in winter, long, coarse, and brittle, developed into a dorsal crest, and with a thick layer of under-fur ; in summer short. Usually a more or less defined light saddle-patch, which may extend over much of back and sides. General colour variable, but usually some shade of brown in summer, and lighter (frequently yellowish white) in winter. Dorsal stripe, tail, and frequently beard l)lackish Ijrown ; under-parts and most or whole of limbs dark. Maximum horn-length (in Tian Shan race) 58 inches along front curve, with a girth of 11^ inches. The distributional area includes the high mountains of Central Asia, from the neighbourhood of Lhasa and Lake Baikal, the Tian Shan, and the Altai to the Himalaya (exclusive of the Pir Panjal), and from the Herat district to Kumaon and adjacent provinces as far east as the source of the Ganges. The species has been divided into a large number of local races, but as many of these are known merely by their horns, it is practically impossible to draw up a " key." A. — Capra sibirica sibirica. Capra sibirica typica, Lorenz, Denis. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 95, pi. i, 1906; Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 116, 1907 (nee Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 281, 1898) ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, cd. 6, p. 369, 1910. Typical locality Sayansk Mountains, west of Lake Baikal. General colour in winter dirty yellowish white, tending 144 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES to purer white on middle of back ; under-parts browner, owing to dark hair-tips ; forehead, ring round eye, occiput, ears, and sides of neck darker. A thin white line on upper lip and a broader one on lower lip ; a narrow dark dorsal stripe and faint shoulder-stripe. Hind-legs brown in front and whitish on outer side inferiorly, and some white on hind surface of fore-legs near lateral hoofs. In old bucks, which may become nearly white, the colour pattern recalls that of C liircus cegagriis. jSTo specimen in collection. B.— Capra sibirica fasciata. Capra fasciata, NoacJi, Zool. Anz. vol. xxa, p. 623, 1902, vol. xxvi, p. 390, 1903. Capra sibirica fasciata, Lorenz, Denks. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 87, 1906; Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 116, 1907. Typical locality Xorth-east Altai, or Bia Altai, in the neighbourhood of Lake Telezko. General colour (season not stated) yellowish brown above, with a dark spot on lower lip at angle of mouth ; a broad horizontal black band on lower part of fore-legs; a light patch on posterior surface of lower part of hind-legs, and a hair- whorl on outer side of same ; ears large and rounded, lighter internally ; iris brownish red. No specimen in collection. C— Capra sibirica altaica. Capra altaica, Noack (ex Scliinz, 1845), ZooJ. Anz. vol. xxv, p. 623, 1902. Capra sibirica altaica, Lorenz, Denks. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, pp. 87, 96, pl. ii, 1906 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 116, 1907. Typical locality Irtish Altai. Very similar in winter coat to typical sibirim, being light dirty white, Ijut with a rufous tinge, and a dark flank-band. Face, fore part of neck, and shoulder less dark than in typical race, and their colour merging gradually into that of body. In summer general colour greyish brown, without a light saddle-patch ; the tint being described as cctje-mc-lait CAPKINiE 145 with a dark dorsal stripe. Horns light-coloured, and strongly cur\'ed at tips ; iris yellowish grey. 78.12.21.31. Skull, with horns. Tarbagatai, Altai; collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. Noticed by Lorenz, op. cit. By exchange with Gcograj)hical Society of Bremen, 1878. 90. 4. 20. 8. Skeleton, with horns. Saiar Mountains, Altai. Eeferred to this race by Lorenz. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1890. D.— Capra sibirica lydekkeri. Capra sibirica lydekkeri, BotJischild, Novit. Zool. vol. vii, p. 277, pi. ii, 1900 ; NoacTx, Zool. Anz. vol. xxvi, p. 650, 1903 ; Lorenz, Denks. K. AJf. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 87, 1906; Lyde'k'ker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 116, 1907. Capra sibirica dauvergnei ('?), Lydehlcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 114. Typical locality Katutay district of Irtish Altai. Type in Tring Museum. Size very large and horns unusually massive. General colour in winter umber-brown, rather lighter than that of almasyi at same season, with the face,* forehead, neck-patch, a dorsal saddle, hind-quarters and posterior aspect of hind- legs above hocks du"ty or creamy white. The light saddle is intermediate in size between that of vjctrdi and that of almasyi. In the type the horns measure 46^ inches along curve and 12 in girth. 0. 3. 26. 1. Skull, with horns, seven years old. Katutay, Irtish Altai. Presented hy the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1900. E.— Capra sibirica hagrenbecki. Capra sibirica hagenbecki, Noack-, Zool. Anz. vol. xxvi, p. 384, 1903 ; Lorenz, DenJcs. K. AJc. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 89, 1896 ; LydeJikcr, Game Animals of hidia, etc. p. 118, 1907. Typical locality Kobdo, Gobi. The race appears to have a wide range in Mongolia. General colour pale breadcrust-brown, without light * Teste Lorenz, op. cit. p. 87; in the plate in Novitafes the whole face is represented as brown ; in that plate the brown is too yellow and too light. 146 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES saddle ; a callosity on knee ; horns approximating to those of typical race, but knots in middle portion larger and more approximated. No specimen in collection. F.— Capra sibirica almasyi. Capra sibirica almasyi, Lorenz, DenJis. K. AJi. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 89, 1906 ; Lydel-Jcer, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 118, 1907. Capra sibirica typica, LydeTcker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 281, 1898, nee Mayer. Capra sibirica sibirica, Bothscliild, Novit. Zool. vol. vii, p. 277, 1900, nee Meye?'. Typical locality Tian Shan, including Kulja district.* Cleneral colour in winter some shade of greyish brown,t usually darker than is li/dckkeri ; head still darker, but paler Fig. 38. — Head of Tian Shan Ibex {Capra sibirica almasyi). on forehead and between ear and eye ; narrow white margins to lips ; beard, which is long, greyish brown ; a broad dark dorsal stripe. A small light neck-patch and saddle frequently present, which may, however, be obscured by the brown tips * Capra ^^ sihiricce affinis,'' Noack, Zool. Anz. vol. xxvi, p. 650, 1903, is, as mentioned by Lorenz, op. cit., invalid. t This is the description given by Lorenz ; the present writer has described the colour as yellowish white, more or less tinged with grey or brown. CAPRIN.E 147 of the hairs ; back of legs light-coloured, in some specimens nearly white. In summer the general colour reddish Ijrown fawn, tending to grey on head, a distinct liglit neck-patch and saddle, which may ])e nearly white, and hind surface of limbs whitish. Horns A'ery long and relatively slender, with comparatively small knots, and the tip-to-tip interval generally small (not so in the head here figured) Fine horns measure from o4 to 58 inches along front curve, with a girth of from lOj to llf inches, and a tip-to-tip interval ranging from 24 to 44^ inches. In one specimen of 58 inches the tip-to-tip interval is 44i, wliile in another of 57i it is only 24 inches. 2. 1. 12. 1. Skin, in summer coat, mounted, of a ten-year old buck. Xear Kulja. Presented hj P. V. Van der Byl, Esq., 1902. 2. 3. 9. 4. Head, mounted, of a twelve-year old Ijuck (fig. 38). Length of horns 50f, girth 1^, tip-to-tip interval 35^ inches. Xear Kulja. Presented hy St. George Littledcde, Esq., 1902. 2. 3. 9. 3. Skin, in summer coat. Lower Kok-su, Tian Shan. There is a distinct dorsal stripe, and a moderate sized whitish saddle patch. Presented hy St. George Zittleelede, Esq., 1902. 2. 3. 9. 5. Skull, with horns. Near Kulja. Sccine history. 13. 2. 6. 2. Body-skin, summer coat, Xear Kulja Presented hy Col. J. H. Ahhot Anderson, 1913. G. — Capra sibirica merzbacheri. Capra sibirica merzbacheri, Leisewitz, Zool. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 654, 1906 ; Lorenz, DenJcs. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 89, 1906 ; LydeTxTicr, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 118, 1907. Typical locality central Tian Shan, inclusive of the Xaryn district. Stated to differ from edmasyi by the lighter tone of the dark areas, the more distinctly defined dorsal saddle, and the much shorter, more divergent, and more heavily knotted horns. No specimen in collection. L 2 148 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES H. — Capra sibirica alaiana. Capra alaiana, NoacTx, Zool. Anz. vol. xxv, p. 629, 1902, vol. xxvi, p. 390, 1903. Capra sibirica alaiana, Lorenz, Denlis. K. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 89, 1906 ; LydeM-er, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 118, 1907. (?) Capra sibirica transalaiana, Lorenz, op, cit. p. 90 ; LydeJcker, loc. cit. Typical locality uncertain, the race being founded on a skin purchased in Tashkent ; if transalaiana be the same, the locality will be in the neighbourhood of the Transalai. General colour described as bright foxy red in winter, with a distinct light saddle, and in summer light greyish brown, with a dark dorsal stripe, but no light saddle. After remarking that such a seasonal colouring is the reverse of what normally occurs in this group of ibex, and suggesting that the absence of a light saddle in summer may be due to its obscuration by the presence of brown tips to the hairs, Lorenz proceeds to describe precisely similar features in his transalaiana, which is admitted to be x^robably inseparable from alaiana. 42. 4. 29. 73. Skin, mounted, provisionally referred to the present race. Siberia (?Altai). Bij exchange vnth St. Peter shirg Micseum, 1842. 42. 4. 29. 73. Skin, mounted, female. Probably from same locality as preceding. Same history. 95. 12. 13. 2. Horns, and body-skin in summer coat. The skin shows a narrow and faint dorsal stripe, but no saddle-patch. North-west Altai, Chuja Steppe. Presented hy Major C. S. Cumherland, 1895. 52. 12. 9. 5. Skull, with horns, provisionally referred to this race. Altai ; collected by Dr. Brandt. Purchased, 1852. I.— Capra sibirica wardi. Capra sibirica wardi, LydeTcher, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 101, 1900, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 172, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. pp. 115, 118, 1907 ; Lorenz, Denies. K. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx. p. 90, 1906; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 369, 1910; Camerano, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. xlvi, 205, 1911. Typical locality Braldu, Baltistan, in the neighbourhood of the Baltoro Glacier. CAPRINiE 149 General colour in winter dark chocolate-brown, and a large buffish saddle, separated only by a narrow chocolate band from the whitish neck-patch. In size the saddle is intermediate between that of lydcklicri and the large one of sakeen. The horns approximate to those of ahnasyi, but are stouter, shorter, and narrower in transverse section. 0. 6. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Braldu, Baltistan. Type. Presented hj J. Roidand Ward, Esq., 1900. 92. 7. 29. 1. Body-skin. Flanks of Nunga Parbat, Baltistan. Shows the larger white dorsal area. Presented hy H. Littlcdale, Esq., 1892. 75. 10. 9. 2. Skin, mounted, and skull, referred by Lorenz to this or a closely allied race. Tian Shan, north- west of Kashgar. Presented ly Gen. Sir T. E. Gordon, K.C.B., 1875. 79. 11. 21. 250. Skin, mounted, probably referable to same race as preceding. Near Yarkand ; collected by Dr. Bellew. Transferred from India Museiirii, 1879. 91. 8. 7. 141. Skull, with horns. Flanks of Haramosh, between Gilgit and Baltistan. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. J. — Capra sibirica sakeen. Capra sakeen, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 283, 1842. ^goceros skyn, Wagner, Schreher's Sdugthiere, Sicp^pl. vol. iv, p. 491, 1844. Ibex sakin, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 700, 1847. Capra skyn, Severfzoiv, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 334, 1878 ; PrzeivalsU, Peters' Mitth. Erzh. vol. xii, p. 5, 1878. Capra sakin, Blanford, Fau7ia Brit. India, Mamm. p. 504, 1891. Capra sibirica sacin, LydeJcker, Wild Oxen, SheejJ, and Goats, p. .284, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. i, p. 91, pi. x, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 119, 1907 ; Lorenz, DenA's. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 91, 1906 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 369, 1910 ; Camerano, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. xlvi, p. 201, 1911. Capra sibirica sakeen, BothscJiild, Novit. Zool. vol. vii, p. 277, 1900 ; Lorenz, op. cit. p. 91, 1906; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Beqnest Brit. Mus. p. 13, 1913. Typical locality Kashmir, where this ibex inhabits the mountains on the northern and eastern sides of the valley, from which it may extend eastwards and northwards. Greater portion of back (exclusive of a pale l^rown dorsal 150 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES stripe) and lower part of back of ueck, as well as sides, pale brownish or creamy white ; general colour elsewhere, including limbs, light yellowish brown ; beard and tail blackish brown. 87. 6. 9. 1. Head, mounted. Jay Nai Nalla, Maru- Wardwan, Kashmir. Presented lij M. B. Stapijlton, Esq., 1887. 88. 3. 20. 7. Skull, with horns. Kashmir. Presented hy R. Li/dekker, JEsq., 1888. 88. 3. 20. 8-9. Two skulls, with horns. Tilel Valley, Kashmir. Same history. 88. 3. 20. 10. Skull, with horns, female. Wardwan. Same history. 92. 7. 29. 2. Body-skin. North of Gurais, Tilel. Tlie whole coat is w^oolly, pale fawn-coloured above, and white on the under-parts, where hair is present. Presented hy H. Littledale, Esq., 1892. 76. 6. 21. 6. Skin, mounted, provisionally referred to this race. Himalaya ; collected by Capt. Barton. Purchased, 1876. 91. 8. 7. 