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JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON

CONCHOLOGIA 1CONICA

ILLUSTRATIONS

SIIKLLS OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS

VOL. II.

CONTAINING SIONOGB IPHS OF I 111. OEN I B

( ORBI LA

GLAUCONOME

MITRA

vKCA

MYODORA

CARDI1 M

TRITON

RANELLA

ISIK AUDI A

LOVELL AUGUSTUS REEVE, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

SYSTEM Mil A , ' I 1,1 Ml NTS 01 i o\( in 1 V

1 Be fruitful, multiply, ami iu tin- seas
And lakes, ami runiiiiii; -li-am-, tin waters fill.
Forthwith the souuds and seas, each creek and bay,
With fry iiniumer.il, |e -warm part •mjle ur with mat

1 3 our pasture, aud through grovt •
Of coral stray." — .Vi//u,i.

LONDON:

REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, SI RAND
I - 1 3

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

C R B U L A.

" Iu wli.it sha]n' thf\ cti.K,-i

1 adensed ' - Wilton.

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Gr/'iilo l'l I

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,/,, . / /./,//( »/.■/■

C R TiULA,

i dla Bru

Testa intequivalvis, intequilateralis, globosa re/ elongato-
globosa, plerumque crassa, solida, undique clausa.
Cardo dente centrali in utrdque valvd, foveold later ali
adjectd, ligamento inserto ; dente in valvd majore
(sinistra) conico, ascendente, recurvo, in valvd minore
(dextrd) cochleariformi subdepresso ,• dentibus latera-
libus nullis. Pallii impressio muscularis sinu parvo.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, globose, or eloi

globose, general]) thick ami solid, and everywhere

closed. Hinge ; a solid central tooth in each valve

with a ill i p pit on one sid< "i it for the n

of the ligament; tenth in the larger or left valve

conical, elevated or ascending, and hooked or curved
bind-.', in the smaller or right valve, spoon-shaped
and somewhat depressed ; no lateral teeth. Mus-
cular impression of the mantle exhibits a small
sinus

The Corbula I d a- a g< im- by lirn-

guiere in the Plal I cyclopedii M.thodique,

are a small group of acephalous mollusks allied in some
degree to the Mya-, but whose real affinities do not
yet appear to lie correctly established. The sin lis oi
the Corbula? are remarkable for their solidity, ami pe-
culiarity of growth, the two valves of which they are
composed presenting a greater inequality of size and
I sculpture than those of any mollusks of the

They arc for the most part marine, but some few like
the Cerithia an- found in fresh or brackish water. As
in that genus the freshwater species have been sepa-
rated under the title of Potomis, so in this they have bei D
distinguished by that of Potomya ; this modification of
habit doe- nut however, in my estimation, constitute a
generic difference, and 1 therefore propose to include
both the marine and freshwater species in one and

Lamarck appears to have been acquainted with about
i ight species of Corbula; seven newones, collected by Mr.
Cuming along the western coast of South America, were
added to the genus by Mr. Sowerby in 1833, and about
double that number have been lately described by Mr.
Hinds, irom the collections made by himself in company
with Captain Belcher, and by Mr. Cuming, during his
researches amongst the Philippine Islands. One half
of the species above enumerated are therefore new to
science, and only three or four out of the whole number
have ever been figured.

1. (Mus. Cuming.)

\ \\-i i\. Corb. testd elongato-ovatd, gibbosis-
simd, postice altiore, antice acuminata, rostratd .
valvis leviter multicarinulatis, umbonibus centralibus.

The nosed Corbi la. Shell elongately oval, very gib-
mi « I' il i lei iti d posteriorly, acuminated
and beaked anteriorly ; valves covered with nume-
rous fine small keels, umbones central.

Soweeby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Xipixapi, Gulf of Nicoya (found in sandy mud at
the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

The chief peculiarity of this shell is the beaked i \
the anterior i xtremity.

Specie- •_>. (Mus. Belcher.)

Cobbula sulcata. Corb. testd subcordatd, valde intequi-
valvi, valvd dextrd parvuld, lavi; rnlni sinistra pro-
fundi sulcatd, multo complicatd , umbonibus gibbosis,
sub centralibus.

The grooved Cobbula. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
very inequivalve, right valve small, smooth ; left
valve deeply grooved, considerably lapping over;
umbones gibbous, nearly central.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 138.

Huh. Senegal.

The inequality in the growth of the valves is very
striking in this species, the upper valve being entirely
smooth, and only about half the size of the left valve,
which is very strongly grooved.

Species 3. (Mus. Belcher.)

Corbula biradiata. Corb. testd ovato-oblongd, postici

rotundatd, antice angu/ato-aruminatd, longitudinaliter
striata, striis ennfertis, elevatis ; pallida, luttrihus
umbones versus suhunyulato-carinulatis, purpurascen-
tibus, radiis binis albis ornatis, area intermedia tte-
pressd, incarnato-tinctd.

The double-rayed Corbula. Shell ovately oblong,
posteriorly rounded, anteriorly angulately acumi-
nated, longitudinally striated, strire close and nu-
merous; pale, sides slightly angularly keeled towards
the umbones, light purple, ornamented with two
white rays, the intermediate space being depressed,
and tinged with flesh- colour.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1833.

August 1843.

CORBULA.— Plate I.

Hab. Chiriqui and Bay of Caraccas (found in sand and
mud at the depth of from three to seven fathoms).
Very prettily rayed at the umbones in the manner
just described.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula erythrodon. Corb. testa ovatd, subicquivalvi,
latere antico productiore, angulato-carinato ,• longi-
tudinaliter sulcatd, pallida, margine interna rubro-
purpurascente.

The red-toothed Corbula. Shell ovate, nearly equi-
valve, anterior side the more produced, and angu-
larly carinated ; longitudinally grooved, pale, in-
terior stained round the edge with red or pinkish
purple.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 138.

Hab. Japan ; Dr. Siebald.

This species may be recognised by the rich marginal
painting of the interior.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula tunicata. Corb. testa subtrigono-ovatd, valde
incequivalvi, postice rotundatd, antice compresso-acu-
minatd, umbones versus angulato-carinatti ; valvd
dextrd prope umbonem sulcatd, aliter epidermide
densd indutd ; valvd sinistra pracipue majore, pro-
fundi sulcatd, multo comp/icatd.

The tunicated Corbula. Shell somewhat triangu-
larly ovate, very inequivalve, rounded posteriorly,
compressly acuminated, and angularly keeled to-
wards the umbones, anteriorly ; right valve grooved
near the umbone, and covered elsewhere with a
thick epidermis ; left valve much the larger, deeply
grooved over its entire surface, and considerably
lapping over.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S43.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found in coarse
sand at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
Straits of Macassar and Lagulhas Bank, Cape of
Good Hope (found on a gravelly bottom at the
depth of seventy fathoms) ; Hinds.
The Corbula tunicata differs from the C. sulcata, to

which it is the next allied species, in the smaller valve

being grooved near the umbone.

Species 6. (Mus. Belcher.)
Corbula speciosa. Corb. testd subtrigono-ovatd, antice
angulato-curinulatd, subproductd ; valvis valde incequa-
libus, dextrd oblique striatd, striis elevatis, sinistrd
sulcatd, multo complicatd, sulcis latis, profundus ;
albidd, sanguineo vivide radiatd ; umbonibus com-
pressis.

The handsome Corbula. Shell somewhat triangu-
larly ovate, angulately keeled and a little produced
anteriorly ; valves very unequal, right valve obliquely
striated, stria? raised ; left valve grooved and lapping
over, grooves broad and deep ; whitish, vividly
rayed with bright red ; umbones compressed.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.
Corbula radiuta, Sowerby.

Hab. Gulf of Nicoya (dredged in seven fathoms' water).

This beautiful species was only known to Mr. Sow-
erby by a single small specinem found by Mr. Cuming
on the sands at Acapulco. Mr. Hinds has found it ne-
cessary to re-describe the beautiful specimens collected
by him in company with Captain Belcher ; and under a
new title in consequence of the word radiata having been
already used by Brocchi in reference to a fossil species.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula ovulata. Corb. testd elongato-ovatd, postice

rotundato, antice uciiminato-rostratd ; pallida, exili-

ter sulcatd.
The oval Corbula. Shell elongately oval, rounded

posteriorly, acuminately beaked anteriorly, pale,

very finely grooved.
Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.
Hab. Xipixapi, Bays of Montija and Caraccas, &c.

(found in sandy mud at various depths from seven

to seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming.

A few odd valves of this species were found by Mr.
Cuming on the sands at Real Llejos and Mazatlan of a
clear pink colour, but very much worn.

Species 8. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming; Fig. c,
Mus. Belcher.)

Corbula crassa. Corb. testd elongato-ovatd, plus mi-
nusve crassd et gibbosd, postice rotundatd, antice
trigono-acuminatd ; albd, interdum purpurascentc
tinctd, longitiidina/iter sulcatd, liris antice trigono-
complicatis.
The thick Corbula. Shell elongately oval, more or
less thick and gibbous, rounded posteriorly, trian-
gularly acuminated anteriorly ; white, sometimes
faintly tinged with purple, longitudinally grooved,
ridges lying one upon the other down the anterior
side of the shell in triangular plaits.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Straits of Macassar, Malacca ; Hinds. Bais, Island
of Negros, Philippines ; Cuming (found on a floor
of coarse sand and gravel at. the depth of from three
to seven fathoms).
The growth of this shell is exceedingly irregular, the
posterior portion being sometimes larger than the ante-
rior, sometimes smaller ; it varies also remarkably in
bulk.

m

Ccrbula.Pl.il

**JjJR

CORBULA,

•E II.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbi la nuciformis. Cur/i. testd ovatd, subaquivalvi,
gibbosissimd, postici rotundatd, anticl angu-
lato-carinulatd, rostrald . albida ; valvis versus mar-
ginem silicosis; umbonibus centralibus.
The nut-shaped Corbula. Shell ovate, nearlj equi-
valve, thick, very gibbous, rounded posteriorly, an-
gularly keeled and beaked anteriorly ; whitish ;
valves full of small grooves towards the margin ;
umbones central.
Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833,
// 5 1; i'i I.! os, < entral America (dredged from sandy
mud at the depth of seven fathoi ; < uming.
The Corbula nuciformis approximates very closely to
rbula nasuta; it wants however the anterior pro-
longation distinctive of that species, and may bi
recognised by its peculiar, rounded, nut-like form.

Species 10. (Fig. a and /;, Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula nucleus. Curb, testd subgloboso-trigi

terdmn deprcssiusculd, valdi intequivalvi, postici ro-
tundata, antic't obsoletl angulato-carinulatd ; pallidd,
interdum rubido-incarnato tinctd; valvd dextrd la-ci,
sinistra versus marginem subli/issimi sulcata.
The kernel Corbula. Shell somewhat globosely tri-
angular, sometim ri ssed, very inequi-
valve, rounded posteriorly, obsoletely angularly
keeled anteriorly; pale, sometimes stained with
reddish flesh-colour; right valve smooth, left valve
verj finely grooved towards the base.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 139 ; EncyclopSdie Methodique, pL -J30. f. 4.
Tellina gibba, Olivi.
Corbula gibba, Brocchi.
Mya intequivalvis, Montague.

• iin, Mediterranean, cVc.

This ancient and well-known species is the only one
of the genus that is found upon our shores, and the Bri-
tish specimens (Fig. b) are generally larger than those
from the Mediterranean (Fig. a).

semipellucidd, pasta', rotundatd, antice obtuso-angu-
latd : valvis longiludinaliter striatis it sulcatis, sulci*

in mini sinistra naijoriliiis. striisi/nc sitliti/issiinis, ab
umbonibus profuse dicerijeiitilms, minutissimi exsculp
lis ,- intiis iillin. dentibus roseo tinctis.

I'm pali Corbula. Shell elongately ovate, thin, semi-
transparent, rounded posteriorly, obtusely angu-
lated anteriorly ; valves longitudinally striated and
grooved I ol the lefl valve being larger

than those ut the right, and very minutely sculptured
with a number of exceedingly fine stria- diverging
from the umbones ; interior of the shell white,
teeth stained with deep rose.

IIin ds, Pro /' io] Soc, 1 s 4'i.

d from sandy mud at the depth
of seven fathom-) ; Cut

Onlv a single specimen of this very interesting species
has been observed at present; it comes nearer perhaps
to tin Corbula erythrodon than any other.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula pallida. Curb, testd elongato-ovatd, tenia,

1 2 (Mus • inning )

Corbula fasciata. Curb, testa elongato-rhombiformi,
tenui, depressiusculd, latere anticoprodui tiore .- valvis
ambabus lavibus, out obsolete striatis, umbonibus an-
tice directis ; ant rubidd, nut lutescenle-albd, nut lu-
tescente-albd rubido divergente fasciatd.

The BANDED Corbula, Shell elongately diamond-
shaped, thin, rather depressed, anterior side the
more produced; both valves smooth or obsoletely
striated, umbones directed anteriorly; either red-
dish, yellowish white or yellowish white diver-
gently banded with red.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S43.

Hub. Philippine Islands; turning.

The Curhiilu fusciutu differs from the foregoing species
in a particular of no inconsiderable importance, namely, in
having the umbones curved in the anterior direction, as
in the Mi/a, Anatinte, Panopate, &c. I say (interior, in
accordance with the opinion of Lamarck, but in oppo-
sition to that of Mr. Sowerby, because, as the anterior
portion of an acephalous mollusk is obviously that part
through which it receives nourishment, I think it not
unfair to hazard some conjecture that the skin-like ap-
pendage, which generally envelopes the produced extre-

September 1843.

CORBULA.— Plate II.

mity of a Corbula, may serve to protect some alimentary
organ analogous to the trunk or proboscis of the animals
just alluded to. The umbones of most of the Corbula
therefore, upon this principle, are either opposed to each
other, or directed posteriorly.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula tenuis. Corb. testa elongato-oblongd, in medio
attenuate, tenui, longitudinaliter profundi striatd ;
latere postico declivi-rotundato, latere antico longiore,
acutissime angulato-carinato, area sub umbonibus pe-
culiariter excavatd.

The thin Corbula. Shell elongately oblong, attenu-
ated in the middle, very deeply striated from end to
end; posterior side bent down and rounded ; ante-
rior side longer, very sharply angularly keeled, the
area between the keel of each valve being pecu-
liarly hollowed out.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hub. Bay of Montija (dredged from sandy mud at the
depth of twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
Mr. Cuming unfortunately met with only a single

specimen of this curious species.

Species 14. (Fig. a & b, Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula modesta. Corb. testd ovato-rlwmbiformi, la-
tere antico paululum productiore, leviter angulato-ca-
rinulatd ; longitudinaliter sulcatd, sulcis subprofundis,
liris intermediis scalariforniibus ; luteo-violacea out
purpurea, radiis albis angustis, ab umbonibus diver-
gentibus, eximie ornatd ; intus carneolo -rubra.
The modest Corbula. Shell ovately diamond- shaped,
anterior side a little produced, and slightly angu-
larly keeled ; grooved longitudinally, grooves rather

deep, the intermediate ridges ranging one upon the
other like steps ; yellowish violet or purple, deli-
cately ornamented with narrow white rays diverging
from the umbones to the margin; interior carnelian-
red.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hub. Island of Ticao, Philippines (dredged from sandy-
mud at the depth of eight fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species approximates somewhat closely to the
following; it differs in being more solid, and in not
having the anterior area so abruptly angulated ; the Cor-
bula Taheitensis is also attenuated in the middle, and
does not present the same rich carnelian enamel.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula Taheitensis. Corb. testa ovato-trapeziformi.
in medio paululum attenuatd, latere antico abruptc
carinato, ared laid, ovatd; longitudinaliter sulcatd,
sulcis profundi*, angustis, /iris intermediis scalari-
formibus ; lutescente, ab umbonibus pallide radiatd ;
intus lutescente.

The Taheite Corbula. Shell ovately trapeziform, a
little attenuated in the middle, anterior side abruptly
keeled, area between the keels broad and ovate ; lon-
gitudinally grooved, grooves deep and narrow, the
intermediate ridges ranging one upon the other like
steps ; yellowish, palely rayed from the umbones ;
interior yellowish.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vii.
p. 139.

Hub. Island of Taheite, Pacific Ocean ; Lamarck. De-
laguete, Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.
I have already spoken of the leading characteristics of

this species in treating of the preceding, so far, at least,

as I have been enabled to detect them by examination

of a single specimen.

#

Corbula PI HI

r^\;,

&

---

C R B U L A.

(Figures moderately magnified. 1

16. (Mus. Belcher.)
. ilbuginosa. Corb. testd orbiculari-ovatd,
lemd, epidermide fused indutd, latere nntico subex-
• alvis regulariter convexis, valde disparibus;
sinistra' admodum majore, longitudinaliter striata,
striis elevatis, confertis ; dextrd kevigatd, lineis per-
paucis elevatis irregulariter radiatd ; umbonibus ul-
bido-lutt set ntibus, nitidis.

The eye-sfotted Corbula. Shell orbicularly ovate,
thin, covered with a brown epidermis, anterior side
somewhat expanded ; valves regularly convex, very
unequal ; left valve very much the larger, longitu-
dinally striated, stria' raised, close-set; right valve
smooth, irregularly rayed with a few raised lines ;
umbones wliitish yellow, shining.

M;m-. Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

N W Guinea, and Straits of Macassar (found in
mud and coarse sand at the depth of from -even to
twenty-two fathoms) ; Hinds.
Not much unlike the Vorbula nucleus.

Species 17. (Fig. a and b, Mus Cuming.)
i \ fab a. Curb, testd elongato-ovali, subc
ra/i, tenui, lavigatd, latere antico vix angulato ; al-
bidd, fuscescente-rubro interdum triradiatd ; umbo-
nibus minimis, recti incurvis.
'I'm beak Cohbula. Shell I I '!:.. il • '1 v oval, nearly
ral, thin, smooth, anterior side slightly an-
gulated ; whitish, sometimes ornamented with three
broad rays of brownish red ; umbones very small,
straight!}- incurved.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 184;;.

Ilab. St. Miguel, east coast of the island of Luzon,
Philippines (obtained iu the mud at low water) ;
Hind,.
This species approximates very closely to the Corbula
fasciata ; it is however smaller, and the anterior side
is much less angularly produced, the umbones are less
prominently developed, and they are not directed an-
teriorly.

Species IS. (Mus. Forbes.)
OVATA. Corb. testa tenui. subelonyato-ova/i.
longitudinaliter subtilissime striatd, albidd, epider-
mide tenui fuscescente indutd ,■ lateribus rotundatis,

antico paululum product lore, subtruncuto ; umbonibus
depressiusculis.
The ovate Corbula. Shell thin, rather elongately
oval, longitudinally very finely striated, whitish,
covered with a slight brownish epidermis ; sides
rounded, anterior side a little more produced,
slightly truncated ; umbones rather depressed.

Forbes, Malacologia Monensis, p. .">•'!. pi. 2. fig, 8 and '■>.
Hah. Ballaugh, Isle of Man (taken from the root of a

fucus) ; Forbes.

Notwithstanding the indefatigable zeal with which
Prof. I-'.. Forbes dredged the entire coast of the Isle of
Man, the specirn red is the only one of the

genu-- he ever met with; and it is extremely interesting,

on account of th> speci never having been previously

found either on the coast of Britain or elsewhere.

Species 19. (Mus. Belcher.)
I i pragilis. Corb. testd ovato-rhomboided, tenui,

st mipellucidd, alb<i, longitui/ina/iti r striata, striis ele-
vatis, numerosis, eon/ertis, lineis e.ii/issimis all tiitilm-

liantibus, decussatis; latere antico angulato-

produCtO ; umboni/iiis dcjiressiuseu/is, recti incurvis.

The fragile Corbula. Shell ovately diamond-shaped,
thin, semi-transparent, white, longitudinally stri-
ated, stria 1 raised, numerous, close-set, crossed with
exceedingly fine lines radiating from the umbones;
anterior side angularly produced ; umbones rather
di pressed, straightly incurved.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Ilab. "West coast of Yeragua, Mexico (found in mud at
the depth of eighteen fathoms) ; Hinds.
The finely decussated sculpture of this shell is very

characteristic.

Species '20. (Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula l^vis. Corb. testd ovali, eequilaterali, tenui-

January 1844.

CORBULA.— Plate III.

culd, lavigatd, albidd, epidermide lutescente indutd;

latere postieo rotvndato, antico subangulato ; umbo-

nibus depressiusculis.
The smooth Corbula. Shell oval, equilateral, rather

thin, smooth, whitish, covered with a yellowish

epidermis ; posterior side rounded, anterior slightly

angular ; umbones rather depressed.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.
Hub. Hong-Kong, China ; Hinds.

The valves are curiously flattened or pinched near the
ventral margin.

Species 21. (Mus. Catlow.)
Corbula Catlow.*. Corb. testd ovatd, crassd, depres-
siuscula, hevigald, albido-rosaccd ant flaeicante, la-
tere postieo rotundato, antico subangulato , intus
vivide rosacea.
Catlow's Corbula. Shell oval, thick, rather depressed,
smooth, whitish rose or yellowish, posterior side
rounded, anterior slightly angidar; interior vivid
rose-colour.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Port Nicholson, New Zealand ; Swainson.

This shell approximates in some degree to the Corbula
Zelundica of Quoy, but it is not striated, nor does the
anterior side present the Tellina-like flexuosity of that
species.

By the above title I wish to honour my kind friend
Miss Catlow, the authoress of a highly popular rudi-
mentary work on Conchology, who lately received it
from Mr. Swainson of zoological celebrity, now settled
at Wellington in New Zealand.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula trigona. Corb. testd trigond, hevigatd, lutes-
cente-albd, interdum fuscescente-rubro uniradiatd ;
latere postieo rotundato, antico abbreviato, abrupte
angulato, quasi abscisso ; umbonibus i-ectis.

The triangular Corbula. Shell triangular, smooth,
yellowish white, sometimes stained with a single
broad ray of brownish red ; posterior side rounded,
anterior shortened, abruptly angulated, cut short
off as it were ; umbones straight.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Senegal.

An interesting shell, presenting the same peculiarity

of structure as the Corbula" faba and fusciata, indicative
of their living in situations where the water is brackish
rather than salt.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula bicarinata. Corb. testd quadrato-ovatd, so-
lidii, albidd, latere postieo rotundato, antico abrupti
abbreviato, quasi abscisso, bicarinato, carinis ab um-
bonibus decurrentibus ; valvis ambabus longitudinali-
ter subtilissime- costulatis ; umbonibus depressiusculis,
postice. incurvis.

The double-keeled Corbula. Shell squarely ovate,
solid, whitish, posterior side rounded, anterior
abruptly shortened, cut short off as it were, double-
keeled, keels running down from the umbones ;
both valves longitudinally very finely ribbed ; um-
bones rather depressed, incurved posteriorly.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Panama, Real Llejos, Caraccas, St. Elena, &c,
West Columbia (found in sandy mud at the depth
of from seven to seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming.

The solid compact form of this shell is very charac-
teristic.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula scaphoides. Corb. testa elongato-ovatd, tenui,
iilhidit, siibobliqnr costatd, costis regularibus , inter -
stitiis striis minutis longitudinalibus cancellatis ; la-
tere postieo rotundato, antico elongato-producto, trun-
cato, angulato-carinato, carinis ab umbonibus decur-
rentibus.

The boat-shaped Corbula. Shell elongately ovate,
thin, whitish, rather obliquely ribbed, ribs regular,
interstices cancellated with minute longitudinal
striae; posterior side rounded, anterior elongately
produced, truncated, angularly keeled, keels run-
ning down from the umbones.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Singapore, and Bais, island of Negros, Philippines
(found in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ;
Cuming.

Our magnified representation of this shell has some-
what the appearance of Corbula crassa ; there is however
no danger of confounding the species, if due attention be
paid to the above characters.

Ccrbula PIW.

^J?

•3>

&

\ '•

^ -d

Vincent Broo!«s,Itttp

Sowerbv 1 :

CORBULA.

Species 2.">. (Mus. Cuming.)

CORBULA USTULATA. Curb, test.i elungato-ovata , luri,

valde intequivalvi, postici rotundatd, antic'i subacu-
minatd; albidd, purpurascente- et rufescente-fusco
tinctd, epidermide tenui indutd . umbonibus eburneis.
1'hk scorched Corbula. Shell elongately ovate,
smooth, very inequivalve, rounded posteriorly,
somewhat acuminated anteriorly; whitish, stained
with purplish and reddish brown, covered with a
thin epidermis; umbones ivory white.
Rbbve, Pro. Zool. Soc, L844.
Hnii. Singapore.

The colour of this shell is very similar to that of the
Corbula labiata, but the form of it is much more elon-
gated ; the umbones have a more polished appearance.

Species 26. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

; 1 rosea. Curb, testa ovatd, tenui, viiliL iiuiqui-
valvi, latere postico rolundato, antiro angulato-acu-
minato .• longitudinaliter subtilissimi striata, striis
valvx sinistrals versus marginem majoribus, eleva-
tioribus . roseo-fvscescente, radiis perpaucis roseis
orniitd.

The rosb Corbula. Shell ovate, thin, very inequi-
valve, posterior side rounded, anterior angularly
acuminated ; longitudinally very finely striated,
stria? of the left valve large and more elevated to-
wards the margin ; rose-tinted brown, ornamented
with a few rose-coloured rays.

Hub. ?

The striae of tins interesting little species are carved
with remarkable clearness, and have quite a satin-like
appearance.

Species 27. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca contracta. Area testa subelungato-ovatd, medio
paululum contractd, latere postico rolundato, antico
angulato-truneato ; longitudinaliter elevato-striatd ;
albidd, epidermide fuscescente indutd ; umbonibus
erosis, subcentra/ibus.
The contracted Corbula. Shell rather elongately
ovate, a little contracted in the middle, posterior
side rounded, anterior angularly truncated ; longi-

tudinally carved with raised stria 1 ; whitish, covered
with a light brown epidermis; umbones eroded,
nearly central.

Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ii. p. 312.

Hab. Georgia and East Florida, United States; Say.
All the specimens I have as yet seen of this American

species are much eroded, and it is probably the nature

of it to be so.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula labiata. Curb, testa subtrigono-ovatd, lavi.
planiusculd, intequivalvi, lateribus stipend uttenuatis,
infra angulato-rotundat is ; ralvd sinistra/i propi um-
bonem leviter corrugatd ; albidd, rufescente- aut pur-
purascente-fusco tinctd, epidermide fused indutd.

The full-lipped Corbula. Shell somewhat triangu-
larly ovate, smooth, rather fiat, inequivalve, sides
attenuated at the upper part, angulately rounded
beneath ; left valve slightly wrinkled near the um-
bone ; whitish, stained with reddish or purplish
brown, covered with a brown epidermis.

Gray, MSS. British Museum.

Miju labiata, Maton, Trans. Linn. Sue., p. 32ti,

pi. 24. f. 1 to 3.
l'nliiinomi/a labiata, Hinds.

Hub. Singapore.

A solid and more triangularly formed shell than the
Corbula ustulata.

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula procera. Corb. testa oblongo-ovatd, lavigatd,
postici rotundatd, antici subelongato-acuminatd, ab
umbonibus angulatd , rufescente -fused, epidermide
corned indutd ; umbonibus erosis.

The long Corbula. Shell oblong-ovate, smooth,
rounded posteriorly, rather elongately acuminated,
and angulated from the umbones anteriorly ; red-
dish brown, covered with a horny epidermis ; um-
bones eroded.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

This shell, which is apparently an estuary species, may

be recognised by its anterior acumination.

April 1844.

CORBULA.— Plate IV.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula adusta. Corb. testa suboblique trigond, laevi-
gata, tumidiusculd, postice rotundatd, antice leviter
angulato-acuminatd ; rubido-fuscd , epidermide corned
indutd ; umbonibus erosis.

The burnt Corbula. Shell somewhat obliquely tri-
angular, smooth, rather swollen, rounded poste-
riorly, slightly angulately acuminated anteriorly ;
reddish brown, covered with a horny epidermis ;
umbones eroded.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.

Hab. New Zealand.

Differs from the preceding species in being rather

stouter, and less anteriorly acuminated.

Species 31. (Fig. a, Mus. Cuming, Fig. b, Mus. Saul.)
Corbula nimbosa. Corb. testd trigono-ovatd, Iccvigntd
postice rotundatd, antice subangulato-productd ; al
bidd, epidermide pallide olivaced, lineis nigricantibus
capillaribus undatis prope umbones radiatim pietii
umbonibus erosis, subcenlralibus.
The rainy Corbula. Shell triangularly ovate, smooth
rounded posteriorly , rather angularly produced an
teriorly ; whitish, epidermis pale olive, radiately
painted near the umbones with zigzag blackish
hair-like lines ; umbones eroded, nearly central.
Potamomya nimbosa, Sowerby, Conch. Manual,
f.498 and 499.
Nab. The tributary streams of the Rio de la Plata (found
in the mud) ; Cuming.
This species may be easily distinguished by the deli-
cate zigzag hair-lines which ornament the valves around
the umbones.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula ochreata. Corb. testa elongatd, latere postico
abbreviato, rotundato, antico angulato -acuminata ,
laevigata, umbones versus leviter corrugatd ; albidd,
epidermide corned pallidissim'e olivaced indutd ; um-
bonibus erosis.

The pale Corbula. Shell elongated, posterior side
abbreviated, rounded, anterior angulately acumi-
nated ; smooth, slightly wrinkled towards the um-
bones ; whitish, covered with a very pale olive horny
epidermis ; umbones eroded.
Potamomya ochreata, Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Brazil (found in fresh-water streams).

There is no indication in this species of the black

hair-like lines which so neatly adorn the preceding.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula cuneata. Corb. testd trigono-ovatd, sotidd,
subicqiiivalvi, latere postico rotundato, antico angulato;
longitudiinditcr sulcata, liris intermediis prominen-
libus ; albidd, purpurascente pallide tinctd ; umbo-
nibus subdepressis , postice albiradiatis .

The wedge-shaped Corbula. Shell triangularly ovate,
solid, nearly equivalve ; posterior side rounded, an-
terior angulated ; longitudinally grooved, interme-
diate ridges prominent ; whitish, palely tinged with
purple ; umbones rather depressed, rayed with
white on the posterior side.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Catbalonga, Philippine Islands (found in soft mud

at the depth of ten fathoms and upwards), Cuming ;

and Lagulhas Bank, Cape of Good Hope (at the

depth of seventy fathoms) ; Hinds.

This species partakes of the characters of the Corbulee

tunicata and crassa.

(,■/////,( Fl V.

^

CORBUL A.

(Figures considerably magnified.)

Species ■"■4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula rotalis. Cor/i. testd oblongd, corned, postici

rotundatd, ant ice subnasutii ; valvis ruld~e disparibus,

pracipue majore, rotundatd, sulcatd, pro-

ductd, acutd, dextrd parvd, lineis elevatis radiatd ;

umbonibus raid; inaqualibus, subobliquis, posticis.

The wheel-like Corbula. Shell oblong, horny,

rounded posteriorly, protruded anteriorly ; valves

very unequal, left valve very much the Larger,

rounded, grooved, produced, sharp, right valve
small, raved with elevated lines ; umbones very
unequal, rather oblique, post

Hinds, Pro, Zool. Soc, 1843.

H Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippine Islands

(found in coarse sand at the depth of about fifteen

fathoms) ; Cuming,

This species has somewhat the form of our common
Briti-h ( 'orbula nucleus.

35. (Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula monilis. Corb. testd minutd, globosd, pallida,

striatulatd, valvis valde inrn/ualibus, sinistnl mult!)

majore, antic! elongatd, productd ; umbonibus rectis,

lizvigatis.
The necklace-bead Corbula. Shell minute, globose,

pale, a little striated, valves very unequal, left valve

much the larger, anteriorly elongated, produced ;

umbones straight, smooth.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc.. 1S43.
Hub. Sual, island of Luzon, Philippines (found in sandy

mud at the depth of from five to seven fathoms).
The smallest species of the genus at present known,
and remarkable on account of the manner in which the
right valve is sunk in the left.

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula polita. Corb. testd oblongd, ventricosd, tenui,
albidd, obsolete siileatd, postici rotundatd, antice ab
umbonibus subungulatd ; valvis fere aqualibus, sinis-
tra margine ventrali acutd, subproductd ; umbonibus
aqualibus, lavigatis, rectis.

The polished Corbula. Shell oblong, ventricose, thin,
whitish, obsoletely grooved, posteriorly rounded,
anteriorly rather angular from the umbones ; valves

almost equal, ventral margin of the left valve sharp.

rather produced : umbones equal, smooth, straight.
Hinds, I'm. Zool. Soc. 1843.
Huh. Sorsogon, province of Albay, island of Luzon.

Philippines ; ( Juming,

Not so highly polished as the Corbula eburnea and

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula carnosa. Corb. testd ovatd, solidd, subaqui-
laterali, postici rotundatd, antici truncato-angulatd,
breviter attenuatd, pallida, carnoso-roseo radiatd, val-
vis ambabus subti/issim'e su/ca/is, marginibus ventra-
libus inclausis ; umbonibus lavigatis, subcentralibus.

The fleshi Corbula. Shell ovate, solid, nearly equi-
lateral, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly truncately
angulated, a little attenuated , pale, rayed with
fleshy ruse ; both valves very finely grooved, ventral
closedin; umbones smooth, nearly central.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hob. ?

This is an exceedingly pretty species ; locality un-
known.

I Mus Belcher.)
Corbula obesa. Corb. testd ovatd, tenui, ventricosd,
pallida, striata, postici rotundatd, antice ad extremi-
tatem truncatd, ab umbonibus acute angulatd; valva-
rum marginibus ventralibus inclausis, gibbosis ; um-
bonibus rectis, lavigatis.
The stout Corbula. Shell ovate, thin, ventricose,
pale, striated, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly trun-
cated at the end, sharply angled from the umbones ;
ventral margins of the valves closed in, gibbous ;
umbones straight, smooth.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hah. West coast of America (Panama, Veragua, San
Bias, &c), found at the depth of from about twenty
to thirty-two fathoms ; Hinds.
It is impossible to give an accurate idea by lithogra-
phic drawing of the various specific differences between
the very small Corbula figured in this plate.

Species 39. (Mus. Belcher.)
Corbula harmorata. Corb. testd parvd, oblongd,

May 1844.

CORBULA.— Plate V.

liduld, Icevigatd, marmoratd, postice rotundatd, antiee
subangulatd ; valvarum marginibus ventralibus in-
clausis; umbonibus obliquis, posticis ; ante umbones
sanguineo maculatd.

The marbled Corbula. Shell small, oblong, solid,
smooth, marbled, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly
rather angular ; ventral margins of the valves closed
in ; umbones oblique, posterior ; spotted with pur-
plish red before the umbones.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. West coast of Veragua, South America (found in

mud at the depth of twenty-six fathoms) ; Hinds.

Distinguished from the other minute species by the

reddish tinge about the umbones.

Species 40. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

Corbula quadrata. Corb. testa quadratd, albidd, tenui,
Itevigatd, ventricosd, subpellucidd, postice rotundato-
truncatd, antiee rotundato-angulatd, abbreviatd ; um-
boiiibus obliquis, posticis, incurvis.

The square Corbula. Shell square, white, thin,
smooth, ventricose, somewhat transparent ; poste-
riorly rotundately truncated, anteriorly rotundately
angulated, abbreviated ; umbones oblique, posterior,
curved inwards.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843.

Hab. ?

This is a very characteristic species, and may be iden-
tified from the accompanying figure without difficulty.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula solidula. Corb. testd parvd, ovatd, subtri-
gond, soliduld, elevatiusculd, subtequilatera/i, sulcata,
postice rotundatd, antiee angulatd ; valvarum margi-
nibus ventralibus inclausis ; umbonibus rectis, Itevi-
gatis.
The solid Corbula. Shell small, ovate, somewhat
triangular, solid, rather elevated, nearly equilateral,
posteriorly rounded, anteriorly angulated ; ventral
margins of the valves closed in ; umbones straight,
smooth.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, Philippines ; Cuming.
Straits of Macassar ; Hinds.
This and the following species approximate very
closely.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)
Corbula eburnea. Corb. testd pared, ovatd, subtrigouu,
subaquilaterali, eburned, soliduld, complanutd, lavi-
gatd, obsolete sulcata ; margine ventrali gibbosd ;
umbo >i Hi us parvis, subrectis, nitidis.
The ivory Corbula. Shell small, ovate, somewhat
triangular, nearly equilateral, ivory-white, rather
solid, flat, smooth, obsoletely grooved ; ventral
margins gibbous ; umbones small, nearly straight,
shining.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S43.

Hab. Islands of Camiguing and Bohol, Philippines (found

in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms) ;

Cuming. North coast of New Guinea (found in

mud at the depth of sixty fathoms) ; Hinds.

" This shell," says Mr. Hinds, " closely approaches

the Corbula solidula, but is distinguished by its somewhat

more triangular shape, polished, ivory-like, flattened

valves, and the slightly sulcate sculpture."

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Corbula crispa. Corb. testa ovatd, solidiusculd, albidd,
postice rotundatd, antiee productd, extremitate trun-
eald. nb umbonibus obtuse eiiriimtd ; vulva sinistrd
subtiliter sulcata, margine vulde proi/uc/o, dextrd fere
Itevigatd ; umbonibus subeentralibus.

The curled Corbula. Shell ovate, rather solid,
whitish, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly produced,
truncated at the end, obtusely carinated from the
umbones ; left valve finely grooved, margin con-
siderably produced, right valve almost smooth ;
umbones nearly central.

Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Island of Burias, Philippines.

The Corbula described in this Plate are all represented
of about twice the natural size.

C0 15 Bl LA.

[Temporary Judex.]

adusta, Hinds

Plate
IV.

30

albuginosa, Hinds

bicarinata, Sowerby

biradiata. Sincerity

.... III.
.... III.
.... I.

16
23
3

carnosa, Hinds

... V.

.. III.

37

■21

contxacta, Say

.... IV.

•_>7

.... IV.

33

crassa, Hinds

I.

8

crispa, Hinds

eburnea, Hinds

... V.
.... V.

43
42

.... I.

4

faba. Hinds

... III.

17

fasciata, Hinds

fragilis, Hinds

.... II.

.... III.
.. II.

12

19
10

labiata, Gray

laevis, HiWs

.... IV.

.... III.

28

20

marmorata, Hinds

.... V.

39

modesta, Hinds

.... II.

14

monilis, Hinds

.... V.

35

nasuta, Sowerby

nimbosa, Ri eve

.... I.

... IV.

1
31

nuciformis, Sowerby II.

nucleus, Lamarck II.

obcsa, Hinds V.

ochreata. Reeve . . I\ .

u\ata, Forbes III.

ovulata, Sowerby I.

pallida, Hinds II.

polita, Hinds V.

procera, Hinds IV.

quadrata, Hinds V.

radiata, Sowerby I.

rosea IV.

rotalis, Hinds V.

scaphoides, Hinds III.

s^olidula, Hinds V.

speciosa, Hinds I.

sulcata, Lamarck I.

Tabeitensis, Lamarck II.

teuuis, Sowerby II.

trigona, Hinds III.

tunicata, Hinds I.

ustulata, Reeve IV.

MONOGRAPH

O] Till. GEN1 -

A R C A.

" In order sot,
With silent cm-uiiis|jci:tiuii. unified. Will,

Area.. Pi I.

it ■ • -

^

-^-

Prel luh Lmjt u.i/i

ARC A

Genus Am a, Linnaeus.

Tata vel tequivalvis, vel inaquivalvis, inaquilateralis, ven-
tricosa, nunc radiatim cost at a, nunc simplex, epider-
midevelj \ indutd; umbonibus promi-

nentibus, plus minusve distantibus, liganu

o gradatim diseedentibus. Cm-do linearis,
ientibus minimis, numerosissimis. Ligamen-
i mum, ad aream inter umbon
' -,iji'e bysso instructutn.
Shell equivalve or inequivalve, inequilateral, ventricose,
sometimes radiately ribbed, sometimes simple, co
vered with either a hairy or a bristlj
umbones prominent, more or less distant, receding
from each other according to the incres
ligamentary area. Hinge linear, strai
small and very numerous. Ligament external, at-
tached to the area between the umbones. Animal
often furnished with a byssus.
The Area present a very distinct and accurately de-
i
gards thi animal, according to the descriptions of Poli
and Des shell now und< I

The cardinal portion of the shell of Area is of very pe-
culiar structure ; the umbones are, with I

i I. -- vt idely separat d from oft< n to

a very considerable extent, by the interposition of a
large area which sustains the ligament, deposited either
over its rutin' surface, or in superficial lozenge-shaped
grooves. The hinge is composed of a long rectilinear
series of tine plate-like teeth, varying from between
thirty and forty to one hundred and twenty or more in
number, in each valve ; the teeth of one valve interlock
closely with those of the opposite valve, and the hinge
or cardinal axis thus constituted runs through the centre
of the ligamentary area.

The Arew are susceptible of being divided into two
very distinct groups or sections, and various modifica-
tions arise in their growth, composition, and sculpture,
from the difference of habit in their animal inhabitants.
The Area of the first division live free and unattached,
their shells are for the most part solid and ponderous,
and all are without exception disposed in strongly deve-
loped ribs radiating from the umbones, giving a crenu-
lated margin to the valves, by which they interlock one
with the other. Another interesting feature in this
group is that the shell is often inequivalve, the margin
of the left valve extending beyond that of the right, and
generally exhibiting a more elaborate style of sculpture,
as if the left mantle of its animal inhabitant were more
highly organized than the right.

The Areas of the second division live attached to

stones, &c, by a strong muscular byssus which is cx-
serted though an opening in the margin of each valve;
their shells are of much lighter structure and composi-
tion, and being seldom distinctly ribbed, the margin of
the valves is not crenulated. The protection moreover
which thi iring Arcce gain by their strong

power of attachment allows of a much more simple con
dition of the hinge ; the teeth are consequently smaller,
and the ligament is weaker.

Yew of the Area have ever been figured, though seven-
and-twi n added ten years since by Mr.

Sowerby to those already published by Lamarck. Say,
and others ; these therefore, together with a considerable
number of new ones since acquired, constitute a very

interest!;

Species 1 . (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca \rx. Area testa obliqui rhomboided, turgidd, in-
eequivalvi, radiai < \stis duabus vel tribus

angustis, nodulosis, valve dextralis costis
pie^/iiis sublcevibus ,- umlwniliii.i /iraiuine/iti/ii/s, distan-
tibus, fix obliquis ; a/bidtl, epiilermiile fused, earned,
teiini, ad anticaia sulearum partem setii/erd, indiitii.

i Ark. Shell obliquely rhomboid, swollen, in-
equivalve, radiately ribbed, ribs two or three and
twenty in number, narrow, nodulous, posterior ribs
of the right valve nearly smooth ; umbones promi-
nent, distant, a little oblique; white, covered with
a thin, brown, horny epidermis, bristly on the an-
terii i ioves.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. So,-., 1833.

//<(/;. Xi] ixapi, South America (found in sandy mud at
the depth of twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
A small oblique gibbous species.

Fig. 2. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca gransis. Testa junior.
For description see Species IV.

Area quadrilatera, Sowerby (not of Lamarck).

After minutely comparing this shell, the identical
specimen described by Sc
of the Arca grandis, I ar
the young of that species.

verby, with several examples
convinced that it is merely

Species 3. (Mus. Cumiug.)
a obesa. Arca testa ovatd, incequivalvi, tenuiculd,
ventricosa, latere antico rotundato, postico subangu-
lato, extenso ; albd, epidermide fused, inter castas

December 1843.

ARCA.— Plate I.

setigerd, obtectd ; radiatim costatd, costis angustis |
numerosis, duabus vel tribus et quadraginta, marginem
versus leviter canaliculatis ; ligamenti ared suban-
gustd.

The stout Ark. Shell ovate, inequivalve, rather thin,
ventricose, anterior side rounded, posterior some-
what angular and stretched out ; white, covered over
with a hrown epidermis, which is bristly in the in-
terstices between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs
narrow, numerous, two or three and forty in num-
ber, slightly canaliculated towards the margin ; area
of the ligament rather narrow.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Atacamas, West Columbia (dredged from the depth
of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Chiefly remarkable for its great :

iber of ribs.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca grandis. Area testa subtequivalci, quadratd, solidd,
lateribus superne subauriculatis, infra rotundatis,
postico vix extenso ; radiatim costatd, costis rotun-
datis, quatuor vel quinque et viginti, anticis leviter
nodulosis ; umbonibus recti- incurvis ; costis caruleo-
viridibus, iiiterstitiisall/idis, epidermide corned scabrd
indutis.

The great Ark. Shell nearly equivalve, square,
solid, sides slightly auriculated at the upper part,
rounded beneath, posterior side a little extended;
radiately ribbed, ribs rounded, four or five and
twenty in number, anterior ribs slightly nodulous ;
umbones straightly incurved ; ribs dark bluish
green, interstices whitish, covered with a rough
horny epidermis.

Broderip and Sowerbt, Zool. Journ., vol. iv.

Hab. Heal Llejos, Bay of Guayaquil, &c, western coast
of South America ; Cuming, Hinds.

A large example of this species has been selected.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca reversa. Arca testa obliqud, cequivalvi, turyidd,
latere postico rotundato, antico oblique depresso-
truncato ; radiatim costatd, costis ad quadragenas,
confertis, planulatis, subtilissime rugiilosis; albd,
epidermide molli nigricante indutd ; umbonibus ap-
proximates ; ared subnulld.

The reversed Auk. Shell oblique, equivalve, turgid,
posterior side rounded, anterior obliquely depressly
truncated ; radiately ribbed, ribs about forty in
number, close-set, flat, very finely wrinkled ; white,

covered with a soft blackish epidermis ; umbones
approximated ; ligamentary area very small.

Gray, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru (found in soft mud at the depth of
seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

The Arca reversa may be distinguished by its peculiar
growth, and by the flat, finely wrinkled surface of the ribs.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca brevifrons. Arca testa oblongd, inccquivalvi, la-
ti re antico brevi, rotundato, postico longiusculo, la-
tiore, superne angulato ; albd, virideseente tinctd
epidermide fused, inter castas setigerd, indutd; r<
diatim costatd. costis duabus vel tribus et viginti, ph
nulatis, casus marginem in medio suleo divisis ; un
bonibus appro.rimatis ; area nulla.

The short-fronted Ark. Shell oblong, inequivalve
anterior side short, rounded, posterior rather long
wider, angulated at the upper part ; white, stained
with light green, covered with a brown epidermis
which is bristly between the ribs ; radiately ribbed
ribs two or three and twenty in number, flat, divided
in the middle towards the margin by a groove
umbones approximated ; no ligamentary area.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hub. Tumbez, Peru (dredged from soft mud at the depth
of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
This shell answers very nearly to Lamarck's,-//w Indica

which I have not as yet succeeded in identifying.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca labiata. Arca testd subquadrato-globosd, valde
inccquicalvi , latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico
subungulato ; albd, epidermide virideseente-fuscd, ad
anticam sulcorum partem setigerd, indutd ; radiatim
costatii. costis anticis, valeic sinistra/is prweipue,
subtiliter rugiilosis, costis posticis Itcvibus, latioribus ;
umbonibus remolis ; ligamenti ared lata, r/iumlioidcd.

The litped Ark. Shell somewhat squarely globose,
very inequivalve, anterior side shorter, rounded,
posterior rather angular ; white, covered with a
brown epidermis, which is bristly on the anterior
side of the grooves ; radiately ribbed, anterior ribs,
of the left valve especially, finely wrinkled, poste-
rior ribs smooth, wider ; umbones remote from each
other ; area of the ligament wide, diamond-shaped.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Real Llejos and Tumbez, Peru (dredged from
mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
An interesting and well-defined species.

Area ft II.

llP

A U C A.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca i'ihi.a. Arca testa orbiculari, valdi gibbosd, sub-
inaquivalvi, vix inaquilaterali, lateribus supernl an-
gulatis, infra rotundatis ; albidd, fuscesi
tinctii, epidermide fused, inter costas setosd, indutd ;
radiatim costatd, coslis quinque vel sex et viginti, au-
gust is, valves sinistra/is omnibus, vah a
ant ids tan turn, subtiliter nodulosis; umbonibus sub-
remotis, ligamenti ared elongato-rhomboided.

Tin; little ball Ark. Shell orbicular, ver\ i

slightly inequivalve, nearly inequilateral. Bides an-
gulated at the upper part, rounded below ; whitish,
palely stained with light brown, covered with a
brown epidermis, full of bristles between the ribs ;
radiately ribbed, ribs five or six and twenty in
number, narrow; all the ribs of the left valve, an-
terior ribs only of the right valve, finely nodulous ;
umbones rather remote, area of the ligament elon
gately diamond-shape.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hah. Island of lianas, Philippines (found in sandy mud
at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

This - that the shell is

as wide as it is high, and it is the same in all stapes and
varieties of growth.