148. Skull, with horns. Sind Valley, Kashmir. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq.,C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 152. Skull, with horns. Above Balusala, Kashmir. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 60. Skull, with horns. Kashmir. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 59. Skull, with horns, belonging to this or an allied race. Mushnai, Khagan, between Kashmir and Afghanistan. Same history. K.— Capra sibirica dauverg-nei. Capra dauvergnei, Sterndale, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 24, 1886; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 504, 1891. Capra sibirica dauvergnei, Lydelclcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 285, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 107, 1901, Game A7iimals of India, etc. p. 119, 1907 ; Bothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. vii, p. 277, 1900 ; Lorenz, Denks. K. Ah. Wiss. Wien, p. 91. 1906. Typical locality not definitely known, but, it is suggested, probably somewhere to the west of Kashmir. Known solely by horns, wliich are characterised by their CAPRINiE 151 dark colour and the slight development of the outer portion of the knohs, especially in the terminal third. No specimen in collection. L.— Capra sibirica pedri. Capra sibirica pedri, Lorenz, Denis. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxx, p. 104, 1906 ; LydcH-er, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 119, 1907 ; Camerano, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. xlvi, p. 201, 1911. Typical locality Gilgit. A race with relatively slender horns, which are stated to approximate in general characters to those of s. sihirica. In a mounted head with part of the summer and part of the winter coat, the former is yellowish fawn, and the latter dark greyish hrown. With this race Lorenz provisionally associates a Ladak skull in the Museum, with horns stated to approximate to those of s. sihirica ; but, on distriljutional grounds, it seems more probable that the Ladak ibex should be fiUppii, if this be a distinct form. The Afghan and Chitral ibex (the latter of which has pale-coloured horns and no light saddle in the summer coat) are considered Ijv Lorenz to represent probably a distinct race ; but, on distributional grounds, it is likely that at least the Chitral ibex is inseparable from the present race. 3. 1. 15. 1. Mounted skin, provisionally referred to this race, in winter coat, Chitral. There is a broad dark dorsal stripe, but no sign of a light saddle- patch on the pale- coloured coat. Presented hij Capt. B. E. M. Gordon, 1902. The following specimens represent the Afghan ibex, of which the systematic position is still uncertain : — 86. 10. 15. 29-30. Two heads, mounted. Bala Murghab ; collected by Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, during Afghan Boundary Delimitation Commission. Presented hy the Government of India, 1886. 86. 10. 15. 28. Skull, with horns. Same locality and collector. Same history. 152 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES M.— Capra sibirica filippii. Capra sibirica suhsj). filippii, Camerano, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. xlvi, p. 209, 1911. Qapra sibirica filippii, Lydel'l-er, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus, p. 14, 1913. Typical locality Lahul. A provisional race characterised by tlie slighter develop- ment of the knots of the horns, as compared with those of urirdi, and more especially by the conformation of the lines of annual growth, which are stated to resemble those of C. ibex; the lateral surfaces of the horns are also stated to be more convex than in other races of the present species. 91. 8. 7. 150. Skull, with horns. Hills between Spiti and Kumaon. Presented by A. 0. Iliime, Esq., C.B., 1891. 12. 10. 31. 61. Skull, with horns. Sutlej Valley above Eampur. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. The following specimens may belong to this race : — 12. 10. 31. 58. Skull, with horns. Upper Shyok Valley, Nubra, north of Leh; collected by Ney Elias, Esq. This specimen stands No. 39 in Ward's list. The horns measure 48J inches in length and 9|- in girth, with a tip-to-tip interval of 30 J inches. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 57. Skull, with horns. Near Leh; collected by Mr. Elias. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 257. Skin and skull, with horns. Ladak; collected by Gen. Strachey. Shows a faint dorsal line, and a large white saddle-patch. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 490-491. Two skulls, with horns. Ladak; same collector. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 490, r^. Skull, with horns (1359 i, Old Cat.). Ladak ; same collector. Sartie history. 91. 8. 7. 153, 155-158. Five skulls, with horns. Near Leli ; collected by A. Dalgleish, Esq. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 154. Skull, with horns. Mountains above Kalsi, Indus Valley below Leh. Same history. CAPRiNiE 15:3^ It has not been found possible to determine, even pro- visionally, the respective races of the following specimens : — 87. 2. 9. 3. Head, young, mounted. Locality unknown \ collected by A. Grote, Esq. Presented hy Mrs. Stirling, 1887. 1359, li. Skull, with horns. Locality unknown ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856.. 56. 9. 22. 7-8. Two skulls, with horns, and in one case (7) scalp. Locality unknown ; same collector. Same history^ VI. CAPEA nubia:n'A. Capra nubiana, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. fasc. vii, pi. 397, 1825 ;. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 151, 1852, Cat. Buminant& Brit. Mas. p. 53, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 124, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 248, 1862 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 230, 1896, ed. 6, p. 376, 1910 ; Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. vol. iv, p. 85, 1897 ; LydehJier, Wild Oxen, SheejJ, and Goats, p. 266, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 89, 1908 ; Anderson and de Winton, Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 332, pi. iviii, 1902. Capra (Ibex) nubiana, Camerano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2,. vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906. Ibex nubiana, Gaillard, Bev. Ethnogr. et Sociol. 1912, reprint, p. 10. Nubian Ibex : Bedin. Typical locality I^ubia. Shoulder-height about 33 inches. Horns very long, slender, and much curved, with outer front angle bevelled off and front surface relatively narrow ; the knots numerous,, closely approximated, and relatively large. Ears relatively long, with white margins ; beard long, pointed, and occupying- full width of chin ; some long hair below middle of nape of neck and a dorsal crest ; coat elsewhere short. General colour brownish or yellowish fawn ; muzzle, chin, beard, flanks, chest, nape-tuft, dorsal stripe, sides of tail, outer- sides and front of legs blackish brown ; inner sides of thighs and buttocks, a streak on abdomen, inner sides and back of lower part of limbs more or less white, and a white band above hoofs. The range includes Nubia, the Sinaitic Penin- sula, and southern Arabia, each of these localities having a. special race. 154 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A. — Capra nubiana nubiana. Capra nubiana typica, LydekJier, Game Animals of Africa, p. 89, 1908; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 376, 1910. Typical locality Xuljia. Eange including Upper Egypt and mountains of Red Sea Littoral. General characters those given above. Good horns measure from 42 to 51 inches along front curve, with a girth of from 74 to Sk, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 6J to 39J inches, * * * *. Skin, mounted. North Africa. No history. t t t t- Skin, young, mounted. North Africa. No historij. 55. 2. 19. 5. Skull, with horns. North Africa. Purchased (Stevens), 1855. 49. 10. 2. 1. Immature skull. North Africa. Presented hi/ Major Macdonald, 1849. 651, a-e. Five pairs of horns. Egypt. In a the horns measure 46 J inches in length by 8 in girth. Presented hy J. Bitrton, Esq. 3. 3. 13. 2. Skin, new-born fawn. Egypt. Presented hy Capt. S. S. Flotver, 1903. B.— Capra nubiana sinaitica. Capra sinaitica, Hempricli and Ehrenherg, Symb. Bliys. Zool. vol. i, pi. xviii, 1828; Sclater, Broc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 316, pi. xxxii ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. M21S. pt. ii, p. 144, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 229, 1896. Capra arabica, Biippell, Neue Wirheltli. Abyssin., Sdiigeth. vol. i, p. 17, 1835; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 249, 1884. ^goceros beden, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 1303, 1836. Capra beden, Blasiiis, Sdugeth. Deiitschl. p. 482, 1857 ; Tristram, Broc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 85, Fauna Balestine, p. 6, pi. ii, 1884. Capra nubiana sinaitica, LydeliAer, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 173, 1901, Game Animals of Africa, p. 90, 1908; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 376, 1910. Typical locality Sinaitic Peninsula, Arabia. Knots on horns narrower, taller, and more irregularly disposed than in typical race, and thereby aj^proximating to those of C. liireus cegagrus. Good horns measure from 30 to CAPRINiE 155 S8h inches along front curve, with a girth of from 6^ to 7^, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12 to 15 J inches. 99. 2. 12. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Sinaitic Peninsula. Presented hij Lieut. -Col. J. Marriott, 1899. 5. 12. 12. 5. Skull, with horns. Hills east of Ain Musa, Giebel el Skata. Presented hj Mrs. Anderson, 1905. 64. 8. 17. 14. Skin and skull, wdth horns. Engedi, near the Dead Sea. Presented hy Canon Tristram, 1864. 64. 8. 17. 15. Immature skin, skull, and horns. Same locality. Same donor. 99. 11. 6. 87. Skull, with horns. Abian Mountains, east of Aden ; collected by Messrs. Percival and Dodson. Purchased, 1899. 5. 7. 2. 20. Skin, female, bad condition. Mountains east of Karyatein, Syria ; collected by D. Carruthers, Esq. Purchased, 1905. C— Capra nubiana mengesi. Capra mengesi, Noacl', Zool. Anz. vol. xxi, p. 353, 1896, vol. xxii, p. 13, 1897 ; see also Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 900. Capra sinaitica mengesi, Li/deJiker, Great and S)naU Game of Europe, etc. p. 173, 1901, Game Animals of Africa, p. 90, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 376, 1910. Typical locality Hadramaut, south-east Arabia. Said to differ from sinaiticcc by the convexity of the inner surface of the horns. Good horns measure from 39J to 50 inches along cur\^e, with a girth of from 7^ to 8 J, and a tip-to-tip interval ranging from 12 to 19h inches. jSTo specimen in collection. YII. CAPEA WALIE. Capra walie, BilppeJI, Neue Wirheltliiere Ahyssin., Sliugeth. vol. i, p. 16, pi. vi, 1835 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 316 ; Both- schild, ibid. 1901, vol. ii, p. 281, Appendix to Powell-Cotton's Sporting Trip through Abyssinia, p. 478, 1902. Capra valie, Siindevall, K. Svenslca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 95, 1846; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 152, 1852. Capra wall, Bichters, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Library), vol. ii, p. 325, 1894. Capra vali, LydekJier, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 270, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 91, 1908; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 374, 1910. 156 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Capra (Ibex) vali, Camerano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906. Ibex wall, Gaillard, Bev. Etlinogr. et Sociol. 1912, reprint, p. 18. Abyssinian Ibex : Wall Typical locality mountains of Simien, Abyssinia. The original description is as follows : — " Front and upper side of head, neck, and back beautiful chestnut-brown ; muzzle, a curved streak between eye and ear, sides of neck, body, and rump reddish umber-brown. Eegion under the eye and ear, the chin, throat, chest, and inner surface of the thighs and belly dirty white. Outer side of thighs and legs and sides of belly dirty grey. Feet whitish, with a large spot at the fetlock and a stripe down the legs black. Root of tail chestnut-brown, tip black. Inner side of ears white, with a reddish border, outer service red-brown. Iris of eye pale brown, pupil dark blue." The principal points distinguishing this ibex from C. nubiana are the shorter beard and the thicker and stouter horns, which are more like those of C. sihirica. It differs from all other ibex in the bony protuberance on the forehead. In Piiippell's type the horns were only 25 inches long, measured along the curve, but horns ranging 40 1 to 43| along the curve, with a girth of from lOJ to 11^, and a tip-to-tip interval of from IGJ to 23 inches are known. 1. 6. 18. 1. Skin, mounted, and skull. Buahit Moun- tains, Simien, Abyssinia. Length of horns 43^, girth 11J„ tip-to-tip interval 27 inches. Presented hy Mctjor P. H. G. Potvell- Cotton, 1900. VIII. CAPEA HIECUS. Capra hircus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 68, 1758, ed. 12^ vol. i, p. 94, 1766. The typical species, as represented by the domesticated goat of Sweden (C. hircus liircus). Characters generally those of the wild races, as given below, the beard being restricted to the chin, and the dark olive-brown or blackish horns, sweeping backwards in a bold scimetar-like curve, with a sharp front edge, quite unlike the broad and knotted front, surface of those of the more typical ibex. CAPRINE 157 A.— Capra hircus segragrus. Capra segagrus, Erxlcben, Syst. Begn. Anim. vol. i, p. 260, 1777 ; Gmclin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 193, 1788; Desmarcst, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 488, 1822; Hiitton, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 521, pi. xix, 1142, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 161, 1846; Blasuis, Saugeth. Dcutschl. p. 485, 1857; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 89, 1886, p. 315, pi. xxi, 1902, vol. ii, p. 226 ; Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 248, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv, p. 15, 1875, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 89, 1876, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 502, 1891 ; Danford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 458 ; Danford and Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276 ; Stcrndale, Mamm. India, p. 446, 1884; Badde, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 552 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 142, 1891 ; Satunin, Zool. Jahrb. vol. ix, p. 311, 1896, Jestestv. i georg. vol. xliv, pt. 7, p. 13, 1909 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 229, 1896 ; Camerano, Mem. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. Ivi, p. 284, 1906; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Euroj^e Brit. Mus. p. 992, 1912. Antilope gazella, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 190, 1788, nee Capra gazella, Linn. jEgoceros segagrus, Pallas, Zool. Bosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 266, 1811 ; Kotschy, Verh. Ver. Wieii, vol. iv, p. 201, 1854. Capra caucasica. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 167, 1843; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 525, nee Giildenstddt. Hircus gazella. Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 53, 1872. €apra hircus var. aegagrus, Flotver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 251, 1884. Capra hircus aegagrus, LydeA-Jcer, Wild Oxen, Sheejy, and Goats, p. 260, 1888, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 151, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 378, 1910. Wild Goat : Pasang. Typical locality Daghestan district of the Caucasus. Build relatively slender, with a shoulder-height reaching 37 inches. Horns triangular, much compressed, with inner front edge (the only one developed) sharp, keeled for some distance above base, and in terminal three-fourths canying several widely sundered knobs ; inner surface nearly flat, outer convex, rounded behind ; tips generally convergent ; faintly striated transversely throughout. Beard very long, and in old animals as wide as chin ; hair on neck and shoulders elongated, especially in winter, when under-fur is developed. General colour in winter brownish grey, in summer reddish brown, paler in old males ; under-parts and inner sides of buttocks and thighs white or whitish ; face, a nucho-dorsal stripe, tail, a collar on neck, expanding into a breast-plate, throat, chin, beard, front of limbs (except knees), and a flank- stripe blackish brown, becoming black in places ; knees, hind 158 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATE3 and inner side of fore-legs and corresponding portions of hind-legs, including hocks, white or whitish. Females and young males lack most of tlie dark markings. Fine horns measure from 48 to 55 inches along curve, with a girth of from 8 to 10, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 7 to 24 inches. The distributional area extends from the Daghestan district of the Caucasus through the mountains of Asia Minor and Persia, including the Kopet Dagh, to the confines of Baluchistan and Sind. 76. 8. 7. 20. Skin, mounted. Mount Ararat, Asia Minor. Presented hy Commander Telfair, R.N., 1876. 76. 8. 7. 12. Skin, mounted. Cilician Taurus, Asia Minor ; collected by C. G. Danford, Esq. Purchased, 1876. 76. 8. 7. 14. Skin, mounted. Same locality and collector. Sarne liistory. 76. 8. 7. 13. Skin, mounted, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 76. 8. 7. 1. Skeleton, with horns, mounted. Same locality and collector. . Sctme history. 76. 8. 7. 2. Skeleton, with horns, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 76. 8. 7. 11. Skull, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 75. 6. 61. Skin, mounted. Capillan Capan, Solyman Mountains, Asia Minor ; same collector. Purchased, 1875. 52. 5. 19. 1. Skin, mounted. Erzerum, Asia Minor. Presenteel hy Messrs. Dickson and Ross, 1852. 55. 12. 26. 155. Skull, with vertex cut away. Erzerum. Same donor, 1855. 50. 5. 19. 1. Skin, mounted. Ala Dagh, Asia Minor. Purchased, 1850. 50. 5. 19. 2. Skin, mounted, immature. Same locality. Purchased, 1850. 43. 5. 15. 2. Horns. Asia Minor. Presented by Prof. Edivard Forbes, 1843. 74. 11. 21. 24. Horns, immature. Persia. Presented by Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1874. 50. 5. 19. 3. Skull, with horns. Locality unknown. Purchased, 1850. 653, y-z. Two pairs of horns. Locality unknown ; CAPRINiE 159 described by Hamilton Smith as C. caucasica. In the first the horns measure 48J: inches in length hj 8j in girth, with a tip-to-ti]) interval of 18| inches. No history. 8. 4. 10. 2. Skin. Palang Koh, Southern Seistan. Presented hy Major It. L. Kennion, 1908. B.— Capra hircus blythi. Capra blythi, Hume, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1874, p. 240. Capra aegagrus, Blanford, Fauna Brit, India, Mamni. p. 502, 1891. Capra hircus blythi, Lydel-Jier, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and. Goats, p. 264, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 108, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mils. p. 12, 1913 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 378, 1910. Typical locality Sind. This race was named, without description, in order to distinguish it from C. scvertzowi (at that time not separated Fig. 39. — Skull and Horns of Sind Wild Goat [Capra hircus hlythi). From Ward's Records of Big Game. 160 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES from C. caucasica), with which it had previously been confounded. It differs from the Caucasian and Persian wild goat C. h. cegagrus, by its smaller size, the slight development, or even absence, of the knobs on the front edge of the horns, which are more closely approximated at the tips, and apparently also by the paler ground-colour of the coat. Fine horns have much the same measurements as those of cegagrus y the maximum length recorded in 1910 being 50 inches. The range includes Baluchistan; but whether the wild goat of the Kopet Dagh, between Persia and Turkestan, belongs to this or the preceding race remains to be determined. 56. 9. 22. 9. Skull, with horns. Probably from Sind ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 91. 10. 7. 3. Skull, with horns, and scalp, female. Khirthar Piange, Sind. ■ Presented hij Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891. 91. 8. 7. 159. Frontlet and horns. Monze, Sind. Presented hy A. 0. Hurae, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 160. Skull, with horns. Eric Hills, Sind. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 161. Skull, with horns. Mouth of Habb Pdver, Sind. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 162. Frontlet and horns. Eric Hills. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 163-164. Two frontlets and horns. Lusbeila, Baluchistan. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 165. Frontlet and horns. Chiltun, south-west of Nubba, Sind; collected by Gen. Sir 0. B. St. John, K.C.B. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 62. Skull, with horns (fig. 39). Surjan Hills, Sind ; shot by Col. F. Marston. Type (?). Length of horns on front edge 52 1, girth 7 J, tip-to-tip interval 8| inches. The record length is 55 J inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 63. Skull, with horns. Twenty miles north- west of the Eric Hills, Sind. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 6-1. Skull, with horns. Mekran Hills; shot by J. Stupp, Esq. Same history. CAPRINE 161 C. — Capra hircus cretensis. Capra aegagrus cretensis, Lorenz (ex Brisson), Mitt. Bosnia u. Herze- govina, vol, vi, p. 88], 1809; Bate, Proc. Zool. Hoc. 1905, vol. ii, p. 323 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Eurojpe, p. 239, 1910. Capra hircus cretensis, Lydehher, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 156, 1901. Capra aegagrus. Slater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, pi. xxxi. Typical locality Crete. A small imperfectly known goat, whicli may or may not be pure-blooded. 5. 12. 2. 36. Skin and horns. Spharkia, Western Crete ; collected by Miss D. M. A. Bate. Purchased, 1905. 74. * * *. Skin, mounted, female. Crete. Pur chased, 1874. D. — Capra hipcus picta. ^goceros pictus, Erhard, Fauna Cycladen, p. 29, 1858. Capra picta, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, pi. 689, pi. Iviii. Capra aegagrus picta, Lorenz, Mitt. Bosnia u. Herzegovina, vol. vi, p. 854, 1899; Trouessart, Cat. Faune Mamm, Europe, p. 238, 1910. Capra hircus picta, LydefcTcer, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 158, 1901. Typical locality Antimilo (Erimomilos), Cyclades. No specimen in collection. The name Capra dorcas (Eeichenow, Zool. Jahrh. Abt. filr. Syst. vol. iii, p. 594, 1888) has been applied to goats from the Island of Joura (Giura), in the Sporades, which are of a domesticated type (Lydekker, Girat and Small Game of Europe, etc., pp. 160, 190). C. ccgagrus, var. jourensis, Ivrea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 599, is a nomen nudum. The following names have been proposed by Matschie, C. persica, Laristan, Waidiverk in Wort u. Bild, 1905, p. 174, and C. florstedti and G. cilicica, Bulghar Dagh, ibid. 1907, p. 237. IX. CAPEA FALCONEEI. • ^goceros (Capra) falconeri, Wagner, Miinch. gelelirt. Anzeig. vol. ix, p. 430, 1839. Capra falconeri, Wagner, HilgeVs KascJimir, vol. iv, p. 579, 1848 ; Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv, p. 17, 1875, M 162 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 505, 1891 ; Scully, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 209; Sclater, ihid. 1886, p. 317; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Miis. pt. ii, p. 145, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 236, 1896, ed. 6, p. 360, 1910 ; LydekJcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 286, pi. xxv, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 121, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 14, 1913 ; TrubecJioi, Prir. i. Ochota Moskva, vol. xxxviii, p. 40, 1910. ^goceros falconer!, Wagner, ScJirehers Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 499, 1844. Hircus megaceros, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 525. Cax)ra megaceros, Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. p. 291, 1861 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, pt. i, p. 37, 1869; Sterndale, Mamm. Ind. p. 441, 1884. Hircus falconer!, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 53, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 126, 1873. Capra (Orthagoceros) falconer!, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. Suppl. p. 738, 1905. Markhor. Typical locality Astor. Type of Orthagoceros. All the forms of wild goats with horns twisted in screw- like or corkscrew-like fashion are included under this specific title ; the variation in the shape of the horns being taken for the basis of division into local races, at least some of wliich appear to intergrade. Size typically large (41 inches at shoulder), and build heavy. Horns forming an upwardly directed, more or less divergent, open heteronymous spiral ; situated close together at base, compressed with a sharp keel in front, which sweeps outwards at starting, and another behind. Beard very large and profuse, extending backwards and downwards to form a heavy fringe on throat and chest. Coat long and silky in winter, with little or no under-fur. General colour (typically) grey in winter, rich reddish brown in summer, but in old males whitish ; under-parts lighter than back ; a dark stripe on front of fore-legs from knees to fetlocks, and on corresponding part of hind legs ; beard black in front, greyish fawn behind ; tail dark brown. The five named races are chiefly distinguished by the form of the horns, as described under their respective headings. The distributional area extends from Bokhara through Chitral, Gilgit, Afghanistan, Astor, etc., to the Western Himalaya. CAPRINiE 16:3 A. — Capra falconer! falconer!. Capra falconeri typica, Lydehlier, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 288, 1908 ; Ward, liecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 360, 1910. Capra falconeri falconeri, LydeJcker, Cat, Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 15, 1913. Typical locality Astor. In this, the typical, race the horns (fig. 40) form a more open spiral and are more divergent than in any of the others ; maximum recorded length on outside curve 60 inches. ^^"^'^^ Fig. 40. — Frontlet and Horns of Astor M-Kkkrob. [Capra falconeri falconeri). From Ward's Records -of Big Game. 91. 3. 5. 1. Head, mounted. Datchkot, Indus Valley. Presented hy Capt. M. Murphy, 1891. 96. 7. 6. 1. Skin, mounted. Baltistan. Pnixhased, 1896. 88. 3. 20. 12. Skulls, with horns, immature. Astor. Presented by B. Lydckker, Esq., 1888. 12. 10. 31. 55. Frontlet and horns (lig. 40), Astor. In this specimen, which stands No. 43 in Ward's list, the horns M 2 164 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES measure 49 inches in length along the curve, 35 inches in a straight line, and 14 in girth, with a tip-to-tip interval of 44 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 54. Skull and horns, provisionally referred to this race. In Mr. Hume's MS. list this specimen is stated to come from Astor; but in Ward's list, where it stands No. 18, the locality — on Mr. Hume's own statement — is given as uncertain. The horns measure 54^ inches along the curve and 10^ in girth, with a tip-to-tip interval of 26ir inches. Same history. B.— Cappa falconer! cashmiriensis. Capra falconeri cashmiriensis, Lydekher, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 290, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 124, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 16, 1913 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 360, 1910. Typical locality Pir Panjal Piange, forming the southern boundary of the Kashmir Valley. The horns form a less open spiral than in the typical race, and in fine examples show two complete spirals. There is probably a gradation from this race into the Astor markhor on the one hand and the Cabul markhor on the other. ]\Iaximum recorded horn-length (on curve) 63 inches. The distributional area includes the Kaj-nag Eange, on the western side of the Jhelam. 56. 9. 