Species 9. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

\m \ womala. Area testa quadrato-ovatd, subcom-

inaquivalvi, latere antico rotunda/a, postica

undato ; albd, viridescente pallide

m itn indutd .-

radiatim costatd, costisocto et viginti, value

planvlatis, sinistralis conmis, iwdulusis ;
ligamenti urea angustd.
The anomalous Ark. Shell squarely ovate, rather
compressed, inequivalve, anterior side rounded,
posterior side rather angularly rounded ; white,
stained with light green, sparingly covered with a
horny epidermis between the ribs ; radiately ribbed,
ribs eight-and-twenty in number ; those of the right
valve flat and smooth, of the left valve convex and
nodulous ; area of the ligament narrow.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. ?

It seems rather anomalous that the ribs in one valve
of this shell should be convex and nodulous, whilst in
the other they are fiat and smooth ; but it is an interest-
ing fact that the larger valve of the inequivalve species
of Arca exhibits a much more elaborate style of sculpture
than the smaller. The Arca pi/ulv just described shows
this remarkable peculiarity very distinctly, but not * u
prominentlj as the species under consideration ; and it
now remains to be determined whether this difference
arises from any superiority of organization in the left

lobe of the mantle of the animal inhabitant.

10. (Mus. ('uming.)

Abca Formosa. Arca testd elongato-ovatd , eequivalvi,

lateribus supernl angulatis, infra rotundatis, latere

antico valdi breviore ; albicante, fuscescente pallid',

tinctii, epidermide fused, nitente, inter castas setosis-

simd, utitectii ; radiatim costatd. cost is quinqi

sex it triginta, planulatis, posticis latioribus, anticis
subtiliter nodulosis, anlerioribus sulco dirisis ,• liga-
menti ared longissimd, latiusculd ; cardine angustis-
stum, dentibus pa

The beautiful Ark. Shell elongately ovate, equivalve,
sides he upper part, rounded beneath,

anterior side much the shorter; whitish, palely
stained with light brown, covered over with a brown
shining epidermis, which is very long and bristly
between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs five or six
and thirty in number, flat, posterior wider, anterior
finely nodulous, the most anterior divided by a
groove ; area of the ligament very long and rather
broad ; hinge very narrow, teeth small and nume-
rous.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, Is;';:.

Hab. Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico (found in sandy mud
at the depth of from ten to twelve fathoms) ; Cu-
ming.

No one can fail to recognise this beautiful species by
the accurate delineation of it which accompanies this
description. Mr. Cuming possesses another specimen
almost entirely covered with an epidermis, in which the
bristles are at least half an inch long at the posterior
end of the shell.

December 1843.

ARCA.— Plate II.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca holoserica. Area teste! oblique quadrate!, aqui-
valvi, lateribus superne angulatis, antico infra ro-
tundato, posiico angulato-extenso ; albidd, epidermide
holosericd obtectd ; radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel
tribus et triginta, creberrimis , planulatis, umbones
versus minutissime pertuso-cancellatis ; umbonibus
subobliquis ; ligament! area latiusculd.

The velvety Ark. Shell obliquely quadrate, equi-
valve, side angulated at the upper part, anterior
rounded below, posterior angularly stretched out ;
whitish, covered with a peculiarly soft, short, vel-
vety epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs two or three
and thirty in number, very close-set, flat, very mi-
nutely cancellated in a pricked manner near the
umbones ; umbones a little oblique ; area of the
ligament rather wide.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Island of Samar, Philippines (found in coarse sand

and gravel at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

This is a very fine species, remarkable not only on

account of its general form and velvety epidermis, but

for the minute cancellated sculpture of the umbones.

Species 12. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca rhombea. Arca testa quadrato-cordatd, eequivalvi,
lateribus superne angulato-coarctatis, infra rotunda-
tis ; albidd, pa/lid'e rubiginoso tinctd; epidermide cor-
ned, fused, sapissime exutd ;. radiatim costatd, costis
subangustis, rotundatis, an/icis nodulosis ; umbonibus
prominentibus, valde erectis, subremotis ; ligament!
ared latiusculd.
The rhomboid Ark. Shell somewhat squarely heart-
shaped, equivalve, sides angularly contracted at the
upper part, rounded below ; whitish, stained with

pale rusty red; epidermis brown, horny, generally
stripped off ; radiately ribbed, ribs rather narrow,
rounded, anterior ribs nodulous ; umbones promi-
nent, very erect, rather remote from each other ;
area of the ligament rather wide.
Born, Mus., p. 90.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. vii. pi. 56. f. 553.
Hab. Chinese Seas, Ceylon.

This species is very inadequately described by La-
marck ; the anterior ribs are nodulous, and care must
be taken not to confound it with the Arca granosa.

Species 13. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca transversa. Area testa elongato-ovatd , inriquivalvi,
lateribus superne angulatis, infra rotundatis, postico
subangulato-ejctenso ; albidd, epidermide corned prope
marginem indutd; radiatim costatd, costis tricenis,
planulatis, viilrtc de.rlralis anlicis, siuistralis omnibus,
leviter nodulosis ; umbonibus depresso-approximatis ;
ligament! and august a.
The transverse Ark. Shell elongately ovate, inequi-
valve, sides angulated at the upper part, rounded
below, posterior side somewhat angularly extended ;
whitish, covered near the margin with a horny epi-
dermis; radiately ribbed, ribs thirty in number, flat;
anterior ribs of the right valve, all the ribs of the
left valve, slightly nodulous ; umbones depressly ap-
proximated ; area of the ligament narrow.
Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
Hab. United States; Say.

The length of a bivalve shell being unquestionably
from the anterior to the posterior extremity, agreeable to
the natural position of its animal inhabitant, the title of
' transversa' is inappropriate as applied to this species.

Area HI III

. ■ ■

A R C A.

Plate III.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Aria gubernaculum. Arca testa subelongato-ovatd,
eam/iressiiiseii/a, inai/i/ivalvi, lateribus superne an-
gulatis, latere antico valdi breviore, postico com-
presso-expanso ; viridescente, epidermide inter costas

s</niim(isii imlutii ,- niilintiiii rostatd, costis duabus
vel tribus rt triijintn, plannlatis, Ivvitrr noduloso-
serratis ,- ligamenti area angustd.

The rudder Ark. Shell somewhat elongately oval,
rather compressed, inequivalve, sides angulated ;it
tlu upper part, anterior side very much the shorter,
posterior compressly expanded ; greenish, covered
with an epidermis, which is scaly between the ribs ;
radiately ribbed, ribs two or three and thirty in
number, flat, slightly nodulously serrated ; area of
the ligament narrow.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

/lab. Basey, island of Samar, Philippines (found in
coarse sand and amongst shells at the depth of four
fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell may be recognised by the compressly ex-
panded character of the posterior side.

Specie? 15. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Arca granosa. Area testa suborbieulari-ovatd, ventri-
■ :<:, aquivaivi, lateribus supent'e vi.e niii/u/alis,
infra rotitialatis ; albiihi, epidermide corned lavi in-
dutii ; railiiifini rostn/ii, rostis ail viginti, tuberculato-
crenatis, marginem versus /state subevanidis ; liga-
menti area auijusliuset/ld.

The granuxous A rk . Shell somewhat orbicularly ovate,
rather ventricose, equivalve, sides slightly angu-
lated at the upper part, rounded beneath ; whitish,
covered with a smooth horny epidermis ; radiately
ribbed, ribs about twenty in number, tuberculously
crenated, less distinctly developed towards the mar-
gin in adult examples ; area of the ligament rather
narrow.

L.INN.EUS, Syst. Nat., p. 1 142.

Lamarck (A. granosa, var. b and c), Anim. sans vert.,
vol. vi. p. 472.

llab. Philippine Islands, (see.

The Arca rkombea (Sp. 12) appears to have been
very much confounded by authors, myself amongst the

number, (Conch, Syst., vol. i. PI. LXXII. fig. 3, from
Sowerby's ' Genera of Shells'.) with the species under
consideration; and the cause may be fairly traced to
Lamarck. Three distinct varieties of Arca granosa are
specified by that writer as follows ; — var. a, ribs twenty-
five or twenty-six in number, with the umbones large ;
var. /), ribs eighteen to twenty in number, with the um-
bones ratherremote ; and var. r. ribs eighteen to twenty
in number, with tin- rihs more approximated. Now, from
tin- specific importance my observations lead me to attach
to the number of the ribs, I feel no hesitation in saying
tli.it Lamarck's Area granosa, var. a, is an Arca rhombea,
which species has twenty-six ribs with large umbones.
The varieties b and c are unquestionably the true species,
but the differences noted between them are nothing
more than the common indications of growth. All Arca
in a young state have the umbones more approximated
than in an advanced state of growth ; as the ligamentary
area increases with age, so the umbones recede from each
other.

The Area granosa, it must be observed, is of an oval
convex form, with the umbones rather depressed, though
full anil round ; the Arca rhombea, on the other hand, is
of a gibbous quadrilateral form, with the umbones re-
markably prominent, and the ribs not so strongly tu-
bercled.

Spi cies lb'. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca cornea. Area testa subijiiai/riltd, i/ililiasiiiseiiiii,

intequivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, infra rotun-

datlS, latere iinfieu breeinre; albd, COrio trnn't, cor-
nea, viriilesernle, iphleriniite inter castas squamosd

inilitld ; radiatim costatd, east is ad novem ei viginti,
vulva- (le.rtrnlis plants, siuistra/is nui/ii/nso-crenatis ,-
ligamenti area mediocri.

The horny Ark. Shell somewhat square, rather gib-
bous, inequivalve, sides angulated at the upper
part, rounded beneath, anterior side the shorter ;
white, covered by a thin horny green coat with
an epidermis, which is scaly between the ribs ; ra-
diately ribbed, ribs about twenty-nine in number,
those of the right valve flat and smooth, of the left
valve nodulously crenated ; area of the ligament
middling.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.

January 1844.

ARCA.— Plate III.

Hab. Basey, island of Samar, Philippines (found in
sandy mud at low water) ; Cuming.
The horny covering of this species is of an unusually
transparent character.

Arca

I ii

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)
rasiliana. Arca testa subovali, tenui, ventri-
cosd, valde incequiva/vi, lateribus superrie rotundatis,
attematis, postico subtus angulato ; albidd, rufescente
pallidissime tinctd, epidermide subnulld ; radiatim
costatd, costis ad sex et viginti, planulatis, nonnullis
subobsoktis, anticis ruguloso-crenatis, posticis Icsvi-
bus, interstitiis valves sinistralis angustissimis, dex-
tralis latiusculis ; ligamenti ared parvd, latiusculd.
Brazilian Ark. Shell somewhat oval, thin, ven-
tricose, very inequivalve, sides rounded and atte-
nuated at the upper part, posterior angulated be-
neath ; whitish, very palely stained with light rusty
red, epidermis almost wanting ; radiately ribbed,
ribs about twenty- six in number, flat, some of them
almost obsolete, anterior ribs crenated with fine
wrinkles, posterior smooth, interstices between the
ribs very narrow on the left valve, rather broad on
the right ; ligamentary area small, but rather wide.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 473.

Arca Cardiiformis, Sowerby.
Hab. Rio Janeiro, coast of Brazil ; Lamarck. San Bias,
Bay of California (found on the sands) ; Cuming.
The Arca Brasiliana figured by Sowerby in his ' Ge-
nera of Shells' for the Arca huequivalvis, and subse-
quently described by the same author in the ' Proceedings
of the Zoological Society' for 1833 as a new species, is
a shell of very peculiar character, inasmuch as the ribs
are wider in the left valve than they are in the right ; it
is moreover curiously attenuated towards the hinge, and
presents, as Mr. Sowerby remarks, the appearance of a
common Cockle.

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca tuberculosa. Arca testd subelongato-ovatd, tur-
gidd, obliqud, esquivaivi, lateribus superne subauricu-
latis, infra rotundatis, postico oblique extenso ; albidd,
epidermide erassii uiqricuute-fusai obteetd ; radiatim
costatd, costis sex velseptem et triginta, angustis, con-

fertis, versus marginem sparsim tubereuliferis, anticis
prasertim ; ligamenti area angustd, umboiiibus sub-
compressis.
The tubercled Ark. Shell rather elongately ovate,
swollen, oblique, equivalve, sides slightly auricu-
lated at the top, rounded beneath, posterior side
obliquely stretched out ; whitish, covered over with
a thick blackish brown epidermis ; radiately ribbed,
ribs six or seven and thirty in number, narrow,
close-set, armed with scattered tubercles towards
the margin, especially the anterior ones ; area of
the ligament narrow, umbones a little compressed.
Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Real Llejos, Central America (found at low water
at the roots of the mangrove trees) ; Cuming.
This is a very characteristic species, and may be re-
coguiseil by a feature which I have not yet observed in
any other species of the genus ; namely, that of having
a few scattered peculiar-looking tubercles towards the
margin. There is not the slightest indication of any
tubercles on the umbonal portion of the shell.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca lobata. Arca tcstii ovali, cequivalvi, lateribus su-
perm vix angulatis, infra rotundatis, latere antico
brevissimo, postico compresso, latissinie lobato; albidd,
fuscescente pallide tinctd, epidermide crassd, subsqua-
mosd obteetd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad sex et vi-
ginti, obliquis, subnodosis, posticis latioribus, prope
marginem subobsolete expansis ; ligamenti ared me-
rliocri.
The lobed Ark. Shell oval, equivalve, sides slightly
angular at the upper part, rounded beneath, an-
terior side very short, posterior compressed, very
widely lobed ; whitish, covered with a thick rather
scaly epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs about six and
twenty in number, oblique, slightly nodulous, pos-
terior ribs wider, somewhat obsoletely spread near
the margin ; area of the ligament middling.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.
Hab. West Indies ?

The chief peculiarity of this shell consists in the
widely expanded compressed growth of the posterior
side ; it is remarkably distinct from any hitherto de-
scribed species.

Area. PJ IV

A R C A.

Plate IV.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)
bbosa. Area testd rotundato-ovata, gibbosissimd,
tequivalvi, lateribus subangulatis, infra rotundatis,
latere antico breviore ; albidd, epidermide fused in-
dutd; radiatim costatd, costis sex vel septem et vi-
ginti, rottiitt/it/is, angustis, leviter nodulosis ; liga-
menti ared mediocri.
The gibbous Auk. Shell rotundately oval, very gib-
bous, equivalve, sides ratber angulated, rounded
beneath, anterior side shorter; white, covered with
a brown epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs six or
seven and twenty in number, round, narrow . slightlj
nodulous ; ligamentary area middling.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hah. ?

This shell is almost as round as the Arcapihla, from
which it differs however essentially in having the urn-
bones obliquely turned to the anterior, and the ribs
rounded.

Species 21, (Mus. Cuming.)

Ahca Americana. Area testa ovato-oblongd, ■

cequivalvi, lateribus rotundatis, antico brevissimo,
coarctato ; alba, epidermklr crassiuscule
fused, inter eostas setosd, obtectd ; radiatim costatd,
costis ml quinque et triginta, planulatis, leevibvs, con-
fcrtis, interstitiis jinfunde ineisis ; ligament i and
angustissimd ; umbonibus seferl amino tangentibus.

The American Ark. Shell ovately oblong, very ine-
quivalve, sides rounded, the anterior very short and
contracted ; white, covered over with a rather thick
blackish brown epidermis, which is bristly in the
interstices between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs
about five-and-thirty in number, flat, smooth, close-
set, interstices deeply cut ; area of the ligament
very narrow ; umbones almost touching each other.

Gray, Wood, Ind. Test. Supp., PL II. fig-. 1.

Huh. South Carolina, United States.

This interesting species might easily be confounded
with the Area pexata, which is found in the same lo-
cality. The ribs of the Area Americana are six and
thirty in number, very close-set, and perfectly flat and
smooth ; whilst those of the Area pexata are only thirty
in number, divided by a fine groove, and the interstices
between them are delicately cancellated.

Species 22. (Mus. t't

Aki \ pexata. Area lestii suborbiculari-ovatd,

aquivalvi, lateribus rotundatis, antico breviore, leviter
coarctato; albd, epidermide crassiusculd, nigricante-

fitSCd, inter eostas setosd, obtectd ; radiatim eostata.

costis tricenis, audio suleo exili divisis, interstitiis

ancellatis ; liijamenti ared iini/ustissinid ; itni
lionilitts se l'i re mutito tangentibus.
The high-napped Ark. Shell somewhat orbicularly
ovate, scarcely inequivalve, sides rounded, anterior
shorter ; white, covered over with a rather thick
blackish brown epidermis, which is bristly in the
interstices between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs

thirty in number, divided in the middle by a fine
into rstici - delicately cancellated ; ligamen-
t.n\ ar.a very narrow ; umbones almost touching
each other.
Sat, Journ. ^cad. nat. sci. Phil., vol. ii.

Huh. South Carolina, Tinted States.

Besides the differences already noted between this and
the preceding species, it may be observed that the Area
i a smaller and rounder shell than the h a
oviformis, and less inequivalve.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca multicostata. Area testa quadrato-rhombed

Solidd, iri/niea/ri, Interilins stipend atleniiatis, unijit-
lalis. antico breviore, infra ventriioso-roluiidato, pus-
tico aihjiilato-ileeHei ; churned, epidermide fused cor-
ned, inter eostas Sttbvelutind, obtectd ; radiatim cos-
tula, costis quinque vel see et triginta, subangustis,
rotundatis, lavihus, untieis leviter granulosis ; liga-
incnli urea iuliiiseuld ; umbonibus subujipro.rimatis.
The many-ribbed Auk. Shell squarely rhomboid, so-
lid, equivalve ; sides attenuated and angulated at
the upper part, anterior side shorter, ventricosely
rounded beneath, posterior angularly extended
downwards; ivory-white, covered over with a
brown horny epidermis, which is a little velvety
between the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs about six-
and-thirty in number, rather narrow, rounded,
smooth, anterior ribs slightly granulous ; area of
the ligament rather broad ; umbones somewhat ap-
proximated.

Janu iry 1S44.

ARCA.— Plate IV.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Gulf of Tehuantepec, Central America (dredged
from the depth of twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
This interesting species reminds one of the Area
grandis, from which it differs however not only in the
number of ribs, but in the colour of its hard epidermal
cuticle.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca maculosa. Arca testa oblique ovatd, aquivalvi,
lateribus superne subattenuato-angulatis, infra rotun-
datis, antico brevissimo, postico oblique extenso ;
albidd, fuscescente tinctd, latere postico maculis per-
paucis fuscis ornato, epidermide tenui, corned, inter
castas setosd, obtectd ; radiatim costatd, costis adsi.r
et triginta, planulatis, confertis, marginibus serratis,
posticis leviter nodulosis, anticis prope margiiicm
sidco dieisis; umbonibus pallide rufescentibus ; liga-
menti ared mediocri, declivi.
The spotted Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, equivalve,
sides somewhat attenuately angulated at the upper
part, rounded beneath, anterior very short, posterior
obliquely extended ; whitish, stained here and there
with faint brown, posterior side ornamented with a
few dark brown spots, covered with a horny epi-
dermis, which is bristly between the ribs ; radiately
ribbed, ribs about six-and-thirty in number, flat,
close-set, edges serrated, posterior ribs slightly no-
dulous, anterior divided near the margin by a
groove ; umbones tinged with pale red ; ligamen-
tary area middling, bent inwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. North coast of New Holland.

It is scarcely possible to conceive two species more
immediately allied than this and the Arca scapha, though
perfectly distinguished by the number and arrangement
of the ribs, which in the former are divided by a narrow
cut rather than a groove ; the scattered brown spots,
though few in number, are also peculiar to the Area
maculosa.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca scapha. Arca testa oblique ovatd, cequivalvi, late-

ribus superne angulutis, infra rotundatis, latere antico

brevissimo, postico oblique extenso ,■ albd, epidermide

pilosd, inter costas selosd, plus minusve indutd ; ra-

diatim costatd, costis tribus et triginta, planulatis,
anticis prope marginem suleo divisis, interstitiis pos-
ticis cancellatis ; umbonibus pallide rufescentibus ;
ared ligamenti mediocri, declivi.

The packet-boat Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, equi-
valve, sides angulated at the upper part, rounded
beneath, anterior side very short, posterior oblique-
ly extended ; white, more or less covered with a
hairy epidermis, which is bristly between the ribs ;
radiately ribbed, ribs three-and-thirty in number,
Hat, anterior ribs divided near the margin by a
groove, interstices between the posterior ribs can-
cellated ; umbones palely tinged with red ; liga-
mentary area middling, bent inwards.

Chemnitz (Das paquetboot), Conch. Cab., vol. vii. p. 201.
pi. 55. f. 548.

Lamarck, Anirn. sans vert., vol. vi. p. 469.

Hub. Bay of Manila (found in sandy mud at low water) ;

This species appears to have been confounded by
Limneus with the Area anliquulii.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca emakginata. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, incequi-
valvi, latere antico brevissimo rotunda/o, postico
elongato, superne emiirginulo, infra rotundato ; al-
bidd, epidermide fused, inter costas setosii, obtectd;
radiatim costatd, cost is tricenis, planulatis, confertis.
anticis angustis, rugu/osis, su/co prope marginem sub-
obsolete divisis, posticis latioribus, hevibus ; liga-
menti area angustd, declivi.

The emarginated Ark. Shell elongately oval, inequi-
valve, anterior side very short, rounded, posterior
elongated, emarginated at the upper part, rounded
beneath ; whitish, covered with a brown epidermis,
which is bristly between the ribs ; radiately ribbed,
ribs thirty in number, flat, close-set, anterior ribs
narrow, wrinkled, rather obsoletely divided near
the margin by a faint groove, posterior broader,
smooth ; ligamentary area bent inwards.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Ileal Llejos, Atacamas, Xipixapi, Panama, Gulf of
California, &c (dredged from sandy mud at the
depth of about six or eight fathoms) ; Cuming.
A very interesting species, well characterised by its

posterior emargination.

4rca . R V

W> ■
W/A

ARC A.

species

(Mus. Metcalfe.)

Arca compacta. Arca testd subelongato-quadratd, in-
aquivalvi, gibbosd, lateribus supern't angulatis, antico
breviore, postico leviter angulato-extenso ; albidd,
epidermide fused partim indutd ; radial
costis t, , i tralis subaitgustis, planulatis,

sinistralis latioribus, rotmidatis, iitterstitiin rancclla-
ti.-- ,- ligamenti area subangustd, declivi.

The compact Auk. Shell rather elongately square,
inequivalve, gibbous, side- angulated al I
part, anterior side the shorter, posterior slightly
angularly extended ; whitish, partially covered with
a brown epidermis; radiately ribbed, ribs thirtj in
number, those of the right valve rather narrow, flat,
of the left valve wider, rounded, with the interstici -
cancellated ; area of the ligament rather narrow,
bent inwards.

Pro. Zool, See.. 1844.

Hab. ?

This is a short compact shell of rather solid growth.

U

Species 28. (Mus. fuming.)
srtusa. Arca testd subobliqui quadratd, vix

, lateribus superne angulatis, infra rotun-

ila/i.-- ; iilliiihi, ririili'scentr I'm, In, rjiiilcn

sparsim indutd , radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel
triginta, confertis, plano-convexis, subtilis-
sim'e pertnsis ; ligamenti ami latiusculd, umbonibus
subcentralibus .

The pricked Ark. Shell rather obliquely square, nearly
equivalve. sidi s angulated at the upper part, rounded
beneath ; white, stained with lightgreen, sparingly
covered with a brown epidermis; radiately ribbed,
ribs two or three and thirty in number, close-set,
flatly convex, very finely pricked ; area of the liga-
ment rather wide, umbones nearly central.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Mouth of the Gambia, Africa.

The ribs of this shell are very finely pricked or in-
dented, a character which I do not remember to have
observed in any other species.

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca cisti la. Arca testd subquadratd, inaquivalvi, la-
teribus supern't angulatis, antico infra rotundato, pos-
tico quadrato ; ulbd, qndn-midc trniii fuscescente,
costas squamosd, indutd; radiatim costatd,

ws/i.i, nnnirriisis, srjitem vel OCtO el triginta,

valva sinistralis umbones versus subtilissimi nodv-
losis ; ligamenti area mediocri; umbonibus subacutis,
prope extremitatcm anlicam di.yusith.
The little box Auk. Shell somewhat square, inequi-
valve, sides angulated at the upper part, anterior
:n ath, posterior square ; white, co-
vered with a thin, lighl brown epidermis, scaly be-
i ribbed, ribs narrow, im-
or eight and thirty in number, those
of the left valve very finely nodulous towards the
umbones . area i I the ligament middling; umbones
sharp, situated near the anterior extremity.
K i i \ i , Pro. Zool. Soc, 1 844.
Hab. ?