22. 3. Skull, with horns, and skin. Kashmir; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 88. 3. 20. 11. Skull, with horns. Pir Punjal Eange. Presented hy B. Lydekker, Esq., 1888. 56. 6. 6. 60. Skull, with horns, immature. Kashmir. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 91. 8. 7. 145. Skull, with horns. Uri, Jhelam Valley, below Kashmir. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 146. Skull, with horns, immature. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 33. Immature horns, provisionally referred to this race. Stated to be from Afghanistan, but more probably from the Pir Panjal ; collected by Dr. H. Falconer. Transferred from India Museum., 1879. 12. 10. 31. 56. Skull, with horns (fig. 41), Pir Panjal. CAPKINiE 165 This specimen is Xo. 53 in Ward's list. The horns measure 48 inches along the curve, 37J in a straight line, and 12^ in Fig. 41.— Skull and Horns of Pir Panjal Maekhor {Capra falconeri caslimiriensis) . From Ward's Records of Big Game. girth, with a tip-to-tip interval of 21 inches. The record length for this race is 63 inches. Bequeathed hj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 166 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES C— Capra falconeri, subsp. 12. 10. 31. 86. Trontlet and horns (fig. 42). Locality unknown. Horns of this type are brought occasionally to Peshawar from Cabul. They certainly come from the west, but that is all that can usually be learned about them. They Fig. 42. — Frontlet and Horns of Gilgit or Hazara (?) Markhor (Copra /aZconc?-i, subsp.). From AVard's Records of Big Game. belong to the corkscrew group, but differ from those of the preceding races in being much slenderer, and in the greater number of turns of the main ridge in any given length measured from base to tip. In this respect they are to Pir Panjal and Astor horns what Suleman horns are to those of CAPRINiE 167 Cabul. The horns make a regular V, broader or narrower, but the tip-to-tip measurement never apparently exceeds the straight length, and usually falls at least one-sixth short. The Cabuli from whom this specimen was purchased said that he believed it came from Afghan Hazara, Possibly they may come from Tvafiristan, and may form a connecting link between the Pir Panjal and Cabul races (Hume). On the other hand, the intermediate character of the horns is suggestive of the Gilgit district. The first turn of the hind keel runs almost horizontally across the front surface. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 91. 8. 7. 134. Skull, with horns of a type very similar to those of the preceding specimen, but with a slightly more upward inclination of the first turn of the hind keel. Stated by the donor to come from Dehra Ghazi Khan ; if so, probably brought from some other locality. Presented hj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 137. Skull, with horns. Also stated to have come from Dehra Ghazi Khan. The horns are very similar to those of the preceding, but show a still more marked upward inclination of the first turn of the hind keel, thereby approximating to the type of C. f. megaeeros. Same history. * * * *. Skull, with horns, of which the right one is bent down by the side of the face, apparently referable to this race. Locality unknown. No history. D.— Capra falconeri meg'aeeros. Capra megaeeros, Hiotton, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 535, pi. XX, 1842, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 161, 1846; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, p. 236, 1896. Capra falconeri megaeeros, LydeJcJier, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 293, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 323, pi. xxvii, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 127, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 18, 1913; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 367, 1910. Typical locality northern Afghanistan. The markhor inhabiting the mountain ranges of Northern Afghanistan forms another stage in tlie gradation from the Astor to the Suleman race, its horns being intermediate between those of the latter and those of the Pir Panjal race. 168 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES In full-grown bucks, although nearly straight, they form a slightly Q-pen spiral, or, in other words, show a tendency towards the corkscrew type so conspicuous in the preceding races. It is probable that a complete gradation may be Fig. 43. — Skull and Horns of Cabul Markhor [Capra falconeri megaccros). From Ward's Records of Big Game. found from the Pir Panjal to the Suleman type by means of the present form, especially as represented in Chitral. 79. 6. 12. 1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Afghanistan. No. 2 in Ward's list of horns of this and next race. Length of horns in straight line 39J, girth 10^, tip-to-tip interval 24 inches. Presented hy Col. Grant, 1879. 91. 8. 7. l-l-l. Skull, with horns. Chilul Tau, near Quetta, Baluchistan. Presented hij A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. CAPRINE 169 91. 8. 7. 138. Skull, with horns. Qnetta; collected by Gen. Sir 0. B. St. John, K.C.B. Same hidorij. 98. 8. 7. 141. Immature skull, with horns. Same locality and collector. Same donor. 98. 8. 7. 142-143. Two female skulls, with horns. Same locality and collector. Same donor. 12. 10. 31. 51. Skull and horns (fig. 43). Afghanistan. In this specimen, which stands No. 12 in Ward's list, the horns measure 32 inches in a straight line and 10 in girth, with a tij)-to-tip interval of 274 inches. Bequeathed hij A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 2. 10. 14. 1. Skin, mounted. Chitral. As in other Chitral specimens, the horns present an approximation to those of /. caslimiriensis. Figured Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, pi. xxvii. Purchased, 1902. 11. 10. 10. 2. Head, mounted. Chitral. Presented hy Capt. R. A. Lycdl, 1911. 7. 10. 11. 1-2. Two skulls, with horns. Chitral. Presented by the Mehtar of Chit red, 1907. 782, h. Single horn. Probably from Astor. Length on curve 46J, gii'th llj inches. Presented hy Dr. H. Fcdeoncr. E.— Capra falconeri jerdoni. Capra jerdoni, Hume, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1874, p. 240 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, pt. ii, p. 15, 1876 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 239, 1896. Capra falconeri jerdoni, LydekJier, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goafs, p. 294, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 130, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 18, 1913 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 367, 1910. Typical locality Suleman Eange, Trans-Indus district of Punjab. In the markhor of the Suleman and other Trans-Indus districts, including some of the hills in the neighbourhood of Quetta, the horns are relatively short and form a regular straight cone, on the surface of which the front and hind keels are wound in a sharp spiral, forming in good specimens two to three complete spirals. The l)odily size is less than in the typical and Pir Panjal races. 170 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 3. 2. 20. 1. Head, mounted. Sheik Biidin, Suleman Kaiige. Presented hij the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1903. 11. 12. 24. 1. Head, mounted. Sheik Budin. Presented hy Major R. L. Kennion, 1911. Fig. 44. — Skull and Horns op Suleman Markhor {Capra falconeri jerdoni). From Ward's Records of Big Game. 47. 12. 31. 1. Skull, with horns. Trans-Indus district. Presented hy the Hon. East India Company, 1847. 91. 8. 7. 135. Skull, with horns. Dehra Ismail Khan, Suleman Eange. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 136. Skull, with horns. Dehra Ghazi Khan, Suleman Eange. Same history. CAPRINiE 171 91. 8. 7. 139. Skull, with horns. Mount Fukatu. Same hidorij, 91. 8. 7. 1-10. KSkull, witli horns. North-eastern Swat. Same history^ It is probable that either one or other of the two follow- ing specimens, or one of those presented to the Museum by- Mr. Hume in 1891, is the type of this race : — 12. 10. 31. 52. Skull, with horns. Dehra Ghazi Khan. In this specimen, which stands No. 22 in Ward's list, the length of the horns in a straight line is 26j inches, the girth 11:^, and the tip-to-tip interval 22^^ inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 53. Skull and horns (fig. 44). Dehra Ismail Khan. Length of horns 24| inches. Sctme history, 781, i. Single horn. Locality unknown. Stands first in Ward's list of specimens of this and next race ; length 48 J, girth 7 j inches. i\^o history. 56. 9. 22. 3. Skull, with horns, and skin. " Paghine " ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 56. 9. 22, 4. Horns. Hills near Peshaw^ar ; same collector. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 147. Skull, with horns. Quetta; collected by Gen. Sir 0. B. St. John, K.C.B. Said to be a wild cross between C. f. jerdoni and C. hircus cegagrus ; and if so, of importance in connection with the belief in the existence of wild hybrids between C. caucasica and C. severtzoivi. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. The race of the following specimen is midetermined : — 65. 12. 8. 9. Skin, and skeleton. Locality unknown. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1865. F.— Capra falconer! chialtanensis, subsp. n. Horns forming an open spiral of rather more than one complete turn, with the front and hind keels ascending at a high angle in such a manner that at the completion of the first turn the hind keel is situated on the inner border of horn, whereas in all other markhor the front keel occupies 172 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES this position, the hind keel Ijeing external. The horns are also noticeable for the flatness of the inner surface, which is Fig. 45. — Frontlet and Hoens of Chialtan Maekhor {Ca])ra falconeri chialianensis) . slightly concave along the middle line. The race is believed to be extinct. Typical locality, the Chialtan Eange, near Quetta, Baluchistan, which is completely surrounded by low desert, and attains an altitude of 10,300 feet. 13. 3. 15. 1. Frontlet and horns (fig. 45). This specimen, CAPKIN^ 173 which is the type, was given to Colonel Appleton in 1882 by a local shikari, who had recently shot the animal to which it Ijelonged on Chialtan. Length of horns, on outer curve, 34J, do. in a straight line 26, girth 9, tip-to-tip interval 13J inches. Frcsented hj Col. H. AjJj^leiou, 1913. V. Genus HEMITRAGUS. Hemitragus, Hodgso7i, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 913, 1841 ; Gray, Cat. XJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mils. p. 51, 1872; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 508, 1891 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 866. Kemas, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 146, 1852, nee Ogilhy. Horns heteronymous, short, and sweeping backwards in a regular curve ; in females not much smaller than in males. Teats, in some cases at any rate, four; tail much as in Ccvpra ; face-glands and normally foot-glands absent, although there may occasionally be vestiges of the latter in the hind- feet. No beard on chin in males, which in winter and early spring exhale a strong odour, differing from that of goats and recalling the smell of cormorants and frigate-birds.* The distribution includes the outer and middle ranges of the Himalaya, the Nilgiri, Anamalai, and certain other south Indian ranges, and the mountains of south-eastern Arabia. The three species may be distinguished as follows : — A. Horns compressed with flattened sides and a sharp front keel. a. Size large, horns strongly ridged and knotted ... H. jemlaliiciis. b. Size smaller, horns with slighter ridges and knots H. jayaJcari. B. Horns with the inner sm-face nearly flat and the outer highly convex, a low compressed ridge on inner front edge, and the posterior surface rounded H. hylocrius. I. HEMITEAGUS JEMLAHICUS. Capra jemlanica (jemlahica on plate), H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 308, 1827 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 317. Capra jemlahica, H. Smith, ojp. cit. vol. v, p. 358, 1827; Jardine, Nat. Lihr. Mamm. vol. iv, p. 117, 1836. * Pocock, loc, cit. 174 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Capra jharal, Hodgson, Asiatic Besearches, vol. xviii, pt. 2, p. 129, 1833, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 106, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL iv, p. 491, 1835. Capra quadrimammis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iv, p. 710, 1835, vol. V, p. 254, 1836. Hemitragus quadrimammis, vel jharal, Hodgso7i, oj). cit. vol. x, p. 913, 1841. Hemitragus jemlaicus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 60, 1847, Knoiusley Menagerie, p. 32, 1850, Cat. XJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 51, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 122, 1873 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 532 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 247, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. p. 286, 1867 ; Blanford, Joicrn. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli, p. 40, 1872, Fauna B7'it. India, Mamm. p. 509, 1891 ; Kinlocli, Large Game Shooting, p. ii, pt. 11, 1876 ; LydeA-Jier, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi, p. 286, 1877, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goafs, p. 298, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 134, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 21, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, p. 233, 1896, ed. 6, p. 355, 1910; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 866. Kemas jemlaicus, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 188, 1855. Capra (Hemitragus) jemlaicus, Sterndale, Mamm. Ind. p. 449, 1884. Capra jemlaica, Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. p. ii, p. 250, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 146, 1891. Tahr. Typical locality Jemla Hills, Nepal. Size large (shoulder-height 36 to 40 inches) ; huild somewhat heavy ; face long, narrow, and straight. Horns, which are nearly in contact at base, compressed, flattened on each side, with the lateral surfaces transversely ridged, and the front inner edge forming a sharp nodose keel. Head short-haired, but hair of body long and shaggy, especially on neck and fore-quarters, where it forms a heavy mane, reaching to knees. General colour rich reddish or dark brown, darkest in old males, in which the fore part of the mane is often hoary or whitish ; face and front of legs dark or blackish brown ; a dark more or less distinct dorsal stripe ; hind surfaces of legs rusty red. Under side of tail bare ; knees and chest with callous pads ; four teats. The distributional area includes the forest-districts of the middle ranges of the Himalaya from the Pir Punjal to Sikhim, but apparently does not embrace the Kaj-Nag, to the west of the Jhelam, or the mountains on the northern side of the Kashmir Valley. CAPEINiE 1*75 11. 