An interesting species remarkable for the neatness
darity of the ribs, as well as for the very anterior
situation of the umbones.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca intlata. Arca testd oblique ovatd, tenui, inflatd,
ivalvi, lateribus supernh leviter angulatis, in-
fra rolundatis ; albidd, epidermide corned fused, in-
ter costas squamosd, indutd; radiatim costatd, costis
numerosis, quadragenis, planulatis, Itevibus ; liga-
menti ared subangustd, declivi; umbonibus tumidis,
paululitm approximatis.

The inflated Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, thin, in-
flated, nearly equivalve, sides slightly angulated at
the upper part, rounded beneath ; white, covered
with a brown horny epidermis, scaly in the inter-
stices between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs nu-
merous, forty in number, flat, smooth ; ligamentary
area rather narrow, bent inwards ; umbones swollen,
a little approximated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Ilo Ilo, isle of Panay, Philippines (found in soft
mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

February 1844.

ARCA.— Plate V

This is a light inflated shell of rather large size, at
present unique in the collection of Mr. Cuming.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca cymbjeformis. Area testa elongato-ovatd. tumi-
diusculd, ituequivalvi, posticr attenuatd; albidd, epi-
dermide corned viridescente, inter costas squamosa,
indutd; radiatim costatd, costis duabus et triginta,
valvte sinistralis rotundatis, tuberculato-crcnatis, val-
var dextralis planulatis, anticis tantum crenatis ; liga-
menti area parvd, declivi.
The boat-shaped Ark. Shell elongately ovate, rather
swollen, inequivalve, attenuated posteriorly ; white,
covered with a green horny epidermis, scaly be-
tween the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs two and
thirty in number, those of the left valve rounded
and tuberculously crenated, of the right valve the
anterior only crenated ; area of the ligament small,
bent inwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This is a shell of very peculiar growth, inasmuch as
the posterior side is smaller and more attenuated than
the anterior, a condition reverse to that usually pre-
sented.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca Japonica. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, tenuiculd
valde inaquivalvi, lateribus rotundatis, postico latiore,
antico brevissimo ; alba, epidermide corned fuscescente,
inter costas squamosa, indutd ; radiatim costatd,
tis quinque et triginta, angustis, Itevibus, planulatis
anticis subobsolete nodulosis ; ligamenti ared angus
tissimd.
The Japan Ark. Shell elongately oval, rather thin,
very inequivalve, sides rounded, posterior side the

wider, anterior very short ; white, covered with a
light brown horny epidermis, scaly between the
ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs five and thirty in num-
ber, narrow, smooth, flat, the anterior rather ob-
soletely nodulous ; area of the ligament very nar-
row.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.

Hab. Coast of Japan (found in sandy mud) ; Dr. Sie-
bald.
The lateral extremities of this shell are peculiarly

rounded.

Species 33. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca vellicata. Arca testa trapeziformi, subcompres-
sd, in medio leviter contractu, vix aquivalvi, lateri-
bus superne anguhtis, antico infrd rotunda to, postico
angulato-expanso ; albidd, epidermide, inter costas
squamosa, partim indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis
angustis, numerosissimis, quinquagenis aut pluribus,
anticis sulco divisis ; ligamenti ared angustd; umboni-
bus latis, peculiariter depresso-vcUicatis.
The pinched Ark. Shell trapeziform, a little com-
pressed, slightly contracted in the middle, nearly
equivalve, sides angulated at the upper part, ante-
rior side rounded beneath, posterior angularly ex-
panded ; whitish, partially covered with an epi-
dermis which is scaly between the ribs ; radiately
ribbed, ribs narrow, very numerous, upwards of
fifty in number, anterior ones divided by a groove ;
area of the ligament narrow ; umbones wide, pecu-
liarly depressly pinched.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This is a very remarkable shell, both on account of
the large number of ribs, and of the peculiar compres-
sion of the umbones.

■ ./■

A \i C A,

Plate VI.

Species 34. (iMus. Cuming.)
Aiu \ concinna. Arcatestd elongato-ovatd, subcylindra-

ced, inaequivalvi, lateribus supem? anyuhtis, infra ro-
tundatis; albidd, epidermide tenui fuseeso

ctislim rjHissimi sftusti. inilutd ; rudiutim costatd,
costis ad tricenas, anterioribus ruyu/asis.sulra diri.-is.
interstitiis lineis elrvatis di-iiissu/i.< ; liyamenti art a
angustd, elongatd, antic't utrinque crenulatd.
The elegant Ark. Shell elongately oval, somewhat
cylindrical, inequivalve, sides angulated at the upper
part, rounded beneath ; whitish, covered with a
very thin light brown epidermis, very finely bristly
between the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs about thirty
in number, the most anterior ones wrinkled and
divided by a groove, interstices between the ribs
crossed with raised lines; ligamentary area narrow,
elongated, crenulated at the anterior end on both
sides.
Soweebt, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1833.
Hab. Gulf of Nicoiya, Central America (found in

sand at the depth of twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
.Mr. Sowerby describes this shell as having ligament
on the posterior side only : this, however, is impossible;
the ligament was rubbed off the anterior side of the spe-
cimen which served for his description.

Species 35. (Mus. Brit.)

Abca auriculata. Area testd ovato-cordald, cequivalvi,
lateribus supern't angulatis, antico brevissimo, postico
subcompresso, plus minusve auriculata : albidd, epi-
dermide olivaceo-f used indutd ; radiatim costatd, cos-
tis <id tricenas, noduloso-crenatis ; liyamenti ana
elonyatd, subangustd.

The adriculated Auk. Shell ovately heart-shaped,
equivalve, sides angulated at the upper part, ante-
rior side very short, posterior somewhat compressed,
more or less auriculated ; whitish, covered with an
olive-brown epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs about
thirty in number, nodulously crer.ated ; area of the
ligament long and rather narrow.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 47-2.

Chen-u, Delessert's Recueil de Coquilles, pi. 11. f. 12.
a, b, c,

Hab. ?

Care must be taken not to confound this shell with
the young of Area Deshayesii, which is also auriculated,
but of more slender growth.

Spi cies 36. (Mus. Cuming.)
Am \ Gambiensis. Area testd elongato-quadratd, tenui-
cnla, valih compressd, in media coarctatd, aquivalvi,
lateribus rotundatis, postico subangulato extenso ; al-
bidd, epidermide tenui olivaced, sparsim setigerd, in-
dutd; radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus it
riyinti, lawigatis, plano-expansis, lird exili intercur-
rente; liyamenti area parvd, angustd ; umbonibus an-
gulato-mucronatis.
The Gambia Auk. Shell elongately square, rather
thin, very compressed, contracted in the middle,
equivalve, sides rounded, posterior rather angularly
extended; whitish, covered with a thin olivaceous
epidermis, armed here and there with fine bristles ;
radiately ribbed, ribs two or three and twenty in
number, smooth, flatly expanded, with a fine ridge
running between them ; area of the ligament small,
narrow ; umboncs angularly pointed.

Pro. Zool. S«,c., 1844.
Ilah. Mouth of the Gambia, Africa (found in sandy mud
in dee]) water).

The ribs of this shell become peculiarly flattened and
spread oui towards the margin, and there is a fine ridge
running down the centre of the intermediate grooves.
Thi> is the only species in which I have as yet observed
any kind of fine interribbing.

Species 37. (.Mus. Cuming.)
AftCA CDNEATA. Aria testa obliqu'l ariitd, teijiiiia/ri,

marginem versus coarctatd, lateribus superne angu-
latis, infra oblique rotundatis; albidd, radiatim cos-
tatd, costis ad vicenas, rotundatis, irregulariter no-
dosis; liyamenti area latissimd, declivi ; umbonibus
parvis, distantibus.
The wedge-like Auk. Shell obliquely ovate, equivalve,
contracted towards the margin, sides angulated at
the upper part, obliquely rounded beneath ; whitish,
radiately ribbed, ribs about twenty in number,
rounded, irregularly noduled ; area of the ligament
very wide, bent inwards ; umbones small, distant.

February 1844.

A RCA. —Plate VI.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Zanzibar.

The great width of the ligamentary area, separating
the umbones asunder to a considerable extent, imparts
a wedge-like form to this shell, by which it may be
easily recognised.

Species 38. (Mus. Brit.)

Arca secticostata. Arca testa elongato-ovatd, gibbo-
sissimd, tenuiculd, lateribus superne ungulatis, infra
suboblique rotundatis ; albidd, fuscescente partim
tinctd; radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, angustis,
ad quadragenas, quamplurimis sulcosubpro fundo di-
visis ; Ugamenti ared elongatd, latiusculd ; umbonibus
tumidis.

The cut-ribbed Ark. Shell elongately ovate, very
gibbous, rather thin, sides angulated at the upper
part, rather obliquely rounded beneath; whitish,
partially stained with light rusty brown ; radiately
ribbed, ribs numerous, narrow, about forty in num-
ber, most of which are cut or divided by a rather
deep groove ; area of the ligament elongated, rather
wide ; umbones full.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

This shell is probably one of those that have been

confounded with the Arca antiquata (Plate IX ) ; it

differs in having a much greater number of ribs, and a

larger proportion of them more distinctly grooved.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca ferruginea. Arca testa ovato-oblongd, aquivalvi,
lateribus rotundatis ; albidd, epidermide ferrugineo-
fuscd indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad septem et
viginti, angustis, compressis, subtilissime nodulosis ;
Ugamenti ared subangustd ; umbonibus oblique in-
curvis.
The rusty Ark. Shell ovately oblong, equivalve, sides
rounded ; whitish, covered with a rusty brown epi-
dermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs about twenty-seven
, in number, narrow, compressed, very finely nodu-
lous ; area of the ligament rather narrow; umbones
obliquely incurved.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

The ribs of this species are unusually narrow, and

being finely nodulous, present a kind of beaded appear -

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca radiata. Arca testa ovato-oblongd, aquivalvi, la-
teribus rotundatis ; albidd, fuscescente ad umbones
tinctd, epidermide sparsim indutd ; radiatim costatd,
costis ad tricenas, angustissimis, obsolete nodulosis,
inte?-stitiis clathratis ; Ugamenti ared mediocri.

The rayed Ark. Shell ovately oblong, equivalve, sides
rounded ; whitish, stained with light brown about
the umbones, sparingly covered with epidermis ;
radiately ribbed, ribs about thirty in number, very
narrow, obsoletely noduled, interstices between the
ribs latticed ; area of the ligament middling.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

The ribs are much less prominently developed than

in the preceding species ; they are also narrower, more

numerous, and less strongly noduled.

Species 41. (Mus. Hankey.)

Akca obliqua. Arca testd ovatd, vald'e obliqud, eequi-
va/ri, lateribus superne angulatis, infra rotundatis.
antico brevissimo, postico oblique expanso ; albd, epi-
dermide fuscescente scried, inter castas setosd, indutd;
radiatim costatd, costis quinque vel sex et triginta,
planulutis, confertis, interstitiis subtilissime striatis,
anlicis posticisque leviter crenatis, anticis sulco di-
visis ; Ugamenti ared subangustii, declivi • umbonibus
approximatis .

The oblique Ark. Shell ovate, very oblique, equivalve,
sides angulated at the upper part, rounded beneath,
anterior side very short, posterior obliquely ex-
panded ; white, covered with a light brown, silken
epidermis, bristly between the ribs ; radiately
ribbed, ribs five or six and thirty in number, fiat,
close-set, interstices between them very finely
striated, the most anterior and posterior ribs lightly
crenated, the anterior divided by a groove; area
of the ligament rather narrow, bent inwards ; um-
bones approximated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. West coast of Africa.

This is a very interesting species, and altogether one

of very distinct character.

-CV/

•••■ *v

V-vv

Area /'/ Ml

A 11 C A.

VII.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)

Aeca mtkistica. Area testd subquadrato-ovatd, gibbo-
siusculd, iruBquivalvi, lateribus angulato-rotundatis ;

albd, epidermide tenui ruhidu-fuscesccnte imiiitii ; rn-

diaiim costatd, costis tribus vel quatuor et viginti,

vulva siuistru/is (miitihim nodulosis, dextralis anticis
tantum ,■ ligamenti area subangastd.

The nutmeg Ark. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
rather gibbous, iuequivalve, sides angularly rounded;
white, covered with a thin reddish brown epidermis ;
radiately ribbed, ribs three or four and twenty in
number, of the left valve all nodulous, of the right
valve the anterior only nodulous ; area of the liga-
ment rather narrow.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hub. Jimamailan, island of Negros, Philippines (found
in sandy mud at the depth of three fathoms) ;
Cuming.

In this species there is no trace of that peculiar green
colour which is so prominent in the following.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Akcj ch u i \xtiii m. Area testd oblongo-quadratd, sub-
compressd, ineequivalvi, lateribus supernl angulalis,
latere antico brevissimo, posticu latiore, compressd ;
albidd, curio corneo viridi, epidermide fused, indutd;
radiatim costatd, costis octo et viginti, angustis, vulvce
sinistralis leviter nodulosis ; ligamenti cired suban-
gustd.

The copperas Ark. Shell oblong-square, somewhat
compressed, inequivalve, sides angulated at the
upper part, anterior side very short, posterior wider,
compressed ; whitish, covered with a green horny
cuticle, over which is a partial, brown epidermis ;
radiately ribbed, ribs eight and twenty in number,
narrow, those of the left valve slightly nodulous ;
area of the ligament rather narrow.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in

sandy mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

The peculiar colour of this shell gives it the appearance

of having been stained with green copperas.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)

Am \ Luzonica. Area testd elongato-quadratd, yibbo-
siusculd, iti/uivu/vi. lateribus siipcrni anqulatis, infra
rotundatis, latere milieu brevi ; albidd, curio corneo
viridescente, epidermide fused, indutd; radiatim cos-
tatd, costis octo et viginti, latiuseulis, ruler sinistra-
lis subobsolet, uodu/osis ; ligamenti ureii siiliaui/iistii,
dec/iei.

The Luzon Ark. Shell elongately square, rather gib-
bous, equivalve ; sides angulated at the upper part,
beneath, anterior side shorl ; whitish, co-
vered with a greenish cuticle, and a brown epider-
mis ; radiately ribbed, ribs eight and twenty in
number, rather broad, those of the left valve some-
what obsoletely nodulous; area of the ligament
ratlur narrow, bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Sue., 1844.

Huh Island nt Luzon, Philippines (found in sandy mud
at low water) ; Cuming.
This is a stouter shell than the preceding species;

it is more gibbous, and the ribs are broader.

Species 4.J. (Mus. Brit.)

Akc.v senilis. Area testd oblique cordatd, cequivalvi,
superni attenuatd, lateribus rotundatis, postico sub-
extenso i albd, corio corneo, mutico, crasso, virides-
cente-fusco, indutd; radiatim costatd, costis tredecim

nut ipialuurdeeim, lu villus, se.r scptcinvc mediums

villi, majoribus, latioribus, ceteris plus minusve
obsoletis ; umbonibus prominentibus, subtilissime in-
curvis ; ligamenti and brevi, latiusculd.

The aged Ark. Shell obliquely heart-shaped, equi-
valve, attenuated at the upper part, sides rounded,
posterior a little extended ; white, covered with a
thick, beardless, dark greenish brown, horny epi-
dermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs thirteen or fourteen
in number, smooth, the six or seven middle ribs
very much larger and broader than the rest, which
are more or less obsolete ; umbones prominent,
very finely curved or hooked inwards ; area of the
ligament short and rather broad.

Linn^us, Syst. Nat. (Gmelin's edit.), p. 3309.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 473.

February 1844.

ARCA.— Plate VII.

Hab. Coast of Africa.

This species has a smaller number of ribs than any
other of the genus, and only six or seven of these are
at all distinctly developed.

Species 46. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

Arca eotundicostata. Area testd oval

cequivalvi, lateribus siiperne angulatis, antieo brevi,
rotundato, postico subangulato-extenso ; alba, urn-
bones versus fuscescente tinctd ; radiatim costatd,
costis ad vicenas, subdistantibus, elevatis, rotundatis,
crenatis, valvce sinistralis potiils latioribus ; liga-
menti ared lata, paululum concavo-declivi.

The round-ribbed Ark. Shell ovate, gibbous, equi-
valve, sides angulated at the upper part, anterior
short, rounded, posterior rather angularly extended,
stained with brown towards the umbones ; radiately
ribbed, ribs about twenty in number, rather distant,
rounded, crenated, those of the left valve rather the
wider; area of the ligament broad, a little con-
cavely bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This may probably be one of the numerous species

that have been confounded under the common title of

Area antiquata.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca Deshayesii. Arca testd ovato-oblongd, gibbo-
siusculd, cequivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, antieo
brevi, rotundato, postico subelongato-extenso, leviter
auriculato ; albd, epidermide fused holosericd, inter
costas setosd, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad
septem et viginti, rotundatis, subtilissime noduloso-
striatis, anterioribus sulco divisis ; ligamenti ared
longissimd, plano-excavatd, sulcis rhomboideis incisd;
umbonibus prope anticam extremitatem dispositis.

Deshayes' Ark. Shell ovately oblong, rather gibbous,
equivalve, sides angulated at the upper part, ante-
rior short, rounded, posterior rather elongately ex-
tended, slightly auriculated ; white, covered with a
brown silken epidermis, bristly between the ribs ;
radiately ribbed, ribs about seven and twenty in
number, rounded, very finely nodulously striated,
the most anterior ones divided by a groove ; area of
the ligament very long, flatly excavated, engraved
with lozenge-shaped grooves ; umbones situated
near the anterior extremity.

Hanley, Species of Shells, p. 155, note.

Hab. ?

This species may be recognised by the length of the

cardinal area, and the manner in which the posterior

extremity of it is compressed and inclined to become

auriculated.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming )
Arca clathrata. Arca testd subquadrato-ovatd, aqui-
valvi, lateribus leviter compressis, superne angulatis,
infra rotundatis ; albidd, epidermide tenui fuscescente,
inter costas exilissimi setosd, indutd ; radiatim cos-
tatd, costis leviter crenatis, interstitiis profundis,
lineis elevatis elathratis ; ligamenti ared subelongatd.
The latticed Ark. Shell somewhat squarely oval,
equivalve, sides slightly compressed, angulated at
the upper part, rounded beneath ; whitish, covered
with a thin, light brown epidermis, which is very
finely bristly between the ribs; radiately ribbed,
ribs slightly crenulated, interstices deep, latticed
with raised lines; ligamentaryarea rather elongated.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Islands of Bureas and Ticao, Philippines (found at
the depth of about six fathoms) ; Cuming.
A small species, in which the interstices between the
ribs, which are very deeply engraved, are distinctly lat-
ticed with raised lines.

m

Area, I'l V/ll

i

y

A \l C A.

Plate VIII.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

\r\. Area testa subelongato-ovatd, Icnui, valde
valvi, lateribus supernl angulato-rotundatis,
postico breviore, svbtils angulato-extenso, antico at-
tenuate -rotundato ; albidd, rufescente-fusco li/uiii.
epidermide tenuissimtt .■ radiatim coslatd, costis ad
tr ice n as, anticis iwdttlnsis, posticis minus distinction-
bus.planulatis, larvibus, costis valve sinistralis valde
latioribus ; ligamenti ared parvd, latiusculd.

The ovate Ark. Shell rather elongately ovate, thin,
very inequivalve, sides angularly rounded at the
upper part, posterior side the shorter, angularly ex-
tended beneath, anterior side attenuately rounded ;
whitish, stained with lighl reddish brown, epider-
mis very slight; nidiately ribbed, rihs about thirty
in number, anterior nodulous, postei ior less distinet,
flat, smooth, ribs of the left valve much broader
than those of the right ; area of the ligament small.
rather wide.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. St. Elena, South America (found in sandy mud at
the depth of from six to eight fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell partakes of the characters of theJ/vvr Bra-
si/iana and incongrua , it i' however more elongated than
either, and the ribs are narrower and more in number.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca incongrua. Ana testa subquadrato-orbiculari,

tenuiculii, ra/il'r iiufi/iiiru/ri, lateribus su/ierm 11111/11-

latis, postico breviore ; albii, epidermide tenui fus-
cescente inter costas indutd ,• radiatim costatd, costis
septem vel octo et viginti; valvte dextralis anticis
gradato-crenatis, sinistralis omnibus crenatis, costis

valvce sinistralis sub/atioribus ; ared ligamenti latius-
cu/ti ; umbonibus subapproximatis.
The incongruous Ark. Shell somewhat squarely or-
bicular, rather thin, very inequivalve, sides angu-
lated at the upper part, posterior side the shorter ;
white, covered with a thin light brown epidermis
between the ribs ; ribs seven or eight and twenty
in number; in the left valve anterior ribs elevately
crenated, in the right valve all crenated, ribs of the
left valve rather broader than those of the right ;

arca of the h-.au, rut rather wide; umbones a little

approximated,
Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ii.
Hab. United States.

The extn posterior ribs of the right, or smaller
valve of this shell arc peculiarly narrower than the rest.

Specie 51. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca crenata. Arca testa subelongato-quadratd, sub-
i . solidiusiulu, ri.r ,i uiiica/ri, lateribus angu-
lato-rotundatis ; albidd, epidermide tenui fused in-
dutd; radiatim costatd, costis septem vel octo et tri-
gin/a, valvarum ambarum omnibus noduloso-crenatis ,
ligamenti ared subangustd, declivi, umbonibus de-
presso-approximatis.
Tim CRl \ vi i n Ark. Shell somew hat elongately square,
sed, rather solid, nearly equivalve,
- ul.ai ly rounded; whitish, covered with a
thin brown epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs seven
or eight and thirty in number, the whole of which
in both valves arc nodulously crenated ; area of the
ligamenl rather narrow, bent inwards, umbones
depn ssly approximated.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This species may be distinguished by its multiplicity
of ribs, coupled with the manner in which the whole of
them in both valves are crenated.

Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca globosa. Area testa globosd, tumidd, subtequivalvi,
lateribus superrie subangulatis, antico breviore ; al-
bidd, epidermide corned fused indutd; radiatim cos-
tatd , costis daabiis vel tribus et triginta, Icevibus, pla-
nulatis , ligamenti ared mediocri, umbonibus /alius-
eulis, subapproximatis.
The globose Ark. Shell globose, swollen, nearly equi-
valve, sides rather angular at the upper part, ante-
rior the shorter ; whitish, covered with a brown
horny epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs two or
three and thirty in number, smooth, flat ; area of
the ligament middling ; umbones rather broad, a
little approximated.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

February 1844.

ARCA.— Plate VIII.

Hub. Catbalonga, Island of Samar, Philippines (found
in coarse sand and gravel at the depth of four fa-
thoms) ; Cuming.
Chiefly characterized by its globular form, and the

smooth horny nature of the epidermis.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca rufescens. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, valde in-
(cquivalvi, lateribus superne leviter angulatis, infrd
rotundatis, postico subelongato-extenso ; albidd, ru-
fescente tinetd, epidermide inter costas partim indutd ;
radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, quadragenis, con-
fertis, Icevibus ; ligamenti area mediocri, umbonibus
subtruncatis.
The red-tinged Ark. Shell elongately ovate, very
inequivalve, sides slightly angulated at the upper
part, rounded beneath, posterior side rather elon-
gately extended ; whitish, tinged with red, par-
tially covered between the ribs with an epidermis ;
radiately ribbed, ribs numerous, forty in number,
close-set ; area of the ligament middling, umbones
somewhat truncated.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This shell is of a more solid structure than the Arca
inaquivalvis ; the ribs are much more numerous and
close-set, and independent of the difference of colour,
there is a truncated peculiarity in the umbones.

Species 54. (Mus. Saul.)

Arca in^quivalvis. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, valde
ituequivaivi, lateribus superne angulatis, infrd rotun-
datis, postico subc.rtcnso ; albidd, virideseente tinetd,
epidermide fused, inter costas setosd, partim indutd ;
radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus et triginta,
lavibus, planulatis ; ligamenti ared subangustd, um-
bonibus paululilm approximatis.

The inequivalve Ark. Shell elongately ovate, very

inequivalve, sides angulated at the upper part,
rounded beneath, posterior side somewhat ex-
tended ; whitish, stained with light green, partially
covered with a brown epidermis, bristly between
the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs two or three and
thirty in number, smooth, flat ; area of the liga-
ment rather narrow, umbones a little approxi-
mated.

Bruguiere, Enc. Meth. vers, vol. i. part i. p. 106.

Hab. ?

The ribs of this species are sculptured, as it were, with

a remarkable degree of sharpness and regularity ; the

umbones are full, and rather inclined to approximate

over the ligamentary area.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca contraria. Arca testd oblique ovatd, solidd,
turgidd, aquivalvi, lateribus rotundatis, postico brevi,
antico elongato-extenso ; albidd, epidermide sericd
fused crassd partim indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis
tricenis, Uevibus ; ligamenti ared latiusculd, declivi ;
umbonibus contrari'e contortis.
The contrary Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, solid,
swollen, equivalve, sides rounded, posterior side
short, anterior elongately extended ; whitish, par-
tially covered with a thick brown silken epidermis ;
radiately ribbed, ribs thirty in number, smooth ;
area of the ligament rather wide, bent inwards ;
umbones curiously contorted in the reverse di-
rection.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This is another contrary or reversed species, and a
very remarkable one, the shell being completely reversed,
whilst the position of the ligamentary area remains the
same. The Area contraria and reversa (PI. I. Sp. 5.)
are the only species of the genus I have as yet seen ex-
hibiting this peculiarity of growth.

90

e

^

ip

.-^fe> "'%

./aw/. PL IX

Snrriv del cl tith

rei .'M Li'n; -.inn

A R ( A.

Species ">G. (Mus. Hanley.)

Arca Indica. Area testd subquadrato-ovatd, tenuiculd,
inaquivalvi, latere untie* bn i issi w, poi

albidd, viridescente linctd, epidermide tenui,

iter costas selosd, indutd; radiatim costatd,

costis duabus vel tribus et triginta, omnibus versus

maryinem sulco divisis, lull ribns umbones versus Sub-

tilissimt crenulatis ; umbonibus approximate; liga-
menti ared nulld.

The Indian Auk. Shell somewhat squarely oval,
rather thin, inequivalve, anterior side very -hurt ,
r a little compressed ; whitish, stained with
green, covered with a thin brown epidermis, bristly
between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs two oi
three and thirty in number, all divided by a groove
towards the margin, very finely crenulal
side towards the umbones ; umbones approximated ;
no ligamentary area.

Gmeli.v, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.),
vol. vi. p. 473.

Hab. ?

This and the Arca brerifrons are the only spi
ribbed Area in which there is no ligamentary area, and
in the Area Indira this condition of the hinge occasions
a very peculiar modification of the teeth. The teeth
posterior to the umbones are very small, and are set in
a fine row as in the hinge of Nucula ; but those anterior
to the umbones are larger, very few in number, and
jumbled together, as it were, in a small rude cluster.
Another peculiar feature in this shell is, that the whole
of the ribs of both valves are divided by a groove towards
the margin.

Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.)
Abca angicostata. Area testd subquadrato-ovatd, sub-
aquivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, infra rotun-
datis, antico brevi ; albidd, fuscescente partim tincld,

epidermide fused, inter costas squamosa, indutd;
radiatim costatd, costis ad triccnas, anticis angustis,
snbdistantibus, leviter crenulatis, jmstieis latiorihus,
expansioribus ; ligamenti ared latiusculd.
The narrow-ribbed Ark. Shell somewhat squarely
oval, nearly equivalve, sides angulated at the upper
part, rounded beneath, anterior side short ; whitish,
partially stained with light brown, covered with a
brownish epidermis that is scaly between the ribs ;
radiately ribbed, ribs about thirty in number, the

anterior narrow, rather distant, and slightly crenu
latcd, the posterior wider and more expanded ; area
of the ligament rather wide.
Reeve, I'm. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ■ ?

There is a very unusual disproportion in the width of
es, the anterior ribs being exceed-
ingly narrow, whilst the posterior are wider and spread
out as it were.

Species -~> s . (Mus. Cuming.)
Abi \ LORICATA. Area testa siibqiiudrutu, gihbosu, late-
ribus superni attenuato-angulatis, antico brevi, ro-
tundato, postico angulato-extenso ; albidd, corio cor-
nea ceeruleo-viridescente loricatd, epidermide tenui,

fused, inter costas squamosa, indutd ; radiatim cantata,

costis septem vel octo et viginti, planiusculis, acutan-
(julis ; umbonibus subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared

leci/i r declivi.
The HAILED Auk. Shell somewhat square, gibbous.

-ides attenuately angled at the upper part, ant( rioi

side short, rounded, posterior angularly extended;
whitish, covered with a strong homy bluish green
cuticle, and a thin brown epidermis that is seal)
between the ribs; radiately ribbed, ribs seven or
eight and twenty in number, rather flat, sharp-
angled; umbones somewdiat approximated; liga-
mentary area slightly bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.

Hab. ?

This shell is covered with a peculiarly strong horny

cuticle, and differs from any previously described species

in the arrangement and formation of the ribs.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca DISPABILIS. Area testd ovatd, tenui, subcampres-
sd, valde incequivalvi, lateribus angulaio-rotundatis,

latere postico subcompresso-expanso ; albidd, corio
cameo tenui in ruleo-viridescente, epidermide Jitscd
indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis sex vel septem et
triginta, p/ouiuscu/is, umbones versus obsolete crenu-
latis ; umbonibus subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared
angustd, declivi.
The unequal Ark. Shell ovate, thin, somewhat com-
pressed, very inequivalve, sides angularly rounded,

March 1S44.

ARC A. —Plate IX.

posterior side rather compressly expanded ; whitish,
covered with a thin, horny, hluish green cuticle and
a brown epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs .six or
seven and thirty in number, rather flat, obsoletely
crenulated towards the umbones ; umbones some-
what approximated ; area of the ligament narrow,
bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1344.

Hub. ?

The nearest approach to the Arca incequivalvis, but a

shell of more compressed growth ; the valves exhibit a

still greater disparity of size, and the ribs are rather

more numerous.

Species 60. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca antiquata. Area testa abbreviato-ovatd, crassd,
valde gibbosd, aqirivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis,
antico brevi, rotundato, postico subangulato-extenso ;
albidd, maeitlis perpaucis sparsis fuscescentibus pos-
tice ornatd, epidermide fused, inter costas setosd, in-
dutd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad tricenas, angustis,
distantibus, acutangularibus, a?iticis prope marginem
sulco divisis, umbones versus noduloso-ereimtis ; liga-
menti area latiusculd.
The ancient Ark. Shell shortly ovate, thick, very
gibbous, equivalve, sides angulated at the upper
part, anterior side short, rounded, posterior some-
what angularly extended ; whitish, ornamented on
the posterior side with a few scattered light brown
spots, covered with a brown epidermis that is
bristly between the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs
about thirty in number, narrow, distant, sharp-
angled, anterior ribs divided by a groove near the
margin, nodulously crenated towards the umbones ;
area of the ligament rather broad.
Linn.eus, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.),
vol. vi. p. 470.

Hob. ?

This shell I take to be the original Area antiquata of
Linnaeus ; and it is essentially distinct from the Arcce
Deshayesii, secticostata, and others which have been con-
founded together under the same common title.

The light brown spots which are scattered about the
posterior side of the Area antiquata are apparently of
insignificant character, but it is important to notice that
out of the sixty-eight species of unattached Area which
have now come under my observation, the Area maculosa
is the only other species in which any trace of them
may be discovered.

rotundato, postico elongato-extenso, subattenuato ;
alba, epidermide fused ho/osericd indutd ; radiatim
costatd, costis niimcrosissimis, tribus vel quatuor et
quadraginta, plants, latiusculis, ereberrimis, ante-
rioribus sulco divisis, subtilissime ereuii/atis ; umbo-
nibus latis, subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared angustd,
declivi.

The close-ribbed Ark. Shell elongately square, equi-
valve, sides angulated at the upper part, anterior
rounded beneath, posterior angularly extended, a
little attenuated ; white, covered with a brown vel-
vety epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs very nume-
rous, three or four and forty in number, flat, rather
broad, very close-set, the more anterior ribs di-
vided by a groove, very finely crenulated; um-
bones broad, rather approximated ; area of the
ligament narrow, bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. ?

The ribs of this species are very characteristic, being

comparatively broad, flat, very close-set, and more in

number than in any other of the genus.

(Mus. Cue

Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca crebkicostata. Arca testa elongato-quadratd,
aquivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, antico infra

Specit

Arca hians. Arca testa elongato-ovatd, cequivalvi, antice
hiante, lateribus rotunda/is, postico attenuato-ex-
tenso ; albidd, fiiset'scciite pallidc timid, epidermide
fused., inter costas squamosa, indutd ; radiatim cos-
tatd, cos/is dualats vel tribus el triijinta, latiusculis,
p/auu/alis, autieis subobsolete erenulatis, sulco latis-
simo divisis ; umbo/iibus subapproi imatis ; ligamenti
ared angustd, profundi declivi.

The gaping Ark. Shell elongately ovate, equivalve,
gaping anteriorly, sides rounded, the posterior at-
tenuately extended ; whitish, palely stained with
light brown, covered with a soft brown epidermis,
scaly between the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs two
or three and thirty in number, rather broad, flat,
the anterior ribs rather obsoletely crenulated, di-
vided by a very broad groove ; umbones somewhat
approximated ; area of the ligament narrow, deeply
bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. ?

The shape of the Arca hians approaches somewhat to
that of the Arca eymbuformis, but the species differ
most essentially from each other on examination. In
the Arca hians the valves are equal, the anterior ribs
are divided by an unusually broad groove, and the shell
gapes at the anterior end to the extent of about three-
sixteenths of an inch, a peculiarity of which I have not
observed the slightest indication in any other species
of this division of the Area:.

-'

Area PI X

W I

ARC A.

Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca Aviculoides. Area testd elongato-oblongd, vix
aquivalvi, lateribus superrie angulatis, auriculatis,
postico pracipu'e, infra rotundutis, latere antico bre-
vissimo, postico elongato ; alba, fuscescente postice
virgatd, epidermide fused, inter castas setosd, indutd;
radiatim costatd, costis septem vet oeto et triginta,
planulatis, confertis, anticis subtilissiiui erenulatis ,-
ligament! area angustd.
The Avicula-like Ark. Shell elongately oblong,
scarcely equivalve, sides angulated at the upper
part, auriculated, the posterior side especially,
rounded beneath, anterior side very short, posterior
elongated ; white, faintly striped on the posterior
side with brown, covered with a soft brown epider-
mis that is bristly between the ribs ; radiately rib-
bed, ribs seven or eight and thirty in number, flat,
close-set, anterior ribs very finely crenulated ; area
of the ligament narrow.

Arca uuriculata, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S33.
Hub. St. Elena, South America (found in a muddy
bottom at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
I am obliged to publish this pretty little species under
a new name, in consequence of the word uuriculata
having been pre-occupied by Lamarck (vide Species 35.
Plate VI.).

Species 64. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca occlusa. Arca testa subquadrata, vutd'e ijibbasd,
ineequivalvi, lateribus superne attenuato-ungulatis ;
alba ; radiatim costatd, costis septem vel oeto et vi-
ginti, subdistantibus, valva dcvtralis Icevibus, sinistra-
lis iiuduliisis ; umbunibus prominentibus, peentiariter
approximate ; ligamenti area subdeclivi.

The closed Ark. Shell nearly square, very gibbous,
inequivalve, sides attenuately angled at the upper
part ; white, radiately ribbed, ribs seven or eight
and twenty in number, rather distant, those of the
right valve smooth, of the left valve nodulous ; um-
bones prominent, peculiarly approximated ; area of
the ligament rather bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

The umbones of this shell

i closely approximated

over the ligamentary area, as to prevent the valves
from opening beyond the extent of about a quarter of
an inch.

Species 6.3. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

Arca ambigua. Arca testa subquadratd, tenuiculd. in-
mquivalvi, lateribus subatteiiuato-angulatis, antico in-
fra rotundato, postico angu/ato ; albidd, epidermide
fused, inter cos/as squamosa, indutd ; radiatim cos-
tatd. costis tribus vel quatuor et triginta, angustis,
rotundutis, anticis subti/issime rutundatis ; ligamenti
area subangustd.

The ambiguous Ark. Shell somewhat square, rather
thin, inequivalve, sides rather attenuately angulated.
anterior rounded beneath, posterior angulated ;
whitish, covered with a brown epidermis, scaly be-
tween the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs three or four
and thirty in number, narrow, rounded, the ante-
rior ribs very finely nodulous ; area of the ligament
rather narrow.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hub. ?

The Arca cistula is the nearest allied species to this.

Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca cepoides. Area testd subquadrato-ovatd, tenui,
ventricosd, in&quivalvi, lateribus angulato-rotundatis ;
albidd, fuscescente pallid e tinctd, corio corneo ceeru-
lescente, epidermide fused, inter castas squamosa, in-
dutd ; radiatim costatd, COStis duabus et triginta, Ice-
vibus, planulatis, costis valval sinist rails sublatioribus ;
umbonibus tumidis ; ligamenti area latiusculd, valdi
declivi.
The onion-like Ark. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
thin, ventricose, inequivalve, sides angularly round-
ed ; white, palely stained with light brown, covered
with a bluish horny cuticle, and a brown epidermis
that is scaly between the ribs; radiately ribbed,
ribs two and thirty in number, smooth, flat, those
of the left valve rather wider than those of the
right ; umbones swollen ; area of the ligament
rather wide, very much bent inwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

AHCA.

X.

Hab. San Miguel, South America (found in sandy mud) ;
Cuming.
This is a fine bold species, but it does not exhibit any
very striking peculiarity of character.

Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca labiosa. Area testa oblique ovatd, compressii, in-
(Equivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, antico infrd,
rotundato, postico obtuso-angulato ; albd, epidermide
corned fuscescente indutd; radiatim costata, costis
numerosis, septem vel octo et triginta, anticis obsolete
rugulosis, costis valvce sinistralis sublatioribus ; li-
gamenti ared angustissimd.
The full-lipped Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, com-
pressed, inequivalve, sides angulated at the upper
part, the anterior rounded beneath, the posterior
obtusely angled ; white, covered with a light brown
epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs numerous, seven
or eight and thirty in number, the anterior ribs ob-
soletely wrinkled, ribs of the left valve rather wider
than those of the right ; area of the ligament very
narrow.
Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Tumbez, coast of Peru (found in soft mud at the
depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
The circumstance of this shell having been known to
Mr. Sowerby only in a very young state will account
for the apparent discordance of our descriptions.

Species 68. (Mus. Hankey.)

Arca Hankeyana. Arca testd oblique ovatd, crassius-
Cli/ei, valdi cjibbosii, tumidii, « ijtiiralvi, lateribus ro-
tundatis, superne attenuatis, latere antico brevissimo,
postico oblique extenso ; albd, epidermide tenui, inter
castas hirsutd, sparsim indutd; radiatim costata,
costis duabus vel tribus et triginta, planulatis, con-
fertis, quadriliratis ; umbonibus parvis, distantibus ;
lirjamenti ared brevi, lata, declivi.
Hankey's Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, rather thick.
very gibbous, swollen, equivalve, sides rounded, at-
tenuated at the upper part, anterior side very short,
posterior obliquely extended ; white, sparingly co-
vered with a slight epidermis that is hairy between
the ribs ; radiately ribbed, ribs two or three and
thirty in number, flat, close-set, composed of four
ridges ; umbones small, distant ; area of the liga-
ment short, wide, and bent inwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Harbour of Mozambique (found in a mass of white
coral on the reefs at low water, spring tide) ; Han-
key.
I close this division of the genus with the new species,
which exhibits a peculiarity in the structure of the ribs
of great novelty and interest, each of them being com-
posed of four distinctly separated ridges.

And I have great pleasure in naming this important
species after the gentleman to whom I am indebted for
it, Lieut. Hankey, R.N., a zealous conchologist, whose
researches on the coast of Africa have greatly contri-
buted to science.

Area. PL M

gA.

;&S*Ss-

■

ARCA,

Plate XI.

Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca zebra. Area tesld ovato-oblongd, tenuiculd, latere
antico brevi, gibbosissimo, tumido, postico elongato,
attenuato-compresso, subtruncato, carina prominente,
obtusd, ab umbone ad marginem decurrente, margine
ventrali hiatu bijssi maxima ; antice alba, postici
fused, strigis fuscis undatis undiqui pictd; parte me-
diand antiedque radiatim striatis, striis elevatis, no-
duloso-crenalis, alternatim majoribus, parte posticd
quadricostatd, costis rudibus, obtusis ; umbonibus sub-
inclinatis ; ligament i area latissimd, concavd ; sulcis
Mgamentariis perpaucis, angustis, in area parte an-
ticd ta/itiim incisis.
The Zebra Ark. Shell ovately oblong, rather thin,
anterior side short, very gibbous, swollen, posterior
elongated, attenuately compressed, slightly trun-
cated, with a prominent blunt keel running down
from the umbone to the margin, ventral margin with
a very large opening for the byssus ; anterior side
white, posterior brown, painted with brown waved
zebra-like streaks ; middle and anterior portions of
the shell radiately striated, striae raised, nodulously
crenated, alternately larger, posterior four-ribbed,
ribs rude, blunt ; umbones bent forwards; area of
the ligament very wide, concave ; ligamentary
grooves narrow, few in number, engraved on the
anterior part of the area only.

Byssoarca zebra, Swainson, Zoological Illustrations.
Hab. Bay of Manila and island of Corregidor, Philippines
(found under stones at low water) ; Cuming.
The byssus of the Arca zebra is of a dark homy lami-
nal structure, and in the specimen here figured is large
enough to cover an area upon the substance to which it
has adhered, of an oval shape about an inch and a half
long by one inch broad. The hinge has a remarkably
slight ligamentary connection.

Species 70. (Mus. Hanley.)

Arca naviculars. Arca testa quadrato-elongatd, in
medio leviter coarctatd, solidiusculd, latere antico ro-
tundato, postico compresso-angulato, truncato, mar-
gine ventrali bysso vix kiante ; albido-luteold, stri-
gis latis perpaucis rubido-brunneis sparsim ornatd ;
radiatim costatd, costis prominent ibus, irrcgularibus,
stibobsolete tuberculosis ; umbonibus remotis ,■ liga-
menti area planulatd, rhombo sulcifero corio corneo
nigricantc-fusco induta.

The ship-like Ark. Shell squarely elongated, slightly
contracted in the middle, rather solid, anterior side
rounded, posterior compressly angulated, truncated,
ventral margin but little gaping ; yellowish white,
sparingly ornamented with a very few faint, broad,
reddish brown streaks ; radiately ribbed, ribs pro-
minent, irregular, rather obsoletely tubercled ; um-
bones remote ; area of the ligament flat, the diamond-

shaped space enclosing the ligamentary grooves

coated with a dark brown horny cuticle.
Bruguiere, Enc. Meth.vers, p. 99.

Arca Noa, var., Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. vii.
pi. 54. f. 533.

Arca retusa ? Lamarck.
Hab. China (attached to stones).

Neither Lamarck nor Deshayes appears to have been
acquainted with this interesting and rare species, though
accurately described by Bruguiere, and as accurately
figured by Chemnitz. It is not the Mediterranean Arca
tetragona of Poli, as those authors supposed, but one
of distinct character, from a very remote locality.

Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca maculata. Arca testa oblique oblongd, subrhom-
boided, gibbosissimo,, lateribus superne angulatis, an-
tico parvo, postico vald'e longiore, carind validd ab
umbone ad marginem decurrente, margine ventrali
bysso paululitm kiante ; albidd, postici fusco pallide
maculata ; superficie tutti laminis Jimbriatis, gradatim
digestis, siibti/issimi- inscu/ptd ; ligament i ared latius-
cu/ii, rhombo sulcifero parvo, antic':: disposito.
The spotted Ark. Shell obliquely oblong, somewhat
diamond-shaped, very gibbous, sides angulated at
the upper part, anterior small, posterior much
longer, with a strong keel running down from the
umbone to the margin, ventral margin but little
gaping; whitish, palely spotted on the posterior
side within the keel with brown ; entire surface very
finely carved with fimbriated lamina?, arranged one
over the other like steps ; area of the ligament
rather wide, the diamond-shaped space enclosing
the ligamentary grooves small, situated anteriorly.
Byssoarca maculata, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.
Hab. Lord Hood's Island, Pacific Ocean (found attached
to large shells) ; Cuming.

The Arca maculata, as Mr. Sowerby notices, is co-
vered with a thin pale-coloured epidermis, which is very
conspicuous on the posterior ridge, where it forms a row
of plumose bristles.

Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca No.e. Arca testa elongato-oblongd, latere antico
brevissimo, subattenuuto-coarctato, postico subcom-
presso-expanso, superne emarginato, carina obtusd
ab umbone ad marginem decurrente, margine ventrali
bysso plus minusve kiante; fused, mediant incarnato-
albd, fusco undatim strigatd ; radiatim costatd, costis
rudibus, irregidaribus, sijuamoso-rugosis, antico-me-
dianis fere obsoletis ; ligamenti area plano-eoncavd.
Noah's Ark. Shell elongately oblong, anterior side
very short, somewhat attenuately contracted, pos-
terior rather compressly expanded, emarginated to-

ARCA.— Plate XI.

wards the upper part, with a blunt keel running
from the umbone to the margin, ventral margin
more or less gaping ; brown, fleshy white about
the middle, painted with waved streaks of brown ;
radiately ribbed, ribs rude, irregular, scaly- wrinkled,
anterior middle ribs nearly obsolete ; area of the
ligament flatly concave.

Linn-eus, Syst. Nat. (Gmelin's edit.), p. 3306, No. 2.

Hab. Mediterranean (attached to stones).

It is scarcely necessary to observe how greatly this

species varies in growth according to its circumstances

of attachment.

Species 73. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca imbricata. Area testd abbreviato-oblonga, latere
antico gibboso, plus minusve tumido,postieo attemtato,
truneatu, carina obtusd ab umbone ad marginem de-
currente, margine ventrali bysso h'tante ; nigricante-
fuscd, antie'e cinereo-caruleo pallide tinctd; parte
mediand antiedque subtilissime radiatim liratis, liris
striis elevatis longitudinalibus imbricato-decussatis,
parte posticd costatd, costis obtusis, subdistantibus ;
umbonibus inclimtto-apprnximatis ; ligamenti area
vald'e concavd, rhombo sidcifero parvo, antice depo-
sit o.
The imbricated Ark. Shell shortly oblong, anterior
side gibbous, more or less swollen, posterior at-
tenuated, truncated, with a blunt keel running from
the umbone to the margin, ventral margin mode-
rately gaping; blackish brown, palely tinged ante-
riorly with ashy blue ; middle and anterior portions
of the shell very finely radiately ridged, ridges im-
bricately crossed with raised longitudinal stria;,
posterior portion ribbed, ribs blunt, rather distant ;
umbones bent over, rather approximated ; area of
the ligament very concave, diamond-shaped space
bearing the hgamentary grooves small, situated at
the anterior end.
Bruguiere (not of Poli), Enc. Meth. (1789) vers, p. 98.
Arcaumb<matal\ Lamarck
Arca ventricosa ? J
Hab. East Indies (found under stones).

This species was described with great minuteness by
Bruguiere in the ' Encyclopedic Methodique,' about two
years before the publication of Poli's beautiful work, in
which the same specific title is employed in reference to
another of the same genus.

Species 74. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca truncata. Arca testii clongato-obiongd, latere
antico brevissimo, postico elongalo, truncate,, carina
obtusd ab vmbone ad marginem decurrente, margine
ventrali bysso hiante ■ cinereo -fused, strigis fuscis
ttiidat is umbones versus pallide tinctd; parte mediand
antiedque subtilissime radiatim liratd, liris striis ele-
vatis longitudinalibus imbricato-decussatis, parte pos-
ticd costatd, costis obtusis, subdistantibus, interstitiis
rugosis ; umbonibus mediocribus ; ligamenti aredpla-

niusculo-concavd,fusco-strigatd ; sulcis Ugamentariis
angustis, perpaucis, in area parte anticd tantum in-
cisis.

The truncated Ark. Shell elongately oblong, anterior
side very short, posterior elongated, truncated, with
a blunt keel running from the umbone to the mar-
gin, ventral margin gaping ; ashy brown, palely
stained towards the umbones with brown waved
streaks ; middle and anterior portions of the shell
finely radiately ridged, imbricately crossed with
raised longitudinal stria?, posterior portion ribbed,
ribs obtuse, rather distant, interstices wrinkled ;
umbones middling ; area of the ligament rather
flatly concave, streaked with brown ; ligamentary
grooves narrow, few in number, engraved on the
anterior part of the area only.
Byssoarca truncata, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands, Pacific Ocean (found attached
to stones) ; Cuming.

An interesting species, partaking of the characters of
Arca zebra and imbricata, having the anterior ligamen-
tary grooves of the former with indications of the same
zebra-like painting, and the imbricated sculpture of the
latter with the same truncated extremity.

Species 75. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca Pacifica. Arca testa trupezio-oblongd, latere an-
tico brevissimo, parvo, superne acuminata, postico
maximo, alato-expanso, emarginato, carind obtusd ab
umbone ad marginem decurrente, margine ventrali
bysso comparat'c paululum hiante; albidd, rubido
tinctd, strigis rubidis latis undique pictd ; radiatim
costatd, costis irregularibus, nodosis, inediis mino-
ribus ; umbonibus remotissimis ,• ligamenti ared latis-
simd, plano-concavd, rhombo sulcifero, maximo, corio
corneo nigricante-fusco induto, sulcis Ugamentariis
latis, subdistantibus.