6. 4. 1. Skiu, mounted. Himalaya. Presented by the Zoological Society, 1911. 96. 11. 21. 1. Skin, formerly mounted. Himalaya. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1896. 91. 10. 7. 167. Skin. Sikhim; collected by L. ]\Iandelli, Esq. Presented hy Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891. 45. 1. 8. 322-323. Two skins, mounted. Nepal, Hima- laya. The number of the second may be 327. Presented hy B. H. Rodyson, Fsq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 324 (or [?] 39. 7. 25. 17). Skin, immature, mounted. >^'^^«^ history. 55. 1. 20. 2. Skin, immature. Himalaya. Presented hy H.H. MaJiarajct Dhideeio Sing, 1855. 886, i. Skull, with horns. Jemla, Western Nepal. Type ; figured by Hamilton Smith, ox>. cit. No history. 42. 4. 10. 4. Skull, with horns. Himalaya. Figured in Gray's 1852 " Catalogue." Purchased, 1842. 886, c. Skull, with horns, female. Himalaya. Ko history. 56. 5. 6. 75. Skull, with horns, female. Kashmir. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 8. 2. 29. 2. Skull, with horns, female. Tolma Nala, British Garhwal. Presented hy Dr. T. G. Longstaff, 1908. 91. 8. 7. 121. Head and horns. Near Kulu. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Es(i., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 122-123. Two skulls, with horns. Kumaon. Sctme history. 91. 8. 7. 124. Horns. Hills above Kulu. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 125. Horns. Garhwal. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 126. Horns. Eampur, Sutlej Valley. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 127. Skull, with horns, female. Mula-Danpur, Kumaon ; collected by N. Troup, Esq. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 45. Skull, with horns. Kumaon. This specimen stands No. 9 in Ward's list. Length of horns 141 girth 8|, tip-to-tip 6f inches. The record length is 15^ inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 46. Skull, with horns. Mula-Danpur, Kumaon; collected by Mr. Troup. Same history. 12.10.31.47. Skull, with horns. Mula-Danpur ; collected by Mr. Troup. Same history. 176 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 79. 11. 21. 34. Skull, with horns. Himalaya. Transferred from India Mnseum, 1879. 45. 1. 8. 184. Skull, with horns, female. Nepal. F resented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. ] 85. Skull, young. Nepal. Same liistory. 45. 1. 12. 466. Skeleton, wanting skull. Nepal. Same liistory. 45. 1. 12. 466, a. Skeleton, immature, wanting skull. Same liistory. 62. 3. 19. 6. Skeleton, menagerie specimen. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1862. 88. 3. 20. 13. Horns. Chinab Valley, Cliumba. Presented hy R. Lydekher, Esq., 1888. Horns. Nepal. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. Horns, female. Nepal. Same history. Horns, young. Nepal. Same history. . Locality unknown. Purchased {Argent). Horns. Himalaya. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. , Himalaya. No history. Himalaya. In collection in 1838. Horns, female. Himalaya. Purchased, 1838. II. HEMITEAGUS JAYAKAEI. Hemitragus jayakari, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xiii, p. 365, 1894, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 452, pi. xxxi ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 284, 1896, ed. 6, p. 357, 1910 ; LydeJcJcer, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 301, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 174, 1901. Arabian Tahr. Typical locality Jehel Taw, Oman, south-east Arabia. Size small (shoulder-height about 24J inches), and build relatively slender. Horns relatively longer, more slender, less strongly ridged on sides, and less knotted on front keel than in typical species. Hair coarse, shaggy, and brittle, shorter, and not developed into a mane covering the whole of fore-quarters ; general colour pale sandy or whitish brown, with black tips to hairs of dorsal crest ; face, lower part of 45. 1. 8, , 186. 45. 1. 8, . 187. 45. 1. 8, . 188. ^^^ 1, 0. Horns. 79. 11. 21. 32. 886 si- Horns. 886 s^^. Horns 38. 10. 11. 19. CAPRINE 177 cheeks, back of ears, tail, and a fetlock-band black or blackish. In the male, at any rate, two teats. 94. 3. 9. 11. Skin, mounted. Jebel Taw, Oman. Para- type. Presented hy Lieut.-Col. A. S. G. Jayaker, 1894. 94. 3. 9. 12. Skin. Jebel Taw. Type. Same history. III. HEMITEAGUS HYLOCRIUS. Kemas hylocrius, Ogilbij, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 81 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mils. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 254, 1884. Capra (Ibex) warryato, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. x, p. 267, 1842. Capra warryato, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 168, 1843. Kemas warryato, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 146, 1852, Cat. Biuninants Brit. Mus. p. 51, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 122, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 246, 1862. Hemitragus hylocrius, Blyth, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii, p. 291, 1859 ; Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. p. 288, 1867 ; MacMaster, Notes on Jerdon' s Mamm. p. ] 17, 1870 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 511, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, p. 231, 1896, ed. 6, p. 350, 1910; LydeU-er, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 303, 1898, Game Animals of hidia, etc. p. 137, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 22, 1913 ; Fletcher, Sport on the Nilgiris, p. 303, pi. 1911. Capra (Hemitragus) hylocrius, Sterndale, Mamm. Ind. p. 451, 1884. Capra hylocrius, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 318 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 146, 1891. NiLGIRI TaHR. Typical locality Xilgiri Hills, southern India. Size and build much the same as in jemlaicus ; shoulder- height 39 to 42 inches. Horns transversely wrinkled throughout their length, with inner surface nearly fiat and outer highly convex, a low compressed keel on front inner edge, and hind surface rounded. Profile irregular. General colour dark yellowish brown, with a dark dorsal stripe and paler under-parts ; but in old males dark sepia-brown above, passing into Ijlackish on face, with a ring round and a patch behind the eye, as well as a band on side of face, fawn- colour, a conspicuous grizzled or whitish saddle-patch, and legs, which are paler behind, also grizzled. The distributional area includes the chief mountain ranges of southern India, namely the Nilgiris, Anamalais, and Western Ghats from the Anamalais nearly to Cape Comorin. 178 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 13. 4. 3. 1. Skin, mounted. Nilgiris. Presented hj the Hon. Sir Arthur Laidcy, G.C.I.E., K.C.M.G. 63. 7. 8. 1. Skin, mounted. Nilgiris. Presented hy H. MacGregor, Esq., 1863. 55.12.24.291. Skin, mounted, female. Nilgiris. Type. Transferred from Zoological Society's Museum, 1855. 42. 2. 24. 2. Head, mounted, female. Nilgiris. This and the next specimen are co-types of C. ivarryato. Presented hy R. Partridge, Esq., 1842. 42. 2. 24. 1. Skull. Nilgiris. Same history. 87. 12. 22. 3. Skull, female. Kunhas Hills, Nilgiris. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1887. 91. 8. 7. 128. Skull, with horns. Near Utacamund, Nilgiris. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Escq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 129-130. Two skulls, with horns, female. Near Utacamund. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 131-132. Two skulls, with horns. Northern Travancore Hills. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 48. Mounted head. Near Utacamund ; collected by Ehodes Morgan, Esq. In this specimen, which stands No. 3 in Ward's list, the horns measure 16| inches in length and 8 J in girth, with a tip-to-tip interval of 5f inches. The record length is 17 J inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12.10.31.50. Skull, with horns. Travancore Hills; collected by A. W. Turner, Esq. Length of horns 13 J inches. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 49. Skull, with horns. Near Utacamund ; collected by Mr. Morgan. Same history. Subfamily iii.— RUPICAPRINiE. Somewhat goat-like ruminants, with cheek-teeth of a caprine type, and horns present in both sexes and relatively larf^e in the females. The horns, which lack the front keel of Hemitragus and Cxtpra falconeri and the knots of the Ibex oToup, may be either simply conical and recurved or hooked, or bent outwards and then upwards, with a pronounced hind- keel at base. Foot-glands and face-glands present or absent ; rupicaphintE 179 teats usually four ; a larger or smaller bare area on muzzle ; lateral hoofs, as in preceding subfamilies, always developed. Tail usually short, but longer, with a terminal tuft, in some species of Nemorhcedufi. Ears long or short, narrow or broad. The group ranges over the mountain regions of southern and south-eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Himalaya, China, Japan, Formosa, and north-western North America. The genera may be distinguished as follows : — A. Muffle large ; horns conical, inclining backwards without terminal hook. a. Face-glands present Cajpricornis. b. Face-glands wanting Nemorhcedus. B. Muffle small. a. A pair of glands behind horns. a'. Horns conical, strongly hooked backwards at tip ; colour dark Bupicapra. h'. Horns conical, inclining backwards, with- out terminal hook ; colour white Oreamnos. b. No glands behind horns. Build heavy ; horns massive, keeled, bent out- wards, then slightly downwards, and finally upwards Budorcas. I. Genus RUPICAPRA. Rupicapra, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. 1816, p. 75 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 848 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 992, 1912. Capella, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Euroy. p. iv, 1840; Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschl. p. 487, 1857. Cemas, Gloger, Gemein. Hand- u. Hilfsbuch. NaturgescJi. vol. i, p. 153, 1841, nee Oken. Build lighter than in Capra ; no beard; cannon-bones long and slender. Horns rising almost vertically, with the tips sharply but regularly hooked, so that they point back- wards, downwards, and slightly outwards. Muffle small, tail short. Shallow foot-glands, approximating to the gazelline rather to the ovine type; no face-glands, but a pair of post-cornual glands in the male; four teats. Skull with facial portion moderately bent downwards, and occipital region not distinctly tubular behind ; no lachrymal pits ; nasal branch of premaxillcie not touching nasals ; teeth of the Ovis type, but crowns of incisors sliorter ; terminal K 2 180 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES ridges on outer surface of upper premolars distinct, but median rids^e obsolete. The distributional area includes the mountains of southern Europe from the Asturias and Fig. 46. — Lower Incisors and Canines of Chamois [Rujncapra riqncapra). From Miller's Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 993. Pyrenees, through the Alps, Apennines, and Carpathians, to the Caucasus, and thence to those of Asia Minor. EUPICAPEA KUPICAPEA. Capra rupicapra, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 68, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 95, 1766 ; var. a. sylvatica, var. b. alpina, Sundevall, K. Svensha Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1845, p. 284, 1847. Antilope rupicapra, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xi, p. 42, 1767-80. Antilope (Rupicapra) rupicapra, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75 ; H. Smith, Grifltli's Anim. Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 281, vol. V, p. 353, 1827. Rupicapra hamulicornis, Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Art. 1829, pt. 2, p. 353. Rupicapra tragus, Ch-ay, List Mamrn. Brit. Mus. p. 167, 1843, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 116, 1852, Cat. Btiminants Brit. Mus. p. 41, 1872, Hand-List Rmninants Brit. Mus. p. 112, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 242, 1862; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg., pt. ii, p. 256, 1884 ; Floiuer and Lydehher, Study of Mammals, p. 349, 1891 ; LydeTiher, Game Animals of Eu7'ope, etc. p. 176, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 337, 1910. Rupicapra capella, Bonajyarte, Atti Biun. Sci. Ital. 1844, p. 337. Capella rupicapra, Keyset-ling and Blasius, Wirheltk. Europ. p. iv, 1840; Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschl. -p. 488, 1857; Brehm, Tier- leben, ed. 3, Sdugeth. vol. iii, p. 402, 1891. Rupicapra europsea, Cornalia, Fauna Ital. p. 53, 1870. Rupicapra dorcas, Schiclze, Ahh. u. Vortrdge Gesammth. Naturwiss. vol. iv. No. 10, p. 9, 1897. Rupicapra rupicapra, Weber, Sdugetiere, p. 674, 1904 ; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 848 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Euroye, p. 235, 1910; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 993, 1912 Chamois, Gems, or Izard. RUPICAPRIN^ 181 Typical locality Switzerland. Height at shoulder normally about 32 inches ; general colour tawny brown in summer, blackish brown in winter, with flanks usually darker than under-parts ; a dark dorsal stripe present in some individuals ; a conspicuous huffish white throat-patch. ' A.— Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra. Typical locality Swiss Alps. General characters those given under head of species, but neck never decidedly paler on upper and lower surfaces than on sides. Horns almost vertical, with the bases of their cores sufficiently well apart to allow for the presence of a flattened or double concave area on surface of frontal between. Basal length of skull VJ-SJ inches (190-207 mm.) ; length of upper row of cheek-teeth 2y^g-2-^% inches (52- 59 mm.). Measurements of seven skulls are given by Miller, 02^. cit., p. 987. The distributional area includes the Alps, Tyrol, part of the Apennines, and the Carpathians. 81. 9. 21. 1. Skin, mounted. Tyrol. Presented hy H.B.H. the Crown Prinee Rudolf of Austria, 1881. 78. 6. 20. 1-2. Two skeletons, with horns, one immature. Tyrol. Sct7}ie donor, 1878. 6. 2, 15. 1. Skin, mounted. South Carpathians. The colour is very dark, as is commonly the case in Car- pathian specimens. Presented hj St. George Littledcde, Escl, 1906. 631, g. Skeleton. Locality unknown ; collected by Dr. Brandt. Purchased. 86. 12. 27. 1. Skin and skeleton. Hatszeg, South Car- pathians ; collected by C. G. Danford, Esq. Purchased, 1886. 46. 7. 7. 2. Skull, with horns. Alps. Presented hy J. Gould, Esq., 1846. 46. 10. 13. 31-33. Three frontlets, with horns, and detached horns. Alps. Presented hy Dr. J. E. Gray, 1846. 631, a. h. Two skulls, with horns. Alps. Bequeathed hy Gen. T. Hardwicke, 1835. 182 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 631, d. e. on. Three skulls, or frontlets, with horns. Locality unknown. Purcliased. 67. 4. 12. 221. Skull, with horns. Locality unknown. Lidtli dc Jeude Collection, inirchased, 1867. 59. 9. 6. 102. Skull, with horns. Alps ; collected by Dr. A. Giinther. Purchased, 1859. 51. 8. 30. 2. Skull, immature. Alps; collected by Baker. Purchased, 1852. 94. 6, 26. 2. Foetus, in spirit, Hatszeg, South Car- pathians ; collected by C. G. Danford, Esq. Purchased, 1894. B.— Rupicappa rupicapra faesula. Kupicapra faesula, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxv, p. 131, 1912. Typical locality Savio Valley, Etruscan Apennines. Eesembles typical race in colouring, but differs by its larger teeth ; the length of the upper series of cheek-teeth being from 62 to 64 mm., against 56*6 to 59 mm. in the former ; the corresponding dimensions in the lower teeth being from 64 to 68 mm. against 57 to 61*4 mm. No specimen in collection. C. — Rupicappa pupicappa ornata. Eupicapra ornata, Neumann, Ann. Mus. Genova, ser. 2, vol. xx, p. 347, 1899 ; Trouessart, Faune Manim. Europe, p. 235, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mafnm. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 994, 1912. Rupicapra tragus ornata, LydeTi'her, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 183, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 338, 1910. Typical locality Abruzzi Apennines. The type specimen is in the Genoa Museum. General colour similar to that of typical race, but light throat-patch extending downward nearly to brisket, and dorsal surface of neck almost or quite as pale ; the two pale areas separated along side of neck by a dark line extending from base of ear downwards and forwards to join its fellow of opposite side above brisket. Horns inclining more backward than in typical race. Basicranial length 7-|-| inches (190 mm.) ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2-^^ inches (56 mm.). 4. 2. 29. 1. Skin. Abruzzi. Italy. By exchange with the Genoa Museum, 1904. EUPICAPRIN^ 183 D. — Rupicapra rupicapra pyrenaica. Rupicapra pyrenaica, Bonajyarte, Atti JRiun. Scien. Ital. 1844, p. 337 ; Miller, Cat. Mamin. W. Europe Brit. Mus. p. 995, 1912. Eupicapra tragus pyrenaica, LydeJcker, Field, vol. cxii, p. 104, 1908 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 338, 1910. Eupicapra rupicapra pyrenaica, Cabrera, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 998. Typical locality Pyrenees. Colour in winter less dark than in typical race ; neck- markings much the same as in omata ; horns, which rise almost perpendicularly, more approximated than in other races, with the space between them slightly concave ; cheek- teeth relatively small. Basicranial length VJ- inches (190 mm.); length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2-^q inches (56 mm.). 48. 2. 5. 7. Skin, mounted. Pyrenees. Purchased, 1848. E.— Rupicapra rupicapra parva. Rupicapra rupicapra parva, Cabrera, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 999. Rupicapra parva, Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Euroxie Brit. Mus. p. 995, 1912. Typical locality Picos de Europa, Santander, Spain. Stated to be smaller and darker than pyrenaica, with the throat-patch ill-defined and scarcely lighter than the general body-colour. The distribution includes the Cantabrian Eange of Spain. The type specimen is in Madrid Museum. 97. 1. 7. 3. Skin mounted. Picos de Europa. Presented hy J. W. B. Lee, Esq., 1897. F. — Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica. Rupicapra tragus caucasica, LydeTiker, Ward's Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 338, 1910. Typical locality Caucasus. Horns of male relatively short and thick, rising nearly vertically, and with only moderate divergence. Nasal bones without distinct lachrymal process, and a small persistent lachrymal fissure present ; in the west European races there is a small lachrymal process to the nasals, and the lachrymal fissure obliterates early. Throat-patch large, whitish above, 18-i CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES aud orange inferiorly ; orange patches on light area of face above nose and eyes, as well as behind tip of chin, and whole of that area, but more especially the part at base of horns t n 1 Fig. 47. — Skull and Hoens of (A) Caucasian {Rupicapra mpicapra caucasica), and (B) Asia jNIinor {R. r. asiatica) Chamois ; the former showing the absence, and the latter the strong development of the lachrymal process (l.jJ.) of nasals. markedly paler than in Carpathian examples of typical race Basicranial length 7-jJ^ inches (189 mm.) ; length of upper row of cheek-teeth 2j^^ inches (60 mm.) ; maximum width of nasals -jf inches (22 mm.). EUFICAPRlNiE 185 79. 11. 15. 2. Skill, inouiited. Caucasus. Bjl exchange loitli the Warsaio Museum, 1879. 8. 3. lo. 1. Head, mounted. Caucasus. rroicnted hij B. P. Van dcr Bijle, Esq., 1908. 87. 5. 5. 1. Skull and skin, female. Western Caucasus ; collected by St. George Littledale, Esq. Pnrehased, 1887. 92. 3. 16. 8. Skeleton. Caucasus; collected by St. George Littledale, Esq. Type. The skull (fig. 47 A) shows the nasal and cornual features mentioned above. Purehased, 1892. 92. 3. 16. 5. Skull, female, with horns, and skin probably belonging to same individual. Caucasus ; same collector. Purchased, 1892. 92. 3. 16. 6. Skull, with horns, immature. Caucasus; same collector. Purchased, 1892. 92. 3. 16. 7. Skull, with horns. Caucasus ; same collector. Purchased, 1892. 92. 3. 16. 9. Skull, with horns, immature. Caucasus ; same collector. Purchased, 1892. 8. 12. 10. 3. Skull and skin, immature. Eastern Caucasus. Presented hy St. George Littledale, JEsq., 1908. G.— Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica. Eupicapra tragus asiatica, LydehJcer, Field, vol. cxii, p. 104, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 338, 1910. Typical locality Trebizond, Asia Minor. General colour darky, smoky brown, with a broad black dorsal stripe ; neck and limbs blackish brown, much darker than in most forms of typical race ; light area of face relatively small, with the frontal portion dull chestnut. In immature specimens the general colour is light brown, with a narrow and distinct dorsal stripe. Horns relatively small and thin. Nasals with a strongly marked lachrymal process (fig. 47 B) ; a large and persistent lachrymal fissure. Basicranial length 7| inches (187 mm.) ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2| inches (00 mm.) ; maximum widtli of nasals 1 J inches (28 mm.). 6. 3. 6. 223. Skull, with right horn, and skin, old male. Scahta, Trebizond ; collected by A. Eobert, Esq. Exhibits 186 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES very clearly the nasal and cornual features mentioned a,bove. Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1906. 6. 3. 6. 234. Skeleton. Same locality and collector. Same history. 6. 3. 6. 180. Skull, with horns, and skin. Suniela, Trebizond ; same collector. This and next specimen exhibit above-mentioned cranial characters very distinctly. Same history. 6. 3. 6. 181. Skull, with horns, and skin. Sumela; same collector. Type (fig. 47 B). Same history. 6. 3. 6. 182. Skull, with horns, and skin, female. Sumela ; same collector. Same history. 6. 3. 6. 183. Skull, with horns, and skin. Same collector. Same history. 6. 3. 6. 184. Imperfect skull, with right horn, and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 6.3.6.222. Skull, with horns, and skin. Scalita; same collector. Same history. 6. 3. 6. 179. Skull, with left horn, and skin, immature. Sumela ; same collector. Same history. II. Genus CAPRICORNIS. Naemorhedus, H. Smith, Griffith's Anim. Kingdom, vol. v, p. 352, 1827, in part {vide infra, p. 202). Capricornis, Ogilby,Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 138; Gray, List Mam m. Brit. Mils. pp. xxvi and 166, 1843; Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, pp. 222 and 234, 1894 ; PococJc, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 187, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 174 ; LydeMer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 28, 1913. Nemorhoedus, Jerdon, Mam^n. India, p. 283, 1867. Nemorhaedus, Floiver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 254, 1884 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 512, 1891 ; Lydelcker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 128, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 139, 1907. Capricornulus, Nemotragus, Lithotragus, Austritragus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, pp. 13, 14, 1898. Build rather heavier than in Eupicapra, size typically medium ; cannon-bones lonoj and slender. Horns risincj more or less nearly in the plane of the face, and curving regularly but slightly backwards, with a distinct outward divergence ; marked with irregular transverse ridges, broken RUPICAPRINiE 187 up by longitudinal stricT. Muffle large ; tail short and hairy. Foot-glands (at least typically) and small face-glands present; four teats. Skull relatively deep with facial portion moderately bent downwards, occipital surface Fig. 48. — Skull and Horns of Sze-chuan Serow [Cajyricornis sumatrensis milne-edwardsi) . Proc. Zool. Soc. 1008. forming an obtuse angle with parietal plane, and nasal branch of premaxillse not reaching nasals ; large but shallow lachrymal pits, which are more or less truncated superiorly. The distributional area comprises a large portion of 188 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES south-eastern and eastern Asia, extending from the Himalaya to the mountains of Sze-chuan, Kan-su, and other parts of China, Tonkin, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Japan, and Formosa. 1. Subgenus CAPRICORNIS. Large serows, with a heavy mane on neck, big ears, comparatively sparse coat, and a moderately bushy tail. I. CAPEICOEXIS SUMATRENSIS. Antilope sumatraensis, Bechstein, tlbersicht vierfilss. Thieve, vol. i, p. 98, 1799. Antilope snmatrensis, Shaiv, Gen. Zool. vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 354, 1801. Antilope (Neniorhedus) snmatrensis, H. Smith, Griffith's Anim. Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 277, vol. v, p. 352, 1827. Nseniorhaedus sumatrensis, Jardine, Nat. Libr. Mamm. vol. iv, p. 97, 1836. Antilope interscapularis, Lichtenstein, Berlin Mag. vol. vi, p. 165, 1814. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis, Cantor, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 272, 1846; Floiuer and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mas. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 254, 1884 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Manun. p. 314 ; Lyclehker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 139, 1907, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 940; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 345, 1910. Capricornis sumatrensis, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 138 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. pp. xxvi and 166, 1843, Cat. XJngulata Brit. Mas. p. Ill, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 20, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 241, 1862 ; Lydehker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 23, 1913. Austritragus sumatrensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, p. 14, 1898. Capricornis sumatraensis, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 176. Serow, or Sarao. Typical locality Sumatra. The identification of the Indian and Burmese serows with the Sumatran species, as local races, was suggested by the present writer in 1900, this view being provisionally adopted (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1908, p. 175), but subsequently abandoned (Ibid. 1910, p. 855) by Pocock. The type species. — Size large, shoulder-height reaching 37 or 38 inches. Colour variable, ranging from wholly black except for some grey in the mane, to wdiolly rufous, but in KUPICAPRIN^ 189 many of the dark-backed races the shanks white, dirty white or rufous, and some whitish grey or rufous in mane, which seems to be never mainly white. Foot- glands present ; under-fur present or absent. Whether all the under-mentioned races are valid cannot yet be determined. A.— Capricornis sumatrensis sumatrensis. Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis, Fococl-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 190. Typical locality Sumatra. Mane hoary grey, contrasting strongly with dark l^ody- coat ; no sharp line of demarcation between colour of upper and lower portions of legs, which is blackish below knees and hocks, shading into dark brown on fetlocks. 53. 8. 29. 25. Skin, mounted. Sumatra. Presented hy Sir Stamford Raffles, 1853. B.