The Pacific Ark. Shell trapezoidly oblong, anterior
side very short, small, acuminated at the upper part,
posterior very large, expanded like a wing, emar-
ginated, with a blunt keel running from the um-
bone to the margin, ventral margin gaping compa-
ratively but little ; whitish, tinged with red (brick -
red), everywhere painted with broad waved streaks
of the same colour ; radiately ribbed, ribs irregular,
knobbed, middle ribs smaller ; umbones very re-
mote from each other ; area of the ligament very
broad, flatly concave, diamond-shaped space enclo-
sing the ligamentary grooves very large, covered
with a dark brown horny cuticle, grooves broad and
rather distant.
Byssoarca Pacifica, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. St. Elena, South America (found adhering to each
other in bunches attached to rocky ground at the
depth of from six to eighteen fathoms) ; Cuming.
This beautiful species may be recognized by its strong

ribbing, and by the wing-like expansion of the posterior

side.

Area. PI XII

ARC A.

Plate XII.

Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca Lithodomus. Arca testa longissimd, teiiaiet/ld, an-
gustd, cylindraceo-cuneiformi, decussato-striatd, sub-
tilissime et concinrie imbricato-squamed, ut plurimum,
umbon.es versus prcecipue, erosd ; latere antico brevis-
simo, oblique trimcato, carina acu/d setigerd ab urn-
bone ad marginem decurrente ; postico longissimo, ex-
tremitatem versus compresso, rotundato-acuminato,
margine ventruli bysso paululhm hiante ; ligamenti
area angustissimd, profundi dec/ivi, antice obtuso-
angulatd, postice acuminata, corio corneo nigrieante
indutd ; sulcis ligamentariis ad duodecim, obliquis,
subdistantibus.
The Litiiodomcs-like Ark. Shell very long, rather
thin, narrow, cylindrically wedge-shaped, decus-
sately striated, very finely and beautifully imbri-
catcly scaled, but for the most part eroded, especially
towards the umbones ; anterior side very short,
obliquely truncated, with a bristly keel running
from the umbone to the margin; posterior very long,
compressed towards the extremity, rotundately acu-
minated, ventral margin a little gaping ; area of
the ligament very narrow, deeply bent inwards,
anteriorly obtusely angled, posteriorly acuminated,
covered with a black horny cuticle ; ligamentary
grooves about twelve in number, oblique, rather
distant.

Byssoarca Lithodomus, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc,
1S33.
Hub. Monte Christo, West Columbia (found in stones
at low water) ; Cuming.
This extraordinary species of Area most probably be-
comes imbedded in stones and masses of rock by the aid
of some powerful solvent secretion, like the Lithodomi
and other terebrating mollusks.

Species 77. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca obtusa. Area testa oblongd, Modioheformi, la-
teribus obtuso-rotundatis, margine ventrali bysso pau-
lulum hiante; alba, epidermide nigrieante subsquu-
mosd partim indata ; radiatim striata, striis elevatis ;
umbonibus depressiusrulis, approximatis ; ligamenti
area pared, ungustd, profundi declivi.
The obtuse Ark. Shell oblong, Modiola-shaped, sides
obtusely rounded, ventral margin a little gaping;
white, partially covered with a rather scaly blackish
epidermis ; radiately striated, stria? raised ; umbones

rather depressed, approximated ; area of the liga-
ment small, narrow, deeply bent inwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Coast of Japan (under stones) ; Dr. Siebald.

Very like a Modiola in shape, but not the recent ana-
logue of the fossil A. ModioUcformis of Deshayes.

Species 7S. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca illota. Area testa abbreviato-ovatd, ventraliter
compressd, subcuneiformi, lateribus superne vald'e at-
tenuatis, margine ventrali bysso vix hiante ; albidd,
epidermide tenui, peculiariter foliaeed, indutd ; ra-
diatim striatd, striis rudibus, elevatis, striisaliis di-
stantioribus subirregulariter decussatis ,• umbonibus
grandibus, compresso-approximatis ; ligamenti area
angustd, minutd.fer'e occulta.
The unwashed Ark. Shell shortly ovate, ventrally
compressed, somewhat wedge-shaped, sides very
much attenuated at the upper part, ventral mar-
gin scarcely gaping ; whitish, covered with a thin,
peculiarly foliaceous epidermis ; radiately striated,
striae rude, raised, somewhat irregularly crossed by
other more distant strise; umbones large, compressly
approximated ; area of the ligament narrow, very
small, almost concealed.

Byssoarca illota, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.
Hab. Gulf of Nicoiya, Central America (found under
stones) ; Cuming.
This species is of very peculiar shape, and has a cu-
rious light foliaceous epidermis, extending over the ven-
tral margin, like the horny epidermis of the Solemya.

Species 79. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca velata. Area testd ovato-oblonga, curviitsculti,
subcompressd, lateribus superne leviter angulatis, in-
fra rotundatis, latere antico parvo, brevissimo, pos-
tico latiore, margine ventrali bysso hiante ; alba.
epidermide fused, peculiariter squamosd, versus mar-
ginem indutd, squaniis aruminalis ; radiatim strinl.i
striis fortibus, elevatis, nodulosis ; ligamenti area
angustd, declivi ; sulcis ligamentariis numerosis, con-
fertis.
The clothed Ark. Shell ovately oblong, somewhat
compressed, rather curved, sides angulated at the
upper part, rounded beneath, anterior side small,
very short, posterior much wider, ventral margin
gaping ; white, covered towards the margin with a

March 1844.

ARCA.— Plate XII.

peculiarly scaled epidermis, scales acuminated ; ra-
diately striated, stria? strong, raised, nodulous ;
area of the ligament narrow, bent inwards ; liga-
mentary grooves numerous, close-set.
Byssoarca velata, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S33.

Hab. Lord Hood's and Chain Islands, Pacific Ocean
(found attached to shells) ; Cuming.
The epidermis of this shell lies at the posterior end

in thick-set, brittle, horny plates.

Species 80. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca obliquata. Area testd subcuneiformi, cvrvd,
medio coaretatd, lateribus rotundatis, latere a?itico
parvo, brevissimo, postico latiore, suboblique expanso,
margine ventrali bysso vix hiante ; albidd, viri-
descente tinctd, epidermide fused acuminato-squamosd
versus marginem indutd ; radiatim striatd, striis
elevatis, 7iumerosis, confertis ; umbonibus approxi-
matis ; ligamenti area angustd.

The crooked Ark. Shell somewhat wedge-shaped,
curved, contracted in the middle, sides rounded,
anterior side small, very short, posterior much
wider, rather obliquely expanded, ventral margin
scarcely, if at all, gaping ; white, stained with
green, covered towards the margin with a brown
acuminately scaled epidermis ; radiately striated,
striae raised, numerous, close-set ; umbones ap-
proximated ; area of the ligament narrow.

Gray, Wood, Ind. Test. Supp., pi. 2. f. 4. Hanley,
Species of Shells, p. 158.

Hab. Calbayog, island of Samar, Philippines (found un-
der stones at low water) ; Cuming.
The outline of this shell approaches very nearly to

that of a figure in the ' Encyclopedie Methodique,' to

which Lamarck refers for the Arca Magellanica of

Chemnitz.

Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca decussata. Area testd ov at o- oblong d, lateribus
supenie subangulatis, infra angulato-rotundatis, latere
antico brevissimo, postie'e latiore, subexpanso, mar-
gine ventrali bysso paululum hiante ; a/bd, fus-
cescente pallidissime tinctd, epidermide fused squa-
moso-setosd versus marginem indutd ; decussatim

striatd, striis radiantibus elevatioribus; umbonibus ap-
proximatis ; ligamenti area angustissimd, declivi, fere
occulta.

The decussated Ark. Shell ovately oblong, sides
rather anfi'ulated at the upper part, angularly
rounded beneath, anterior side very short, posterior
wider, rather expanded, ventral margin a little
gaping; white, very palely stained with light brown,
covered towards the margin with a scaly bristly epi-
dermis; decussately striated, radiated stria? the more
raised ; umbones approximated ; area of the liga-
ment very narrow, bent inwards, almost concealed.
Byssoarca decussata, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc,
1833.

Hab. Lord Hood's and Chain Islands, Pacific Ocean; and
Philippine Islands (attached to shells) ; Cuming.

A delicately sculptured shell, in which the epidermis
rises from between the striae in scaly bristles.

Species 82. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca fusca. Arca testd ovato-oblongd, lateribus rotun-
datis, latere antico brevi, postico subelongato, mar-
gine ventrali bysso paululum hiante ; rubido-fuscd,
ad umbones albiradiatd. epidermide subtilissime se-
tosd sparsim indutd; striis exi/ibus, elevatis, confertis,
decussald ; umbonibus approximates; ligamenti ared
angustissimd, profund'e declivi.

The brown Ark. Shell ovately oblong, sides rounded,
anterior side short, posterior rather elongated, ven-
tral margin a little gaping ; reddish brown, rayed
with white at the umbones, sparingly covered with
a very fine bristly epidermis ; decussated with deli-
cate, close-set, raised stria? ; umbones approxi-
mated ; area of the ligament very narrow, deeply
bent inwards.

Bruguiere, Enc. Meth. vers, p. 102.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 466.

Amygdalum frixum sive tostum, Chemnitz.
Arca barbata, var., Gmelin.

Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines (found under stones
at low) water, ; Cuming.
This species may easily be distinguished from the

Arca barbata by the white rays which characterize the

umbones.

Area,, PI MI.

4

ARC A.

Plate XIII.

Species 83. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca barbata. Area testd oblongo- vel elongato-ovatd,
subcompressd, lateribus rotundatis, latere antico valde
breviore, margine ventrali bysso paululum hiante ;
fuscescente, rubido-fusco plus minusve tinctd et varie-
gatd, epidermide setosd indutd ; radial im striata,
striis elevatis, granulosis, subirregularibus ; umbo-
nibus compresso-approximatis ; ligament i area an-
gustd, profundi- declivi.
The bearded Ark. Shell oblong or elongately ovate,
a little compressed, sides rounded, anterior side
much the shorter, ventral margin a little gaping ;
light brown, more or less variegated and stained
with dark reddish brown, covered with a bristly epi-
dermis ; radiately striated, striae raised, granulous,
rather irregular; umbones compressly approximated;
area of the ligament narrow, deeply bent inwards.
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (Gmelin's edit.), p. 330G.
Hab. Mediterranean and other seas of Europe.

This ancient and well-known species varies consider-
ably in shape according to its situations of attachment ;
it differs from the preceding species in not having the
white umbonal rays.

Species 84. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca angulata. Arca testa rhomboided, plano.com-
pressd, lateribus acutangulis, antico acuminato, pos-
tico ared latiusculd formante, ared superne serratd,
costatd, costis nigris, crenulatis, margine ventrali
bysso latissime hiante ; fused, epidermide cristatd ad
extremitatem posticam indutd; umbonibus parvis,
remotissimis, plerumque decorticutis ,■ ligament i area
maxima, plana, umbones versus inclinatd, lineis fuscis
obliquis paralle/is undique pictd ; rhombo ligamen-
tario grandi, corio fusco induto, antice adjecto, sulcis
nunc plurimis, mine perpaucis.
The angulated Ark. Shell diamond-shaped, flatly
compressed, sides sharply angled, anterior side
acuminated, posterior forming a rather wide area,
area serrated along the upper edge, ribbed, ribs
black, crenulated, ventral margin very widely
gaping for the passage of the byssus ; brown, co-
vered at the posterior end with a thick laminated
tuft of epidermis ; umbones small, very remote,
generally decorticated ; area of the ligament very
wide, flat, inclined towards the umbones, every-
where painted with oblique brown parallel lines ;
ligamentary space large, covered with' a brown cu-
ticle, situated on the anterior portion of the area,
grooves sometimes many in number, sometimes
very few.
King, Zool. Journal, vol. v. p. 336.

Hab. Cumberland Bay, Juan Fernandez (found attached

to a branch of coral at the depth of eighty fathoms) ;

King.

The ligamentary area of this extraordinary species is

composed of two inclined planes gently descending on

each side from their line of union in the centre, and it

constitutes at least two-thirds of the entire shell, which.

(as Captain King significantly expresses it) has very

much the appearance of a flat Indian canoe.

Species 85. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca mutabilis. Arca testd oblongd, lateribus inferne
angulatis, antico breviore, infra rotundato, postico
longiusculo, angulato, carind ah umbone ad marginem
decurrente, margine ventrali bysso hiante; pallid'e
fused, epidermide lamellatd prope marginem indutd ;
radiatim striatd, striis elevatis, fori iter granulosis,
ared posticd nigricostatd ; umbonibus subapproxi-
matis ; ligament i ared latiusculd, concavd, sulcis liga-
mentariis perpaucis, anticis.
The changeable Ark. Shell oblong, sides angulated
at the lower part, anterior side the shorter, rounded
beneath, posterior rather long, angulated, with a
keel running down from the umbone to the margin,
ventral margin gaping for the passage of the byssus ;
pale brown, covered near the margin with a lamel-
lated epidermis ; radiately striated, striae raised,
strongly granulated, posterior area ornamented with
black ribs ; umbones somewhat approximated ;
area of the ligament rather broad, concave, liga-
mentary grooves very few in number, anterior.
Byssoarca mutabilis, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.
Hab. Isle of Plata, West Columbia (found under stones) :
Cuming.
The dark ribs on the posterior area of this shell con-
stitute one of its most prominent specific features.

Species 86. (Mus. Stainforth.)
a tortuosa. Area testd elongato-tortuosd, paral-
lelopipedd formante, ina>quivalvi, latere antico su-
perne acuminato, infra rotundato, postico angulato,
latissime alato-e.rpanso, oblique carinato, carind ser-
ratii, ab umbone ad marginem decurrente ; alba, car-
neo-fuscescente pallide tinctd ; radiatim striatd, striis
elevatis, area valva sinistralis subobsolelis ; umboni-
bus minut is, approximatis ; ligamenti area longissimd,
ungustissimti, declivi.

; twisted Ark. Shell elongately twisted, forming
a parallelopiped, inequivalve, anterior side acumi-
nated at the upper part, rounded beneath, posterior
angulated, very widely wing-likeexpanded, obliquely

April 1844.

ARCA.— Plate XIII.

keeled, keel serrated, running down from the um-
bone to the margin ; white, faintly stained with
pinkish brown ; radiately striated, striae raised,
those of the area of the left valve nearly obsolete ;
umbones minute, approximated ; area of the liga-
ment very long, very narrow, bent inwards.
Linnjsus, Syst. Nat. (Gmelin's edit.), p. 3305.
Hab. Singapore and Malacca (found in coarse sand and
gravel at the depth of from seven to ten fathoms) ;
Cuming.
This shell cannot fail to be recognised by the extra-
ordinary manner in which it is twisted on its cardinal

Species 87. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca cuneata. Area teste! elongato-oblongd, lateribus
superne angulatis, ant'tco brevi, rotundato, postico
elongato, angulato, carina ab umbone ad marginem de-
eurrente, margine ventrali bysso hiante; pal tide fused,
epidermide molli lamellatd indutd; radiatim striatd,
striis 1 1 /<rat is, further granulosis, ared postico. subin-
distinet'e nigricostatd ; umbonibus subapproximatis,
ligamenti ared latiusculd, concavd, sulcis ligamenta-
riis anticis postieisque, subdistantibus.

The wedge-like Ark. Shell elongately oblong, sides
angulated at the upper part, anterior side short,
rounded, posterior elongated, angulated, with a keel
running down from the umbone to the margin,
ventral margin gaping for the passage of the byssus ;
pale brown, covered with a soft thickly laminated
epidermis ; radiately striated, striae raised, strongly
granulated, posterior area rather indistinctly marked
with blackish ribs ; umbones somewhat approxi-
mated ; area of the ligament rather broad, concave,
ligamentary grooves both anterior and posterior to
the umbones, rather distant from each other.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. Zanzibar (found under stones at low water) ; Thorn.

The sculpture of this species corresponds precisely
to that of the Arca mutabilis ; the form of the shell is
more depressly elongated, the anterior side is shorter,
and there are ligamentary grooves on the posterior part
of the cardinal area as well as on the anterior.

Species 88. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca alternata. Ai-ea testd oblongd, subcylindraced,
medio coarctatd, antice valde attenuatd, lateribus
superni obtuso-angulatis, latere an/ico parvo, brevis-
simo, postico elongalo, costis duabus validie ab um-
bone ad marginem decurrentibus, margine ventrali
bysso paululiim hiante; luteo-fuscescente, epidermide
peculiuriter crislutd, sparsim indutd; radiatim costa-
td, costis mediants planiuseulis, Icevibus, creberrimis.

sulco medio divisis, costis anticis postieisque validis,
crenulatis et striatis, interstitiis profundi sulcatis ;
umbonibus subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared postice
lanceolato-acuminatd.
The interlocking Ark. Shell oblong, somewhat cy-
lindrical, contracted in the middle, very much at-
tenuated at the anterior end, sides obtusely angled
at the upper part, anterior side small, very short,
posterior elongated, with two strong ribs running
down from the umbone to the margin, ventral mar-
gin a little gaping for the passage of the byssus ;
yellowish brown, sparingly covered with a pecu-
liarly tufted epidermis; radiately ribbed, middle
ribs flat, smooth, very close-set, divided down the
centre by a groove, anterior and posterior ribs very
strong, crenulated and striated, interstices deeply
grooved ; umbones somewhat approximated ; area
of the ligament posteriorly lanceolately acuminated.
Byssoarca alternata, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.
Hab. West Columbia (found attached to stones, on a
rocky bottom, at the depth of twelve fathoms) ;
Cuming.
This is altogether a very curious and interesting
species ; the ribs at each end of the shell have a remark-
ably characteristic appearance, and the epidermis, which
is disposed in minute isolated tufts, is of quite a novel
structure.

Species 89. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca semitorta. Area testd elliptico-oblongd, semi-
tortd, intequivalvi, lateribus rotundatis, antico valde
breviore ; albidd, fuscescente pa/lidissimi tinctd, epi-
dermide crassd molli indutd ; radiatim striata, striis
elevatis, striis longitudinalibus minutis, subtilissime
cancellatis ; umbonibus approximates, depresso-ineur-
vis ; ligamenti ared elongatd, angustissimd, declivi .■
intus croceo pal/id'e tinctd.
The half-twisted Ark. Shell elliptically oblong,
half- twisted, inequivalve, sides rounded, anterior
side much the shorter ; whitish, very faintly stained
with light brown, covered with a thick soft epi-
dermis ; radiately striated, striae raised, very finely
cancellated with longitudinal striae ; umbones ap-
proximated, depressly incurved ; area of the liga-
ment long, very narrow, bent inwards ; interior
faintly stained with yellow.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.

p. 460.
Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in
sandy mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
This is a shell of much more solid growth than the
Arca tortuosa ; it turns upon its cardinal axis in the
same direction as that species, but (as its name signifi-
cantly implies) it is twisted to only one half the extent,

Ana, PI XIV

ARC A.

Species 90. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca Helblixgii. Arca testa ovatd, p/ns minusve com-
pressd, latcribus rotundatis, postico superne obliqul
anyalato, antieo obtuse angulato, margine ventrali
bysso subirregulariter hiante ; albd, epidermide squa-
mosa versus marginem indutd ; radiatim striata,
striis elevatis, granulosis, alternis minor ibus, striis I
posticis dup/ieatis ; umboiiibus parvis ; ligamenti area
subangustd, profundi declivi.

Helblixg's Ark. Shell ovate, more or less flatly com-
pressed, sides rounded, posterior obliquely angu-
lated at the upper part, anterior obtusely angulated,
ventral margin rather irregularly gaping for the I
passage of the byssus ; white, covered towards the
margin with a scaly epidermis ; radiately striated,
stria; raised, granulated, alternate striae smaller,
posterior striae double ; umbones small ; area of the
ligament rather narrow, deeply bent inwards.

Bruguiere, Enc. Meth. vers, vol. i. p. 99.
Arca Candida Helblingii, Chemnitz.

Halt. St. Elena and Monte Christi, West Columbia, and
island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found under |
stones at low water) ; Cuming.
This species was dedicated by Chemnitz to Professor

Helbling, a celebrated naturalist of the last century

living at Mantua.

A delicate light brown shell, beautifully striated, with
soft scattered epidermis.

Species 91. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca texella. Arca testd subcylindraceo-oblongd, Mo-
diolaformi, tenui, subpellucidd, lateribus obtuso-ro-
tundatis, margine ventrali vix hiante ; pallide fits-
cescente, epidermide molli leviter indutd; radiatim
siibtilissim'e striatii, striis granulosis ; umboiiibus ob-
tusis, antice incurvis ; ligamenti area antice latiusculd,
postie'e laneeolato-aeuminatd.

The delicate Ark. Shell somewhat cylindrically ob-
long, Modiola-shaped, thin, rather transparent,
sides obtusely rounded, ventral margin very slightly
gaping for the passage of the byssus ; pale light
brown, slightly covered with a soft epidermis ; very
finely radiately striated, striae granulous ; umbones
obtuse, incurved anteriorly ; area of the ligament
rather broad at the anterior end, lanceolately acu-
minated posteriorly.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.

Species 92. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca gradata. Arca testd oblongd, latere antieo rotun-
dato, postico angulato, margine ventrali vix hiante .
albii/d, epidermide nulla : radiatim costata, costis an-
gustis, numerosis, creberrimis, fortibus, noduloso-
granu/atis, granulis prominentibus, gradibus concen-
tricis descendentibiis formantibus, costis posticis ver-
sus marginem duplicatis ; umboiiibus subapproximatis;
ligamenti area antice latiusculd, postie'e laneeolato-
aeuminatd.
Thestep-builtArk. Shell oblong, anterior side rounded,
posterior angulated, ventral margin scarcely gaping;
whitish, no epidermis ; radiately ribbed, ribs narrow,
numerous, close-set, strong, nodulously granulated,
granules prominent, forming descending concentric
steps, posterior ribs double towards the margin ;
umbones somewhat approximated ; area of the
ligament rather wide at the anterior end, lanceo-
lately acuminated at the posterior.
Broderip axd Sowerby, Zool. Journal, vol. iv. p. 365.
Hub. St. Elena, West Columbia (found attached to
stones) ; Cuming.
The sculpture of this shell stands out in such promi-
nent relief, that it has the appearance of Chinese carving.

Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca lacerata. Arca testa subtjuadrato-ob/ongd, plant-
usculo-compressd, antice breri, postie'e alato-expansd,
lateribus obtuso-rotunda/is, margine ventrali bysso vijr
hiante; rubido -fused ; epidermide fused squamosd,
setariimqiie seriebus radiantibus, posterioribus forti.
oribus, indutd; radiatim striatd, striis leviter elevatis,
granulosis ; umboiiibus subappro.iimatis, antice ad-
jectis ; ligamenti ared angustd, declivi.
The ragged Ark. Shell somewhat squarely oblong,
rather flatly compressed, short anteriorly, wing-
like expanded posteriorly, sides obtusely rounded,
ventral margin but slightly gaping for the passage
of the byssus ; reddish brown ; covered with a scaly
epidermis and a number of radiating rows of
bristles, the posterior of which are the strongest ;
radiately striated, striae slightly raised, granulated ;

April 1844.

ARCA.— Plate XIV.

umbones rather approximated, situated anteriorly ;

area of the ligament narrow, bent inwards.
Linnaeus, Mus. Tessinianum, p. 116. pi. 16. f. 1.
Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines (found under stones

at low water) ; Cuming.

This shell may be known by the radiating rows of
scales and bristles of the epidermis, which are remark-
ably strongly developed on the posterior side. The
teeth in this species are not set in a straight line, but
describe a curve indicating an approach to the hinge of
Pectunculus.

Species 94. (Mus. Cuming.)

A rca setigera. Arca testd subquadrato-oblongd, late-
ribus rotundatis, postico latiore, margine ventrali
bysso vix hiante ; rubido-fascd, epidermide fused seti-
gera indutd ; radiatim subtilissimi striata, s/riis ele-
vatis, granulosis; umbonibi/s suhupprojrimatis, antice
adjectis ; ligament! area angustd, declivi.

The bristly Ark. Shell rather squarely oblong, sides
rounded, posterior wider, ventral margin gaping
for the passage of the byssus ; reddish brown, co-
vered with a brown bristly epidermis ; very finely
radiately striated, striae raised, granulous ; umbones
rather approximated, situated anteriorly ; area of
the ligament narrow, bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Zanzibar (found under stones at low water) ; I
Thorn.

This species approaches very closely to the preceding ; !

it appears, however, to be of an uniform smaller size, the '

posterior side is less expanded, and the bristles are set ]
in single rows.

Species 95. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca lurida. Area testd oblique oblongd, latere antico
atte/iuato-rotundato, postico oblique truncato. margine
ventrali bysso hiante ; fused, rufeseente tinetd, epider-
mide fused, sparsim setosd, indutd ; radiatim striatd,
striis granulosis ; umbonibus subapproximatis ; liga-
menti area angustd.

The lurid Ark. Shell obliquely oblong, anterior side
attenuately rounded, posterior obliquely truncated,
ventral margin gaping for the passage of the byssus ;
brown, stained with light red, covered with a
brown sparingly bristled epidermis ; radiately
striated, stria; granulous ; umbones somewhat ap-
proximated ; area of the ligament narrow.
Byssoarca lurida, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (found attached to
stones in rocky ground at the depth of twelve fa-
thoms) ; Cuming.

The Area lurida may be distinguished from the Arca
setigera by its more oblique form, whilst it is of a more
reddish stained brown colour and has fewer radiating
rows of bristles.

Species 96. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca nivea. Arca testd subquadrato-oblongd, gibbosd,
lateribus superrie attenuatis, antico rotundato, postico
obtuso-angulato, margine ventrali bysso hiante ; nived,
radiatim striatd, striis elevatis, prominentibus, epi-
dermide crassd squamosd versus marginem indutd ;
umbonibus majuscutis, anticis ; ligamenti ared latius-
culd, profundi declivi.

The snow-white Ark. Shell somewhat squarely ob-
long, gibbous, side attenuated towards the upper
part, anterior rounded, posterior obtusely angulated,
ventral margin gaping for the passage of the bys-
sus ; snow-white, radiately striated, stria; raised,
prominent, covered towards the margin with a thick
scaly epidermis ; umbones rather large, anterior ;
area of the ligament rather broad, deeply bent in-
wards.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. vii. pi. 54. f. 538.
Arca ovata, Gmelin, Lamarck.

Hab. Zanzibar.

This is not a local variety of the Arca Helblingii, as
M. Deshayes has been inclined to suppose; the um-
bones in that species are much more central and the
valves more flatly compressed.

Jrca.niT

<e

ARC A,

Species 97. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca vibescens. Arca testd elongatd, lateribus rotun-

datis, pos/ico leviter angulato, antico subattenuato ;
viridescente, epidermide tenui, ad aream posticam se-
tosd, indutd'; striis elevatis radiatd ; Ugamenti ared
angustissimd, urnbonibus approximatis.

The verdant Ark. Shell elongated, sides rounded,
posterior side slightly angulated ; greenish, covered
with a thin epidermis, bristly upon the posterior
area ; radiated with elevated striae ; area of the liga-
ment very narrow, umbones approximated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1*44.

Hnb. Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines (found
under stones at low water) ; Cuming.
A delicate greenish species, in which the epidermis

lies on the posterior area in rows of fine bristles.

Species 98. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Metcalfe.)
Arca Britannica. Arca testii oblique trapeziformi, la-
teribus superne angulatis, latere antico brevissimo,
attcuiiato, postico oblique tingiilitto. infer tie acuminata,
carina prominente ab umbone ad marginem decur-
rente ; fuscescente ; striis longitudinalibus et trans-
versa decussatd ; Ugamenti area latiusculd, urnbo-
nibus incurvatis.
The British Ark. Shell obliquely trapeziform, sides
angulated at the upper part, anterior very short,
attenuated, posterior obliquely angulated, acumi-
nated at the lower part, with a prominent keel
running from the umbone to the acumination ; light
brown ; decussated with transverse and longitudi-
nal stria? ; area of the ligament rather broad, um-
bones curved inwards.
Arca tetragona, Auct. Brit.
Hab. Britain (coast of Devonshire, &c).

I introduce this species of Arca with a new name, in
order to distinguish it from the Mediterranean Area
tetragona, with which it appears to have been con-
founded.

Species 99. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca fasciata. Arca testd oblongd, tenui, compressd,
lateribus rotundatis, superne attenuatis; albidd,fas-

eiis cinereo-purpurasci'iitibus indistinct is concent r in
tinctii ; epidermide tenui, postice setosd, indutd ; ru-
diatim striatd, striis elevatis, irregularibus, striis

transrersis sitbti/issimis finibriato-deeussatis ; Uga-
menti area angustd, profundi deelici ; intus purpn-
raseente.

The banded Ark. Shell oblong, thin, compressed,
sides rounded, attenuated towards the upper part ;
whitish, concentrically stained with indistinct bands
of ashy purple, covered with a thin epidermis,
bristly at the posterior end ; radiately striated,
stria* raised, irregular, fimbriately crossed by very
fine transverse stria; ; area of the ligament narrow,
deeply bent inwards ; interior stained with purple.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This is a remarkably flattened shell, banded and

stained with reddish and ashy purple both inside and

outside.

Species 100. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Arca tetragona. Area testd elongato-quadratd, late-
ribus superne angulatis, latere antico infra rotundato,
pos/ico acute ancjulato, eariud acuta ah umbone ad
marginem decurrente ; albidd, rubido fuscescenU
tinctii ; radialim striatd, striis e/eeatis, subtilissim't
crenulatis, rubido-fuscescentibus ; urnbonibus leviter
incurvatis ; Ugamenti area lata, rubido-fusco obliqut
lineatd.

The quadrangular Ark. Shell clongately square,
sides angulated at the upper part, anterior side
rounded beneath, posterior sharply angulated, with
a sharp keel running down from the umbone to the
margin ; whitish, stained with reddish brown ; ra-
diately striated, striae raised, very finely crenulated.
reddish brown; unibones slightly incurved ; area of
the ligament broad, obliquely lineated with reddish
brown.

Poli, Testacea, vol. ii. pi. 25. f. 12 and 13.

Hab. Mediterranean.

The British species, which I have distinguished bv

the title of Area Britannica, has been hitherto confounded

with the Area tetragona of the Mediterranean ; it differs.

however, materially by its peculiarly oblique trapeziform

growth.

May 1S44.

ARCA.— Plate XV.

Species 101. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca lima. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, lateribus superni
angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico angulato-
rolundato, subejetenso ; fuscescente, fusco tinctd, pos-
tice fusco maculatd, epidermide tenui subtilissimi
setosd indutd, radiatim liratd, liris angustis, nume-
rosis, confertis, granosis, perpaucis mediants dupli-
catis; lateraliter costatd, costis rudibus, subdistan-
tibus, crenato-nodosis ; ligamenti ared angustd.
The file Ark, Shell elongately ovate, sides angu-
lated at the upper part, anterior rounded beneath,
posterior angularly rounded, somewhat extended ;
light brown, stained with brown, spotted with
brown, posteriorly covered with a thin, very fine
bristly epidermis ; radiately ridged, ridges narrow,
numerous, close-set, granulated, a few ribs towards
the middle duplicate, ribbed laterally, ribs rude,
rather distant, crenately knobbed; area of the
ligament narrow.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hub. Islands of Burias and Corrigidor, Philippines
(found under stones at low water) ; Cuming.
The sculpture of this shell is very similar to that of
the Arca bvllata ; it is, however, of much finer character,
although the shell is more elongated and altogether
larger.

Species 102. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca ocellata. Arca testa elonguto -quadrata, lateri-
bus superni angulatis, latere antico brevissimo, infra
rotundato, postico elongato, infra acuminato, margine
venirali bysso latissimi hiante ; albidd, epidermide
tenui, subsetosd, indutd ; radiatim striata, striis sub-
tilissime crenulatis; umbonibus remotis; ligamenti ared
latissimd, rhombo ligamentario peculiariter ocellato.
The eyed Ark. Shell elongately square, sides angu-
lated at the upper part, anterior side very short,
rounded beneath, posterior elongated, acuminated
beneath, ventral margin very widely gaping for the

passage of the byssus ; whitish, covered with a thin,
rather bristly epidermis ; radiately striated, stria?
very finely crenulated ; umbones remote ; area of
the ligament very wide, diamond-shaped, ligamen-
tary space ocellated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.

Hab. Singapore (found in sandy mud at the depth of
seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

This interesting little species exhibits a character
which unfortunately is not very correctly represented in
the accompanying figure. The dark ligamentary space
between the umbones is marked with a pair of oblique
white oval spots, one on each valve.

Species 103. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca trapezina. Arca testd oblique ovatd, subtrapezi-
formi, depressiusculd, lateribus superni angulatis,
antico infra rotundato, postico angulato-rotundato ;
albidd, fuscescente tinctd, epidermide fused, postice
setosd, indutd ; radiatim liratd, liris granosis ; um-
bonibus antici udjectis ■, ligamenti area angustd.

The trapeziform Ark. Shell obliquely ovate, some-
what trapeziform, rather depressed, sides angulated
at the upper part, anterior side rounded beneath,
posterior angularly rounded ; whitish, stained with
light brown, covered with a brown, posteriorly
bristled epidermis ; radiately ridged, ridges grained;
umbones situated anteriorly ; area of the ligament
narrow.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 467.

Hab. Batangus, island of Luzon (found under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.

This is not a variety of the Arca Helblingii, as M.
Deshayes has been inclined to suppose ; the umbones
are situated more anteriorly, and there is a difference in
the style and pattern of the sculpture.

trea H XJ7.

f -tm^'

ARC A.

XVI.

Species

Af

104. (Mus. Hankey.)
Donaciformis. Arca testd sub-Donaciformi, medio

leviter coarclatd, latere antico brevissimo, truncato,
postico elongato, subacuminato ; albidd, epidermide
viz nulla, striis transversis et longitudinalibus ele-

vulis fimlirinto-decussatd ; ligament! area antie'e la-
tinsi-ulii, postice acuminata; lir/ameuto brevi, ad pos-
ticam area partem solum adjunclo.

The Donax-shaped Ark. Shell somewhat Donax-
shaped, slightly contracted in the middle, anterior
side very short, truncated, posterior elongated,
rather acuminated ; whitish, with scarcely any epi-
dermis, fimbriately decussated with raised trans-
verse and longitudinal stria; ; area of the ligament
rather broad anteriorly, acuminated posteriorly ;
ligament short, situated at the posterior portion of
the area only.

Reeve, Pro. Zoo!. Soc, 1844.

Hob. Mozambique Channel (found imbedded in madre-
pore) ; Hankey.
The ligament and ligamentary area of this species

present exactly the same peculiar structure as those of

the Area pusilla (PL XVIII.); the shell is, however,

altogether larger, more acuminated posteriorly, and the

sculpture is of a smaller pattern.

Species 10.3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca TENEBRICA. Area testa oblonejo-ovatd, later/bus
angulato-rotundatis ; fused, epidermide tenui indutd;
rai/iatim striata, striis eleeatis, numerosis, confertis;
umbonibus albidis, approximatis, antice adjectis ; liga-
menti area angustd, postice lanceolato-acuminatd.

The dark Ark. Shell oblong-ovate, sides angularly
rounded ; brown, covered with a thin epidermis ;
radiately striated, stria; raised, numerous, close-
set ; umbones white, approximated, situated an-
teriorly ; area of the ligament narrow, lanceolately
acuminated posteriorly.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Basey, island of Samar, Philippines (found under
stones at low water) ; Cuming.

The umbones in this species are very anteriorly situ-
ated.

Species 106. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca solida. Arca testa' ovato-quadrntd, sulidijuilaterali,
rrassii, soli/hi, gibbosissimd, lateribus rotunda/is,
postico obtuse angulato, obsolete carinato • albidd,

epidermide vix nulld ; radiatim striata, striis elevatis,
striis longitudinalibus minutis subindistincfe et irre-

fjtilurilcr caneellatis ; umbonibus centratibus : liga-
ment i area elanrjatd , subdeetiri ; ligament o rhomboideo,
central!.
The solid Ark. Shell ovately square, nearly equila-
teral, thick, solid, very gibbous, sides rounded, the
posterior obtusely anguhited, obsolete]}' keeled ;
whitish, with scarcely any epidermis; radiately
striated, stria 1 elevated, rather indistinctly and irre-
gularly cancellated with minute longitudinal stria- ;
umbones central , area of the ligament elongated,
somewhat bent inwards; ligament diamond-shaped,
central.

Byssoarca solida, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Payta, coast of Peru (found under stones) ; Cu-
ming.
This species may be recognised by its extremely gib-
bous growth.

Species 1(17. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca bullata. Arca testa ovato-quadratd, planiusculo-
compressd, lateribus superne angulatis, antico infra
rotundato, postico angulato-extenso ; fuscescente, epi-
dermide tenui, subsetosd, setis in liris longitudinalibus
adjectis, indutd ■ radiatim eastatd, costis nodosis, costis
lateralibus grandi/ais, distaiitibus, crenato-nodosis ,
ligament i area angustd, elongatd, declivi.
The studded Ark. Shell ovately square, rather flatly
compressed, sides angulated at the upper part, an-
terior rounded beneath, posterior angularly ex-
tended ; light brown, covered with a thin, rather
bristly epidermis, bristles lying in longitudinal
ridges ; radiately ribbed, ribs nodulous, side ribs
large, distant, crenately noduled ; area of the liga-
ment narrow, elongated, bent inwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1*44.

Hab. ?

The nodules of the radiating ribs are arranged in
longitudinal rows with so much regularity, that the
shell has all the appearance of being cancellated, the
effect of which is increased by the bristles of the epi-
dermis being deposited only between the nodules.

Species 108. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca divaricata. Arca testa ovato-ublongd, latere

antico superne subangulato, postico rotundato, sub-

concavo-compresso, carind ab umbone ad marginem

deeur rente ; albd, epidermide v'uc nulld ; longitudi-

May 1844.

ARCA.— Plate XVI.

naliter fimbriato-costatd, interstitiis prof uncle sulcatis,
liris elevatis august is decussatis ; costis carinam super
fimbriato-spinosis, ad aream posticam concavam diva-
Heat im radiatis ; ligamenti area angustd, postice
lanceolate!.
The divaricated Auk. Shell ovately oblong, anterior
side rather angulated at the upper part, posterior
rounded, somewhat concavely compressed, with a
keel running down from the umbone to the margin ;
white, with scarcely any epidermis ; longitudinally
rimbriately ribbed, interstices deeply grooved,
crossed with narrow raised ridges ; ribs fimbriately
spinous on passing over the keel, divaricately rayed
across the concave posterior area ; area of the liga-
ment narrow, lanceolated posteriorly.
Byssoarca divaricata, Sowerby.
Hah. Island of Annaa (Chain Island), Pacific Ocean
(found attached to stones) ; Cuming.
This very pretty species is most characteristically di-
stinguished by the divaricated course of the ribs over the
posterior area.

Species 109. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca volucris. Area testd subquadratd, gibbosd, navi-
cular!, lateribus superne angulatis, antico infra ro-
tundato, postico angulalo, carind acuta ab umbone ad
marginem decurrente ; albidd, fusco sparsim tinctd ;
striis elevatis longitudinalibus et transversis decus-
satd, ared posticali costatd, costis latiusculis, cre-
natis; umbonibus mucronatis, incurvatis; ligamenti
ared latissimd, nigra unimaeu/atd.

The flying-bird Ark. Shell somewhat square, gib-
bous, boat-shaped, sides angulated at the upper
part, anterior rounded beneath, posterior angulated,
with a sharp keel running down from the umbone
to the margin ; whitish, sparingly tinged with
brown ; decussated with transverse and longitudi-
nal raised stria? ; posterior area ribbed, ribs rather
broad, crenated ; umboues pointed, curved inwards ;
area of the ligament very broad, marked with a
dark blotch.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.

This species belongs to that division of the genus of
which the Arca Noee is the type, and is nearest allied to
the Area imbricata.

Species 110. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca ccelata. Arca testd ovato-quadratd, subcompressd,
latere antico brevissimo, rotundato, postico angulato,
margine ventrali bgsso hiante ; albii ; radial im ens-
lata, cos/is /iris angustis elevatis elegant, r clathratis,
interstitiis profundi excavatis, costis mediants dupli-
eatis, lateralibus confertim nodulosis ,■ umbonibus
antice adject is ; ligamenti an a angustd, profundi de-
clivi.

The embossed Ark. Shell ovately quadrate, rather
compressed, anterior side very short, rounded, pos-
terior angulated, ventral margin gaping for the
passage of the byssus ; white ; radiately ribbed,
ribs elegantly latticed with narrow raised ridges,
interstices deeply excavated, middle ribs duplicate,
side ribs closely noduled ; umbones situated ante-
riorly ; area of the ligament narrow, bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab ?

The sculpture of this shell is of the most exquisite
description, and reminds one forcibly of the delicate em-
bossed carving of the Chinese.

Species 111. (Mus. Cu

Arca cometa. Arca testd elongatd, latere antico bre-
vissimo, attenuate rotundato, postico longissimo,
plano-angulato ; albidd ; radiatim striata, striis ele-
vatis, postieis latioribus, prominentibus, distantioribus,
subsquamosis ; umbonibus antice adjectis ; ligamenti
area angustd.

The comet Ark. Shell elongated, anterior side very
short, attenuated, rounded, posterior very long,
flatly angulated ; whitish ; radiately striated, striae
raised, posterior stria? wider, prominent, more di-
stant, a little scaly ; umbones situated anteriorly ;
area of the ligament narrow.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Sorsogon, island of Luzon, Philippines; Cuming.

The posterior stria? acquire almost the importance
of ribs.

For Species 112 (Area pusilla), see Plate XVIII., the
shell here figured being merely a somewhat distorted
specimen of the Arca divaricata.

Species 113. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca olivacea. Arca testa ovato-quadratd, tenuiculd,
subaquilaterali, lateribus rotundatis ; albidd, epider-
mide nlieaeeo -fused tenui earned indutii ; subtilissime
radiatim striata, striis numerosis, cunfertis ; liga-
menti area mediocri, umbonibus subcentralibus.
The olive-coloured Ark. Shell ovately square, rather
thin, nearly equilateral, sides rounded; whitish.
covered with a thin, horny, olive-brown epidermis;
very finely radiately striated, stria numerous, close-
set ; area of the ligament middling, umbones
nearly central.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu (found in sandy mud
at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.
This shell is not much unlike the Arca luetea in ge-
neral appearance ; it will be found, however, on exami-
nation to be a much thinner and more delicate shell,
whilst the umbones are sharper and more closely ap-
proximated,

/zm nxm.

&

A R C A.

(Figures moderately magnified.)

Species 112. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca minuta. Arca testd orbiculari-ovatd, subepqui-

valvi, lateribus superni angulatis, infra rotundatis ;

albid/i, subpellucidd, epidermide tenui molli indutd ;

radiatim striata ; ligamenti area latiusculd, ligamento

parvo, centrali.
The minute Ark. Shell orbicularly ovate, nearly equi-

valve, sides angular, rounded beneath ; whitish,

somewhat transparent, covered with a thin soft

epidermis ; radiately striated ; area of the ligament

rather wide, ligament small, central.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Philippine Islands (found in coarse sand at the

depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
A very minute species, which cannot be referred to
any hitherto described.

Species 1 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca navicella. Area testa quadrato-elongatd, sub-
compressd, lateribus superne angulatis, antico infra ro-
tundata, postico anguhtto, carina ab umbone ad mur-
ginem deeurrente ; radiatim striatd ; albidd, fuseo
postice sparsim strigatd ; ligamenti ared elongatd.

The little ship Ark. Shell squarely elongated, some-
what compressed, sides angulated at the upper part,
anterior rounded beneath, posterior angulated, with
a keel running from the umbone to the margin ;
radiately striated ; whitish, sparingly streaked at
the posterior end with brown ; area of the ligament
elongated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Calipan, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found in

coarse sand at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

This is a little species of the Arca Noce or naviform

group. _____

Species 115. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca lateralis. Arca testa oblique trapeziformi, late-
ribus superne angulatis, antico brevissimo, postico
latissimo, oblique expanse ; radiatim costatd, costis
numerosis, angustis, crenatis, epidermide subpilosd
indutd ; ligamenti ared parvd.

The one-sideh Ark. Shell obliquely trapeziform, side*
angulated at the upper part, anterior very short,
posterior very wide, obliquely expanded ; radiately
ribbed, ribs numerous, narrow, crenated, covered
with a somewhat hairy epidermis ; area of the liga-
ment small.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The peculiarly oblique growth of this species renders
it extremely interesting. The posterior side of the
shell is radiated with lines of fine dark hair rising from
between the crenulations of about every third rib.

Species 116. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

Arca lactea. Arca testd subquadrato-ovali, lateribus su-
perne angulatis, antico infra obtuso-rotundato, postico
angulato-rotundato ; albidd, epidermide fuscescente
indutd; radiatim striata, striis e/eeatis, subtilissime
crenulatis.

The milk-white Ark. Shell somewhat squarely oval,
sides angulated at the upper part, anterior obtuse-
ly rounded beneath, posterior angularly rounded ;
whitish, covered with a light brown epidermis ;
radiately striated, stria; raised, very finely crenu-
lated.

Linn_tjs, Syst. Nat., p. 1141.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 4G7.

Arca modiolus, Poli.
Arca Quoyi and Gaimardi ? Payrandeau.

Hab. Mediten

This species appears to have been described originally
from some specimens that had become bleached on the
shore, as it is not particularly white.

Species 117. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca symmetrica. Arca testa subquadratd, gibbosd,
lateribus superne acute angulatis, antico infra rotun-
dato, postico angulato ; viridescente; striis longitudi-
nalibus et radiantibus crenulato-decussatd ; ligamenti
area latiusculd, Ugamenlo parvo, centrali.

ARCA.— Plate XVII.

The symmetrical Ark. Shell somewhat square, gib-
bous, sides sharply angulated at the upper part,
anterior rounded beneath, posterior angulated ;
greenish ; crenulately decussated with longitudinal
and radiating striae ; area of the ligament rather
broad, ligament small, central.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Philippine Islands, bay of Manila ; Singapore (found
under stones at low water) ; Cuming.
The ligament of this species occupies only a very

small diamond-shaped space between the umbones.

Species 118. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca scuxr-TiLis. Area tesld oblongo-quadratd, lateribus
superne angulatis, infra obtuso-rotundatis ; idbd ;
striis longitudinalibus et radiantibus elevatis subtilis-
sime clathratd ; ligamenti area latiusculd.

The finely-carved Ark. Shell oblong-square, sides
angulated at the upper part, obtusely rounded be-
neath ; white, very finely latticed with raised lon-
gitudinal and radiating striae ; area of the ligament
rather wide.

Reeve, Pro. Soc. Zool., 1844.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found in
sandy mud at the depth of seventeen fathoms) ;
Cuming.
The engraved sculpture of this shell is of a more

prominent character than that of the preceding species.

Species 119. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca parva. Arca testd elongato-oblongd, lateribus ro-
tundatis, antico brevissimo, pulcherrime decussato-
striatd, striis radiantibus elevatis, confertis, subtilis-
sime squamosis; rubido-castaned ; ligamenti area
subangustd, antice adjectd.
The small Ark. Shell elongately oblong, sides rounded,
anterior very short, very beautifully decussately
striated, radiating striae raised, close-set, very finely
scaled ; reddish chestnut ; area of the ligament ra-
ther narrow, situated anteriorly.
Byssoarca parva, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1833.
Hab. Ducie's island, Pacific Ocean (found in coral rock,
and attached to shells) ; Cuming.
A very delicate neatly sculptured shell.

fuscescente, epidermide molli indutd ; radiatim sub-
tUissime striatd ; ligamenti area latiusculd, liga-
mento parvo, centrali.
The Zebu Ark. Shell somewhat square, gibbous,
sides angulated at the upper part, obliquely rounded
beneath ; light brown, covered with a soft epider-
mis ; very finely radiately striated ; area of the liga-
ment rather broad, ligament small, central.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.
The ligament, as in the Area symmetrica, occupies
merely a small diamond-shaped space between the um-
bones.

Species 121. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arca striata. Area testd subquadrato-oblongd, lateribus
obtuse rotundatis ; fuscescente, epidermide molli in-
dutd ; radiatim striata, striis elevatis, confertis, pos-
ticis distautioribus ; ligamenti ared latiusculd, de~
clivi.

The striated Ark. Shell somewhat squarely oblong,
sides obtusely rounded ; light brown, covered with
a soft epidermis ; radiately striated, striae raised,
close-set, posterior striae more distant ; area of the
ligament rather wide, bent inwards.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

This shell approaches very nearly to the Arca lactea,

but it is yet distinct ; the posterior side is longer, it is a

more compressed shell, and the posterior striae are more

widely spread.