— Capricornis sumatrensis robinsoni. Capricornis sumatraensis robinsoni, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 185. Nemorbeedus sumatrensis robinsoni, Ward, Records of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 346, 1910. Typical locality Selangor, Malay Peninsula. Closely allied to typical race, from which it apparently differs by the mane being less abundant on the withers and less grey in colour. Skull unusually long and naiTow, with shallow lachrymal foss?e, and elongated, transversely convex nasals. May be inseparable from next race. 6. 11. 14. 1. Skin and skull, with horns. Selangor. Type. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1906. 13. 3. 9. 1. Skin and skull, one horn missing. Malay Peninsula. Presented hy the Zoologiccd Society, 1913. C— Capricornis sumatrensis swettenhami. Nemorhoedus swettenhami, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 675. Nemorhfedus sumatrensis swettenhami, Lijdekl-er, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 147, 1907; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 346, 1910. Capricornis sumatraensis sv/ettenhami, Pococl-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 186. 190 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Larut Hills, Perak, Malay Peninsula. Nearly related to the last, but (typically) distinguished by the presence of a considerable amount of red hair in mane, and in the light patch on tlie fore part of lower jaw, some white hairs also occurring in mane. 3. 2. 6. 77. Skin. Bigerat, Malay Peninsula. Type. Presented hy Messrs. H. C. Rohiiison and N. Annandcde, 1903. 91. 2. 1. 1. Horns, belonging to this or an allied race. Perak. Presented hy Sir Hugh Loio, 1891. 10. 10. 1. 107. Skull, with horns. Sungei Letue, Malay Peninsula. Presented hy H. C. Pohinson, Esq., 1910. D.— Capricornis sumatrensis milne-edwardsi, Capricornis milne-eclwardsi, David, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. v, Bidl. p. 10, 1869. Nsemorhedus edwardsii, David, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, Bidl.. p. 90, 1871. Antilope (Naemorhedus) edwardsii, Milne-Edivards, Bech. Mamm. p. 364, 1874. Neniorhedus edwardsii, Anderson, Zool. Ymman Exped. p. 335> 1878. Nemorhoedua edwardsii, Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 487, 1886. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis milne-edwardsi, Lydekl-er, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 143, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 943. Capricornis sumatraensis milne-edwardsi, PococTi, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 175. Capricornis sumatrensis milne-edwardsi, Allen, Bidl. Mus. Harvard^ vol. xl, p. 203, 1912 ; Lydehlier, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 25, 1913. Typical locality Moupin, Sze-chuan, China. Characterised by the rufous shanks, coupled with the uniformly blackish brown colour of the whole of the upper- parts ; the mane being a mixture of grey and black hairs, and under-parts dirty dark brown. The distributional area extends through Yun-nan to Burma. 12. 10. 31. 38. Skull, with horns. Tho Toungyen Valley, above Myawadi, Burma. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 39. Frontlet and horns. Pabya Hill (600 ft.), 76 miles S.S.W. of Moulmein, Lower Burma. Same history. RUPICAPRINiE 191 12. 10. 31. 40. Frontlet and liorns. Dorngin Hill, north of Moulmein. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 107. Pair of horns. Mount Muleyit, Burma ; collected by Lieut.-Col. C. T. Bingham. Presented hj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 108-113. Six skulls, with horns. Tenasserim. Same history. 11. 9. 8. 139. Skin and skull, with liorns. Si-ho Valley, western Sze-chuan ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1911. 67. 5. 12. 2. Skin, mounted. Zwagaben Mountain ("Duke of York's ]S"ose"), 25 miles north of Moulmein, Burma. Noticed in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 4. Presented hy Lient. P. C. Beavctn, 1867. oQ. 5. 6. 78. Skull. Pegu ; collected by William Theobald, Esq. Presented ly Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 8. 10. 9. 10. Skin, mounted, Sze-chuan. Presented hy J. IV. Brooke, Esq., 1908. 8. 10. 9. 13. Skull, with horns, and scalp-skin, female (fig. 48). Sze-chuan. Described by present w-riter, P. Z. S. op. cit. The dimensions are as follow^s : — Extreme basal length 11 inches. „ zygomatic width 5J ,, Length of nasals 4^ ,, Width of nasals 2^ ,, Sa7ne history^ 11. 9. 8. 139. Skull, wdth horns, female. Wen-chwan- hsien, Si-ho A^alley, western Sze-chuan ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1911. E.— Capricornis sumatrensis jamrachi. Capricornis sumatraensis jamrachi, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908^ p. 183. Capricornis thar jamrachi, Pocock, op. cit. 1910, p. 855. Nemorhaedus smnatrensis jamrachi, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 346, 1910. Typical locality Kalimpong, near Darjiling. General colour of head and upper-parts deep black, with some brownish yellow liehind white of upper lip and at base; 192 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES and on back of ears ; white of chin not continued backwards to throat, which lacks a distinct patch, the chest being also black ; under-parts dirty greyisli brown ; knees, fetlocks, and pasterns white, but hair overlying cannon-bones tinged with fawn or rusty yellow ; on a line from tail to stifle the black of hind- quarters passes into the rusty brown of outer and surfaces of hind legs, which in turn fades to yellowish brown as far down as white fetlocks ; coat short, with practically no under-fur. The absence of white, except on fetlocks, knees, inner sides of ears, upper lip, and chin, is distinctive of this race, which is nearly related to the last. 2. 10. 12. 1. Skin, mounted. Kalimpong, near Darjiling. Type. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1902. 88. 3. 20. 14-15. Two skulls, with horns, probably referable to this species. Kursiong. Presented hy E. Lydekker, Esq., 1898. F. — Capricopnis sumatrensis rubidus. Capricornis rubida, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 174, 1863. Neniorhedus rubida, Anderson, Zool. Yunnan Exjjed. p. 336, 1878. Nemorhaedus rubida, Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 456, 1886. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis rubidus, LydeM-er, Great and Small Game of India, p. 131, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 143, 1907; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 346, 1910. Capricornis sumatraensis rubidus, PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 175. Capricornis sumatrensis rubidus, LydeJcJcer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 25, 1913. Typical locality Arakan. Distinguished by the prevailing red colour of the coat. 12. 10. 31. 36. Skull, with horns. Arakan; collected by J. D. Mercer, Esq. This specimen is the record for this race, the length of the horns being 9}^, the girth 5, and the tip-to- tip interval 5 J inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 37. Skull, with horns. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 104-6. Three skulls, with horns, and one skin. Arakan. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. RUPICAPRIN.E 193 G. — Capricornis sumatrensis thar. Antilope thar, Hodgson, Gleanings in Science, vol. iii, p. 324, 1831, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. i, p. 346, 1832, vol. iv, p. 489, 1835, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 105 ; Owen, ibid. 1836, p. 37. Antilope bubalina, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 12. Antilope (Neniorhediis) thar, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 86. Capricornis thar, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 138; Pococh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p, 178, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 855, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xix, p. 823, 1910. Kenias proclivus vel thar, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 913, 1841, Calcutta, Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iv, p. 291, 1844. Capricornis bubalina. Gray, List Manmi. Brit. Mas. p. 166, 1843, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. Ill, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit Mus. p. 20, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1873 ; Horsfield, Cat. E. Indian Mus. p. 168, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 403; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 522; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Maynm. Brit. Mus. p. 241, 1862 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 174, 1863. Nemorhceclus bubalina, Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. p. 283, 1867 ; Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli, pt. 2, p. 40, 1872 ; Sterndale, Mamm. Ind. p. 454, 1884. Nemorhedus bubalina, Anderson, Zool. Yunnan Exped. p. 335, 1878. Nemorhfedus bubalinus, Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 254, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 149, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 513, 1891. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis bubalinus, LydekJcer, Great and Small Game of India, p. 128, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 139, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 346, 1910. Capricornis sumatraensis thar, Pococli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 176, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xix, p. 823, 1910. Capricornis sumatrensis bubalinus, Lydehker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 23, 1913. Typical locality Nepal Himalaya. Blanford, who pointed out that thar is undoubtedly the earliest scientific name for this serow (which is called thar in Nepal), expressed the opinion that its use is liable to lead to confusion with the vernacular name of He rait rag us jemlahicus. Head and upper-parts brownish black ; under-parts dirty or rufous white ; lower portion of legs white or faintly tinged with fawn ; throat-patch absent, or represented by a few white hairs, not continuous with the white of the chin ; coat relatively thin, with little or no under-fur. 58. 6. 24. 22. Skin, mounted. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 42. 4. 10. 14. Skin, mounted. Nepal; collected by liev. E. Everest. Purchased, 1842. o 194 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 42. 4. 10. 15. Skin, female, formerly mounted. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1842. 91. 10. 7. 168. Skin, mounted. Sikhim ; collected by X. Mandelli, Esq. Presented hy Dr. W. T. Blcmford, 1891. 45. 1. 8. 169-170. Two skulls, with horns. Nepal. Presented hy B. H. Hodyson, Esq., 1845. 55. 12. 26. 143. Skull, with horns. Nepal. Same donor, 1855. 58. 6. 24. 139. Skull, with horns. Nepal. Same donor, 1858. 632, a. Frontlet and horns. Locality unknown, and reference therefore provisional. JVo history. 91. 8. 7. 92. Skull, with horns. Kumaon. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 93. Frontlet and horns. Mussoorie. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 94. Skull, with horns. Kulu. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 96. Frontlet and . horns. Eampur, Sutlej Yalley. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 98. Skull, with horns. Kumaon. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 35. Skull, with horns. Garhwal; collected by F. Wilson, Esq. This specimen is the record in the matter of horn-length, which is 12 J inches; the girth of the horns being 6J, and the tip-to-tip interval 2| inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. The following specimens may belong either to this race or to C. s. jamrachi. It might have been expected that all the Himalayan serows east of Darjiling would belong to the last-named race, but Pocock refers a Sikhim specimen to the present one : — 12. 10. 31. 33. Skull, with horns. Mishmi Hills ; collected by J. Needham, Esq. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 34. Skull, with horns. Garo Hills, Assam ; shot by G. P. Sanderson, Esq., author of Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 89. Skull, with horns. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 97. Frontlet and horns. Abor Hills, Mishmi country ; collected by J. Needham, Esq. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. EUPICAPKIN^E 195 91. 8. 7. 99-102. Fuur skulls, with liorus. Garo Hills ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Same history 91. 8. 7. 103. Skull, with horns, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. H. — Capricornis sumatrensis humei. Capricornis sumatraensis humei, Pococ'k, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 178. Nemorhoedus sumatrensis humei, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 346, 1910. Capricornis sumatrensis humei, LydeMer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 24, 1913. Typical locality Kashmir. Distinguished by the entire head being uniformly pale chocolate-brown, without any admixture oi" black, although there are some black hairs on the fore part of the neck. The sides of the front of the lower jaw are white, but there is no light throat-patch. 91. 8. 7. 95. Mounted head. Kashmir. Type. The length of the horns is 9^, the girth 5J, and the tip-to-tip interval 6 inches. Fresented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 88. 3. 20. 16. Skull, with horns. Pir Panjal, Kashmii\ Described and figured hj Pocock, loc. cit., where certain differences, especially the convexity of the fronto-nasal region, the wider palate, and the smaller cheek-teeth, from the typical race, are pointed out. Presented hy E. Lydekker, Esq., 1888. I. — Capricornis sumatrensis rodoni. Capricornis sumatraensis rodoni, PococJi, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 181. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis rodoni, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 346, 1910. Typical locality Chamba. General colour of head and upper-parts brownish black, due to admixture of rufous with black hairs, the rufous tinw extending to middle of mane ; lips and chin white, the white of latter extending on to throat, where it forms a conspicuous patch ; under-parts (including chest), inner sides of thighs and of upper part of fore-legs, and legs from above knees and hocks downwards pure wdiite, contrasting strongly with rufous of flanks and front of fore-legs ; coat relatively long 2 196 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES and thick, with under-fur. There are also certain cranial peculiarities. 2. 12. 11. 1. Skin and skull, with horns. Chamba ; collected by ^lajor Roden. Type. Presented hij the Zoological Society, 1902. Racially Undeterinined Specimens. 633, a. Frontlet and horns. No locality. No history. 67. 4. 12. 224. Skull, immature. Lidth de Jeitde Collection, 1867. 48. 8, 14. 18. Skull, foetal. Locality unknown. Purchased (Stevens), 1848. Fig. 49.— White-maxed Serow {Ccqyricoi-nis argyrochxtes). II. CAPRICORXIS ARGYEOCH^TES. Capricornis argyrochaetes, Heiicle, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 4, note, 1888, ibid. p. 228, 1894 ; Hejiry, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 93 ; Pococl; ibid. 1910, p. 855 ; Allen, Bull. Miis. Harvard, voL xl, p. 202, 1912. Nemotragus argyrochaetes, Heiide, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, p. 13, 1898; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 856, provisionally. RUPICAPRINiE 197 Nemorhaedus argvrochfetes. Lydekl-er, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, vol. u, p. 329, pi. viii, ibifJ. 1908, p. 940; Lyon, Smithson. Misc. Collect. Q. 50, p. 133, 1907. Capricornis suinatraensis argyrochaetes, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, pp. 175, 185. White-maned Serow. Typical locality Che-Kiang, Yang-tsi Valley, Central China. A large species, stated to stand 44 inches at shoulder,* Fig, 50.— Head of ^VHITE-MA^-ED Serow [Capricornis argyrochivtes), Kan-su. From a specimen in the collection of ilr. G. Fenwick Owen. and allied in its type of colouring to C. sumatreoisis suma- trensis and C. s.jamrachi, but with a larger and almost wholly greyish white mane, and the thighs and legs briglit ferruginous red. Skull (fig. 51) long and narrow, with unusually long and narrow nasals: the basal length and the nasal length exceeding the corresponding dimensions in a skull of C. s. milne-edicardsi, whereas the width of the nasals is less. * The mounted specimen (not fully adult) stands about 40 inches. 198 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A further difference is to be found in the basisphenoidal region, which is much narrower tlian in C. sicmatrcnsis, while the premaxilloe are also longer and narrower than in the latter. Fig. 51. — Skull and Horns op White-maned Serow {Capricornis argyrochxtes). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908. Pocock (op. cit., 1910) suggests that foot-glands may be lacking. The distributional area includes Kan-su and Sze-chuan. KUPICAPRINiE 199 96.11.4.6. Skin, female. Sze-chuan ; collected by Berezowski. By exchange wiiJi Tring Museum, 1896. 5. 11. 30. 3. Skin, mounted, and imperfect skull. Sze- chuan ; figured by present writer, 1\ S. Z., 1908. FiorcJiased, 1905. 8. 10. 10. 11-12. Two skins and skulls, with horns, male and female. Towfjuan, sixty miles north of Kanshien, Sze-chuan. The dimensions of the two skulls are as follows : — Male Vemale (Fig. 51). *«'"a'e- Extreme basallengtli 12 llf inches. ,, zygomatic width 5 4| ,, Length of nasals 4^ 4% ,, Width of nasals Ig I2 55 The following measurements of the two animals taken immediately after death were supplied by Mr. Brooke. In taking the measurements the tape is stated to have been laid flat on the body without pulling : — Male ; shot March 30th, 1908. Height at shoulder from back of foot 44 inches. Nose to root of tail 68". Lip (upper) to horn llf". Ear 8f" (length), ear 7" (widest part). Circumference of hind-leg level with the point where the loose skin from the belly joins the leg 23". AVidest part of body {i.e. just behind withers and over breast-bone under body) 45?". Neck where it joins the body 27". Narrowest part of body in front of hind-legs 38i". Female ; shot April 1st, 1908. Height at shoulder from back of foot 43^". Nose to root of tail 61V. Bottom of upper lip to root of horn 13". Presented hj J. IV. Brooke, JEsq., 1908. 8. 10. 10. 10. Skull, with horns. Same locality. Sccme history. The following specimen, which may belong to one of the forms named by Heude {infra, p. 202), is not specifically determined : — 9. 8. 17. 1. Skull, with horns. Maykeng, near Fatung (Lat. 32° N., Long. 117° E.). Central China. Presented hy J. Hancc, Esq., 1909. 200 CATALOGUE OF UXCJULATES 2. Subgenus CAPRICORNULUS. Capricornulus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinois, vol. iv, p. 13, 1898. Smaller serows, without heavy mane on neck, and a thicker and more woolly coat and more bushy tail. III. CAPRICORNIS (CAPPtlCOENULUS) CPJSPUS. Antilope crispa, TemmincJc, Fauna Jajjon. p. 56, pis. xviii, xix, 1840. Capricornis crispa, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 112, 1852, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 21, 1872. Nemorhedus crispa, Anderson, Zool. Yunnan Exped. p. 336, 1878. Nemorhsedus crispus, Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 513, 1891 ; Flowed' and LydekJier, Study of Mammals, p. 350, 1891 ; LydeJilicr, Great and Small Game of Eui-ojje, etc. p. 175, 1901 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, vol. ii, 357 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 344, 1910. Capricornulus crispus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emjp. Chinois, vol. iv, p. 13, 1898. (?) Capricornulus saxicola, Heude, oj). cit. 1898. Capricornis {or Capricornulus) crispus, PococJi, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 885. Japanese Serow. Typical locality Nippon (Hondo), Japan. Size approximately that of a goral. Coat typically long, harsh, and crisp; general colour varying in winter from blackish grey to rufous brown, becoming whitish on the nnder-parts ; cheeks white ; legs blackish brown. A. — Capricornis crispus crispus. General colour blackish grey, with the hairs, which are stiff and harsh, partly black and partly white. 1. 1. 29. 1. Skin, mounted. Japan. Presented ly E. L. Fletcher, Esq., 1901. 75. 5. 18. 1-3. Skull, with horns, and skin, female, and skull, with horns, male. Japan. Purchased, 1875. 5. 5. 30. 31. Skull, with horns. Washikaguchi, Kara Ken, Japan. Presented hj the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1905. 4. 7. 31. 1. Skin, imperfect. Korea (?). Presented hy Ford G. Barclcty, Esq., 1904. KUPICAPKINiE 201 B.— Capricornis crispus ppyerianus. Capricornis pryerianus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Evip. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 230, 1894. Capricornuhis pryerianus, Heucle, ox>. cit. vol. iv, p. 13, 1898. Nemorhaedus crispus pryeri, Lydelker, G-reat and Small Game of Eurojpe, etc. p. 175, 1901. Typical locality Nippon. Founded on a skull obtained in Tokyo, with which the describer identified a skin seen in the same city, which was stated to be rufous brown, and may have been the one entered below. In the latter the coat is thicker, softer, and more woolly than in typical crisjms, and its colour pale rufous brown mingled with whitish, especially on face and neck. 80. 3. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Purchased in Tokyo by H. Pryer, Esq. Type (?). Purchased, 1880. IV. CAPEICOKNIS (CAPPtlCOENULUS) SWINHOEI. Capricornis swinhoii, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. x, p. 320, 1862, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 263, pi. xxxv ; Sivmhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 647. Capricornis swinhoei. Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 21, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1873. Nemorhedus swinhoei, A7iderson, Zool. Yunnan Exited, p. 336, 1878. Nemorhffidus swinhoei, Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 513, 1891. FORMOSAN SeROW. Typical (and only) locality Formosa. Closely allied to crispus, but general colour blackish brown, with a narrow nuchal stripe, and the knees and front of fore-legs below them black ; hind-legs bay ; sides of chin pale yellowish, and a yellowish brown throat-patch, separated from yellow^ of chin by a ridge of long hairs ; ears brown externally, paler internally. 62.12.24.1. Skull, with horns, and skin. Formosa; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1862. 70. 2. 10. 35. Skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Piirchased, 1870. 70. 2. 10. 34. Skin, immature female, mounted. Same locality and collector. The colour of the skin is bright foxy, 202 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES but whether this is due to the effects of light, or is a character of the youug animal, is not apparent. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 33. Skull, with horns, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. The following names have been applied by Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Eiii'p. Chinois, to members of this group from Indo-China, etc. : — (1) Capricornis maritimus, vol. ii, p. 4, note, 1888, ihid. p. 226, 1894. Tonkin. (2) Caiyricornis rocherianus, voL ii, p. 225, 1894. Along. (3) Capricornis venetianus, ibid. p. 227, 1894. Along. (4) Capricornis maxiUaris, ibid. p. 229, 1894. Chao-Hing. (5) Ca2)rico7'nis cornutus, (6) erythrojjygius, (7) microdonticus, (8) ungulosus, (9) fargesianus, (10) brachyrhinus, (11) nasuttis, (12) pugnax, (13) longicornis, (14) chrijsochcetes, vol. ii, pp. 232, 233, 1894. Sze-chuan and other parts of China. (15) Capricornis inarcolinus, vol. iii, p. 151, 1896. Tonkin. (16) Capricornis vidianus, ibid. p. 154, 1896. Anam. The names C. p>latyrhinus and C. berthelianus are also quoted by Pocoek. Of the above, maritimus is the type of Lithotragus, see Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 188, 1908. Ill— Genus NEMORH^DUS. Naemorhedus, H. Smith, Griffith's Anim. Kingdom, vol. v, p. 352, 1827, in part ; Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 187, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 853. Naemorhaedus, Jardine, Nat. Libr. vol. iv, p. 277, 1836. Kenias, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 138, nee Cemas, Oken. Nemorhedus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. pp. xxvi and 160, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mies. p. 112, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 41, 1872. Urotragus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. viii, p. 372, 1871, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 21, 1872; Lydehker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 136, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 148, 1907. Nemorhaedus, Floiuer and Garson. Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 254, 1884, in part ; Lydehker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 26, 1913. Cemas, Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 516, 1891. Size much the same as in smaller species of Capricornis, from which the present genus differs by the absence of face- glands, and of lachrymal pits for their reception, as well as by the obtuse angle formed in the profile at the junction of RUPICAPKIN^ 203 the parietal and facial regions of the skull. Orbits, at least typically, rather more prominent. Tail short or relatively lung. The range of the genus extends from the Himalaya to nortlb western and central China. The following " key " to the five species here recognised as valid is based on one given by Pocock : — A. Tail short, about 3 inches (exclusive of hair) ; black stripe on fore-legs extending over knees, and usually to fetlocks. a. General colour grey or fawn-grey, more or less suffused with black ; dorsal stripe absent, or not extending behind withers ; tail black at tip; no black on back of thighs N. goral. b. General colour brown, more or less suffused with black; a black dorsal stripe, extending at least to loins ; a black stripe on upper side of tail, and another along back of each thigh N. hodgsojii. B. Tail long, about 5 inches ; black stripe on front of fore-legs stopping short of knees, but deflected at that point and generally continued down inner side of shanks to outer lateral hoofs and thence to back of fetlocks. a. Coat relatively short and not woolly ; tail moderately bushy, with upper and low^er surfaces of tuft black ; throat-patch more or less 3'ellow, at least marginalh^ N. griseus. h. Coat long, shaggy, and more or less woolly, at least in winter ; tail-tuft long and bushy ; no yellow in throat-patch. h'. Legs below knees and hocks nearly uniform fawn in front and on outer sides ; tail- tuft black, much darker than base of tail and middle of back ; a narrow fringe of white hairs bordering tail below N. caudatus. h". Legs below knees and hocks more or less fuscous in front, and thus contrasting with white or dirtj^ white of feet ; upper side of tail not wholly black and similar in colour to back ; a broad white fringe bordering tail below N. raddeanus. I. NEMORH^DUS GORAL. Antilope goral, Hardtviclce, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xiv, p. 518, pi. xiv, 1825 ; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 38. (?) Antilope duvauceli, H. Smith, Griffith's Anim. Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 279, 1827. 204 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Antilope (Nemorhedus) goral, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 85, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iv, p. 488, 1835. Kemas goral, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 138 ; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 607, 1847. Nemorhedus goral, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1843, Cat. JJngulata Brit. Mns. p. 112, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 41, 1872 ; Horsfield, Cat. E. Indian Mus. p. 168, 1851 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 523; Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 175, 1863 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 285, 1867 ; Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli, pt. 2, p. 40, 1872 ; LijdeJi-ker, ibid. vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877. Cemas goral, Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 516, 1891. Nemorhtiedus goral, Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 258, 1884 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 457, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 148, 1891 ; Lydel-Jcer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 26, 1913. Urotragus goral, Lydel