Species 120. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca Zebuensis. Arca testd subquadratd, gibbosd, la-
teribus superne angulatis, infra oblique rotundatis ,

Species 1 22. (Mus. Cuming.)
Arca pulchella. Area testd ovatd, gibbosd, lateribus
superne attenuatis, antico brevissimo ; albd ; laminis
longitudinalibus prominent ibus , pulcherrime ftmbriatis ,
ornatd; ligamenti ared antice latiusculd ; umbonibus
anticis.
The pretty Ark. Shell ovate, gibbous, sides at-
tenuated at the upper part, anterior very short ;
white; ornamented with very' beautifully fimbriated,
prominent, longitudinal laminae ; area of the liga-
ment rather wide anteriorly ; umbones anterior. '
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Algeria.

This species is well distinguished from any yet de-
scribed by the very beautifully fimbriated longitudinal
laminae.

ARC A.

[Temporary Index.']

alternata, Reeve XIII.

ambigua, Reeve X.

Americana, Gray IV.

angicostata, Reeve IX.

angulata, King XIII.

anomala, Reeve II.

autiquata, Linnteus IX.

auriculata, Lamarck VI.

auriculata, Sowcrby X.

Aviculoides, Reeve X.

barbata, Linn&us XIII.

Brasiliana, Lamarck III.

brevifrons, Sowerby I.

Britannica, Reeve XV.

bullata, Reeve XVI.

Cardiiformis, Sowcrby HI-

caelata, Reeve XVI.

cepoides, Reeve X.

chalcanthum, Reeve VII.

cistula, Reeve V.

clatbrata. Reeve VII.

cometa, Reeve XVI.

compacta, Reeve V.

concirma, Sowcrby VI.

contraria, Reeve VIII.

cornea, Reeve III.

crebricostata, Reeve. IX.

cunealis, Reeve XIII.

cuneata, Reeve VI.

crenata, Reeve VIII.

cymbaeformis, Reeve V.

decussata, Reeve XII.

Deshayesii, Hanley VII.

disparilis, Reeve IX.

divaricata, Reeve XVI.

Donaciformis, Reeve XVI.

emarginata, Sowerby IV.

fasciata, Reeve XV.

ferruginea, Reeve VI.

formosa, Sowerby II.

fusca, Bruguiere XII.

Gambiensis, Reeve VI.

gibbosa, Reeve IV.

globosa, Reeve VIII.

gradata, Broderip XIV.

21

57
84
9
60
35
63
63
S3
17
6
98

107
17

110
66
43
•29
4S

111

61
87
37
51
31
81
47
59
108
104
26
99
39
10
82
36
20

Plate

grandis, Broderip I.

granosa, Linneus III.

gubernaculum, Reeve III.

Haukeyana, Reeve X.

Helblingii, Bruguiere XIV.

hians, Reeve IX.

boloserica, Reeve II.

illota, Reeve XII.

imbricata, Bruguiere XI.

inrequivalvis, Bruguiere VIII.

incongrua, Say ... VIII.

Indica, Gmelin IX.

inflata, Reeve V.

Japouica, Reeve V.

labiata, Sowerby I.

labiosa, Sowerby X.

lacerata, Linnaeus XIV.

lactea, Linnaus XVII.

lateralis, Reeve XVII.

lima, Reeve XV.

Lithodomus, Reeve XII.

loricata, Reeve IX.

lurida, Reeve XIV.

Luzonica, Reeve VII.

maculata, Reeve XI.

maculosa, Reeve IV.

minuta, Reeve XVII.

multicostata, Sowerby IV.

mutabilis, Reeve XIII.

myristica, Reeve VII.

navicella, Reeve XVII.

naviculars, Bruguiere XI.

nivea, Chemnitz XIV.

Noae, Linnxeus XI .

nux, Sowerby I.

obesa, Sowerby I.

obliqua, Reeve VI.

obliquata, Gray XII.

obtusa, Reeve XII.

occlusa, Reeve X.

ocellata, Reeve XV.

olivacea, Reeve XVI.

ovata, Reeve VIII.

Pacitica, Reeve XI.

parva, Reeve XVII.

67
93
116
115
101
7 6
58
95
44
71
24
112
23
85
42
114
70
96
72

3

41
80
77
64
102
113
49
75
119

ARCA.

Plate Species

pertusa, Reeve V. 28

pexata, Say IV. 22

pilula, Reeve II. 8

pulchella, Reeve XVII. 122

quadrilatera, Sowerby I. 2

radiata, Reeve VI. 40

reversa, Gray I. 5

rhombea, Born II. 12

rotundicostata, Reeve VII. 46

rufescens, Reeve VIII. 53

scapha, Chemnitz IV. 25

sculptilis, Reeve XVII . 118

secticostata, Reeve VI. 38

semitorta, Lamarck ... XIII. 89

senilis, Linnceus VII. 45

setigera, Reeve XIV. 94

solids., Reeve XVI. 106

striata, Reeve XVII. 121

symmetrica, Reeve XVII. 117

tenebrica, Reeve XVI. 105

tenella, Reeve XIV. 91

tetragona, Poll XV. 100

tortuosa, Linnmus XIII. S6

transversa, Say II. 13

trapezia, Des/iayes (lobata, Ileeve) III. 19

trapezina, Lamarck XV. 103

truncata, Reeve XI. 74

tuberculosa, Sowerby III. 18

vmbonata ? Lamarck XI. 73

velata, Reeve XII. 79

vellicata, Reeve V. 33

ventricosa, Lamarck XI. 73

virescens, Reeve XV. 97

volucris, Reeve XVI. 109

zebra, Reeve XI. 69

Zebuensis, Reeve XVII. 120

Species 19. — Instead o/Arca lobata, Reeve, read Area trapezia, Deshayes, Magasin de Zoologie.
Species 87. — Instead of Area cuneata read Area cunealis.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GEMS

TRITON

" ITudcrstitm] the ^imc
Of fish, witliin their watry residence,

Nol hit In; r -iiiiinuini.J, shut thc\ c;uin-ii rhiin^i
Their element to draw the thinner tar"— Milton.

Triton, Ml

TRITON.

Genus Triton, De Montford.

Testa ovata, vel oblonga, vel elongata, irregulariter vari-
cosa, varicibus interdum decern out duodecim, raris-
simi pluribus, interdum perpaucis, subsolitariis, in-
terdum nullis ; spird prominuld, plus minusve elato.
acuminata ; anfractibus siepissime irregulariter con-
volutis, vari'e costatis, costis nunc lavibus, nunc no-
dulosis, nunc tuberculatis ; columelld plerumque pli-
cato-rugosd, labro intiis denticulato, sap'e crenato ;
canali variabili, interdum brerissimo, interdum elon-
gata, plus minusve ascendente. Operculum corneum.

Shell ovate, oblong, or elongated, irregularly varicose,
varices sometimes ten or twelve in number, very
rarely more, sometimes very few, remote from each
other, sometimes none ; spire prominent, more or
less elevately acuminated ; whorls for the most
part irregularly convoluted, variously ribbed, ribs
either smooth, nodulous, or tuberculated ; colu-
mella generally plicately wrinkled ; lip denticulated
within, often crenated ; canal extremely variable,
sometimes very short, sometimes very long, more
or less turned upwards. Operculum horny.

The genus Triton includes a large portion of that ex-
tensive and beautiful series of varicose Canalifera which
are systematically divided according to the number and
general arrangement of the varices. The Murices are
those which present the greatest number of varices ;
the Ranel/a those which deposit a varix at every half
volution, one under the other on each side of the shell ;
and the Tritons are those in which the periodical deve-
lopment of a varix occurs less than twice on a whorl, or
but seldom ; so that the genus under consideration in-
cludes not only species with one varix on each whorl,
but species which have a varix on the last whorl only.
Some species are found occasionally without a varix at
all, the Triton clandestine for example, but this is
merely a fortuitous variation of growth. To be a Triton,
the species must have the property of depositing a varix,
though it may not always be exercised.

Such is the arrangement of the varix-depositing Ca-
nalifera in popular use ; the beautiful chain of affinity,
however, which exists between the Triton with one
varix, and the Murex with many, passing through seve-
ral well-defined groups, has induced various suggestions
of amendment. De Montford and Schumacher propose,
on the one hand, that each particular group of Tritons
should rank as a genus (Persona, Aquillus, Lotoria, Ra-
nularia, Lampusia, ex. gr.), whilst Pfeiffer, on the other

hand, unites the Tritons and the Ranellee in one and the
same genus. To those who would acquire notoriety
by the creation of genera, the Tritons offer peculiar
temptation ; it should be remembered, however, that the
ends of classification may be fully carried out by means
of concise sectional subdivision : the changes introduced
by those authors cannot be maintained without sub-
verting the names in general use, (destroying, as it were,
the medium of circulation,) and I therefore adopt the
genus Triton of Lamarck and Deshayes without altera-
tion even in the title.

Several modern authors, chiefly continental, amongst
whom may be mentioned Quoy and Gaimard, Gray,
Philippi, Menke, Pfeiffer and Anton, have adopted C'u-
vier's title of Trilonium in reference to this genus, be-
cause of its priority over Lamarck's name on the one
hand, and on account of the pre-application of the word
Triton on the other.

The word Triton is, however, by far the more gene-
rally received title of the genus under consideration, and
I think the following statement will serve to establish the
propriety of maintaining it.

Tritonium should be abandoned for two reasons :
first, because it was used towards the latter part of the
eighteenth century, both by Mviller in his ' Zoologia?
Danicae Prodromus,' and by Fabricius in his ' Fauna
Grcenlandica,' in reference to a miscellaneous group of
shells, not one of which belongs to the genus Tritonium
of Cuvier (Triton, Lamarck) : they were principally
Fusi and Buccina, and amongst others included the Fusus
antiquus, Fusus despee/us, Buccinum undatum, Buciinum
glaciale, Purpura lapillus, &c. ; and secondly, the word
Tritonia (differing only in termination) was applied by
Cuvier to a genus of naked nudibranchiate Gastropods,
and is still universally acknowledged by malacologists.

Triton may be very properly used : because, although
Linnaeus applied it to a Lepas, which he thought to be
new as having no shell, it had been used in error, as the
following note by Cuvier himself from the latest edition
of the ' Regne Animal ' ( 1S30) will testify :— " Linnaeus
supposant qu'il existe aussi de ces cirrhopodes sans co-
quilles, leur donnait alors le nom de Triton ; mais l'exis-
tence de ces Tritons dans la nature ne s'est pas confirmee,
et Ton doit croire que Linnaeus n'avait vu qu'un animal
d'Anatife arrache de sa coquille." I must admit, how-
ever, that it was extremely injudicious, to say the least of
it, on the part of Lamarck to select a name which had
been introduced, though erroneously, by Linnaeus in
another part of the system.

TRITON.— Plate I.

The Tritons are shells of much more solid structure
than the Murices or Raiiella, and of much more simple
growth. They are not furnished with any spines, nor
have they any ramified branches like the Murices ; the
rude manner in which the whorls are convoluted seems
rather to indicate that their animal inhabitant, though
possessing abundant power of calcification, is of some-
what sluggish growth. The epidermis of the Tritons is
often remarkably thick, hairy and bristly, and is some-
times accompanied with small tufts of bristles. Another
curious peculiarity in these shells is the structure of the
apex : it appears in numerous instances to be formed of
horny substance, thinly plated with shelly matter, and it
is not an uncommon thing to find examples in which the
calcareous plating is broken off so as to expose the
horny cast underneath. The columella of the Tritons is
generally covered with a bright coat of wrinkled enamel,
and the outer lip becomes thickened in a manner ex-
ceedingly curious ; upon arriving at maturity the lip
curls under so as to form a deep broad channel or gutter,
and this is then filled up to form the thickened lip. The
varices are all constructed in the same manner, each
forming for a time the margin of the aperture ; they are
destined, it is conjectured, to protect the lip during a
season of rest, and it would be extremely interesting if
it could be discovered what length of time ordinarily
elapses between the formation or deposit of the varix,
and the renewal of the operation of growth.

The Tritons appear to be widely distributed over the
globe : of from eighty to a hundred species now before me,
the chief portion are from the Molucca, Philippine and
Pacific Islands ; some few are from the western coast of
America, some from China, several from New Holland,
Ceylon, and Mozambique ; and there are also one or two
from the Mediterranean, the Cape of Good Hope, the
West Indies, and the United States.

The illustration of this beautiful genus has been sin-
gularly neglected by naturalists, and affords me the op-
portunity of contributing figures of a large number of
species that have been only known hitherto to their pos-
sessors. " Kiener," as M. Deshayes says, "contents
himself with publishing thirty-two species :" in addition
to these, I have (as Sowerby made no selection of Tritons
in his ' Conchological Illustrations') the sixteen species
described in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,'
about thirty new ones, the produce chiefly of Mr. Cu-
ming's researches amongst the Philippine Islands, and
several recently described by Mr. Hinds from the col-
lection of Captain Belcher of H.M.S. " Sulphur."

Species 1. (Fig. a, Mus. Cuming.)
htok tuherosus. Tril . tesld e/ongalo-ovatd , variables
senis rotundis ; spird acuminatd ,- anfractibus superne
leviter depressis, transversim costatis, costis tuber-
culato-nodosis, varices super vald'c prominentibus, in-
terstitiis tuberosissimis ; cinered ant nigricante-fuscd,
albizonatd, varicibus albis ; columella nitidi encaus-

ticd, albd, subobsolete rugosd, callositate pared su-
perne armatd ; aperturd ovatd, fame rubido plus mi-
nusve tinctd, labro intus nodoso-denlicu/ato ; canali
breviusculo, ascendente.
The quilted Triton. Shell elongately ovate, with
six round varices ; spire acuminated; whorls slightly
depressed at the upper part, transversely ribbed,
ribs tubercularly knobbed, very prominent over the
varices, interstices full of irregularly-sized oblong
bumps ; ash-colour or blackish brown, zoned with
white, varices white ; columella brightly enamelled,
white, rather obsoletely wrinkled, armed at the
upper part with a small callosity ; aperture ovate,
interior more or less stained with red, lip nodulously
denticulated ; canal rather short, turned upwards.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 635.

Variety ft. (Fig. b, Mus. Cuming.)
Testa omiiinb alba.
Shell entirely white.

Hub. Island of Annaa (Chain Island), Pacific Ocean
(found on the reefs) ; Cuming.
The title of " quilted" which I have applied to this
well-known species is suggested by the small oblong
tuberosities with which its entire surface is covered.
The dark red painting in the mouth is also a very cha-
racteristic feature.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton subdistortus. Trit. testa ovato-conicd, vari-
cibus septem depressiusculis ; spird acuminatd ; an-
fractibus ventricosis, liris nodulosis irregularibus nn-
dique linctis, superne leviter angulatis, tuberculorum
serie unicd ad unguium armatis ; albidd, rufescente-
fusco varil tinctd, anfractu ultimo subobsolete albi-
baltealo ; columelld medio hevigatd, aperturte fauce
albd, labro tenuiculo ; canali brevi.
The somewhat-distorted Triton. Shell ovately co-
nical, with seven rather depressed varices ; spire
acuminated ; whorls ventricose, everywhere encir-
cled with irregular noduled ridges, slightly angu-
lated at the upper part, armed at the angle with
a row of tubercles ; whitish, variously stained
with light reddish brown, last whorl encircled
with a faint white belt ; columella smooth in the
middle, interior of the aperture white, lip rather
thin ; canal short.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. G38. '
Hub. Port Adelaide and King George's Sound, New
Holland.
This species presents somewhat the form of the large
trumpet-shaped Tritons, and the varices have the same
flattened character. The nodules which ornament the
transverse ridges are very irregular both in size and di-
stance from each other.

Tntm. PI 11

o-'fiffl

5a

;■,

,

ty-: »

TRITON.

[i.

Species 3. (Fig. 3 b, Mus. Cuming.)

Triton variegatus. Trit. testa elongato-conicd, tuba-
formi, infernl ventricosd ; varicibus tredecim aut
quatuordecim, /ilaniusen/is : sjiird elatd, prope apicem
subtilissimi nodulosd ; anfractibus irregulariter con-
volutis, transversim obtuso-costatis, liris quaternis vel
quints crenato-crispis juxta suturam cingulatis ; al-
bidii aut pallide luteold, purpureo-rubro spadiceoque
lautl variegatd et tessellatd ; columelld nigricante-
purpured, mgis plurimis lacteis encausticis ornatd,
rugd superd maximd, plicaformi ; apertura fauce
rufescente ; labro denticulate, intus interdum albo bi-
dentato ; canali brevissimo, subrecurvo.

The variegated Triton. Shell elongately conical,
trumpet-shaped, ventricose at the lower part ; va-
rices thirteen or fourteen in number, rather flat ;
spire elevated, very finely noduled near the apex ;
whorls irregularly convoluted, transversely obtusely
ribbed, encircled next the suture with four or five
crenately crisped or beaded ridges ; whitish or pale
yellow, gaudily variegated and tessellated with
purple-red and bay colour ; columella blackish
purple, ornamented with numerous cream-coloured
enamelled wrinkles, the uppermost wrinkle being
very large and plait-like ; interior of the aperture
reddish; lip denticulated, sometimes double-toothed
on the inner edge with white ; canal very short,
somewhat recurved.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. b'23. Encyclopedie Methodique, pi. 421. f. 2,
a and b.

Buccinium variegatum, Fabius Columna.
Murex Tritonis, Linnaeus.
Lampusia Tritonis, Schumacher.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

Variety /3. (Plate I. Fig. 3 a, Mus. Cuming.)
Testa brevior, anfractibus superne obtuso-angulatis, no-

dnlis prope apicem fere oiiso/etis.
Shell shorter, whorls obtusely angled round the upper

part, nodules near the apex almost obsolete.
De Blainville, Malacologie, pi. IS. f. 3 and 3 a.
Hab. West Indies.

Two very distinct varieties of this ancient species ap-
pear to have been figured by authors without particular

discrimination ; and it is important to notice that one is
from the eastern, the other from the western hemisphere.
The former, Fig. 3 b, is the more elongated and grace-
fully convoluted shell, and attains rather the larger size;
the latter, Fig. 3 a, Plate I., forms a peculiar angle or
hump round the upper part of the whorls, and the spire
is smoother towards the apex.

Species 4. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Thiton lineatus. Trit. testa nvato-fttsifurmi, varicibus
quinque, crassis.prominentibus, subcompressis ; sjiird
mediocri ; anfractibus inferne attenuatis, subirregula-
riter coiwo/utis, superne retuso-angulatis, nodosis,
nodis qrandibus, laiii/itialiiniliter undato-plicatis ; spa-
diceo-fiavd, lineis derails castaneo-fiiseis, alternatim
minoribus, undiquefuniculatd,lineis interstitiisque cre-
nulatis; columella rugosd, callositate superne armatd,
apertures fauce atro-purpured, labro i/itiis irregula-
riter albidenticulato ; canali breviusculo.
The lineated Triton. Shell ovately fusiform, with
five thick, prominent, rather compressed varices ;
spire middling ; whorls attenuated at the lower
part, rather irregularly convoluted, bluntly angled
at the upper part, knobbed, knobs large and longi-
tudinally plicated in a waved manner ; yellowish
bay-colour, everywhere corded with raised chestnut
brown lines, the alternate of which are smaller, lines
as well as the interstices between them crenulated;
columella wrinkled, armed at the upper part with
a callosity ; columella and interior of the aperture
blackish purple, lip irregularly denticidated within,
denticulations white ; canal rather short.
Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S33.

Hab. Galapagos Islands, Pacific Ocean (found in coral
sand at the depth of about six fathoms) ; Cuming.
Mr. Cuming may be justly proud of this remarkable
species of Triton ; it is of a yellowish bay-colour, every-
where encircled with finely crenulated chestnut-brown
cords, which mount with exceeding regularity over the
varices ; the columella and interior of the aperture are
lined with dark blackish purple, and form a striking
contrast with the wrinkles and denticulated sculpture
around them, which are of pure white.

March 1S44.

TRITON.— Plate II.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton gallinago. Trit. testa abbreviato-c/avteformi,
varicibus duobus, rotundis, solidis ; spird brevius-
culd, acuminata; anfractibus superne angulatis, tu-
berculorum serie unicd ad unguium armatis, tuberculis
peculiariter plano-vellicatis, acutis, anfractds ultimi
valde irregu/aribus ; anfractibus infra costatis, costis
crenulatis, sub tuberculis flexuos'c nodulosis, costarum
interslitiis elevato-striatis ; albd, varicibus aurantio-
fusco vivid'e tinctis ; columella rugoso-plicatd, aper-
ture fauce albd, labro int us fort iter denticulato ; ca-
nali subelongato, ascendente.
The woodcock Triton. Shell abbreviately club-shaped,
with two round solid varices ; spire rather short,
acuminated ; whorls angulated at the upper part,
armed at the angle with a row of sharp, peculiarly
flatly-pinched tubercles, tubercles of the last whorl
very irregular ; whorls ribbed beneath, ribs crenu-
lated, flexuosely noduled under the tubercles, in-
terstices between the ribs sculptured with raised
striae ; white, varices stained with bright orange-
brown ; columella rugosely plaited, interior of the
aperture white, lip strongly denticulated within ;
canal rather long, turned upwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao,

Philippines (found in sandy mud at the depth of

twenty fathoms) ; Cuming.

The ribs of this delicate species are noduled, and more

strongly developed on the varices than on the body of

the shell ; and the central dorsal tubercle of the last

whorl is unusually prominent, with all the appearance of

a double tubercle. The canal is much shorter than that

of most of the club-shaped Tritons, and is particularly

curved or bent upwards.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton fusiformis. Trit. testd abbreviatofusiformi,
so/idd, varicibus octo ; spird acuminatd, apice acuto ;
anfractibus irregulariter convolutis, superne suban-
gulatis, transversim striatis, striis granulis obtusis
oblongis alternatim tessellatis, interslitiis subtilissime
crispis, anfractuum medio tuberculorum serie obliqud
armato, tuberculis grandibus, prominentibus ; fulvo-
spadiced, striis transversis vuricibus super solidis
fuscescentibus, deinde fuscescente spadiceoque articu-
latis; columella Icevi, callositate parvd superne ar-
matd ; aperturd rotundd, fauce lacteci, labro intus
leviter denticulato ; canali breviusculo, recurvo.
The fusiform Triton. Shell abbreviately fusiform,
solid, with eight varices ; spire acuminated, apex
sharp ; whorls irregularly convoluted, rather angu-
lar at the upper part, transversely striated, striae
alternately tessellated with blunt oblong granules,
interstices between the striae very finely crisped,
middle of the whorls armed with an oblique or
slanting row of large prominent tubercles ; yel-
lowish bay-colour, transverse striae light brown
upon the solid varices, then articulated with light
brown and bay ; columella smooth, armed at the
upper part with a small callosity ; aperture round,
interior milk-white, lip slightly denticulated within ;
canal rather short, curved backwards.
Kiener, Iconographie Coq. viv., p. 36. pi. 5. f. 2.

Hal. ?

The entire surface of this interesting solid tubercled
shell is tessellated with minute oblong granules upon
raised transverse striae, the interstices between which
are most delicately crisped ; and about every tenth stria
is broader and more strongly articulated with colour
than the rest.

TriKm hill

TRITON.

Plate III.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton clavator. Trit. testd clavaformi, epidermide
temii rugulosd indutd ; varicibus duobus, subrotundis ;
spird breviuseuld ; anfractibus superne angulatis, in-
fra rotundatis, transversim costatis, costis crenatis,
superioribus tuberculatis, tubercu/is compressis, seta-
rum eristd ornatis, longitudinaliter flexuose digestis,
in/erne evanidis, costarum inlerstitiis striatis, striis
elevatis, plus minusve interruptis ; albidd, varicibus
fuscescente partim tinctis ; columella rugosd, labro
intus rugoso-denticulato, utroque vivide luteo-coc-
cineo ; canali longissimo, subcontorto.

The club Triton. Shell club-shaped, covered with a
thin wrinkled epidermis ; varices two in number,
round ; spire rather short ; whorls angulated at
the upper part, rounded beneath, transversely
ribbed; ribs crenated, upper ribs tuberculated, tu-
bercles compressed, ornamented with a tuft of
bristles, arranged longitudinally in a flexuous di-
rection, disappearing interiorly, interstices between
the ribs striated, striae raised, more or less inter-
rupted ; whitish, varices partially stained with
brown ; columella wrinkled, lip rugosely denticu-
lated within, both vividly stained with yellowish
scarlet ; canal very long, rather twisted.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 635.
Murex clavator, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. xi.

pi. 190. f. 1825 and 1826.
Ranularia longirostra, Schumacher.

Hub. Island of Burias, Philippines (found in sandy mud
at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

This well-known species appears to have been but
imperfectly figured hitherto ; neither Chemnitz nor
Kiener's figures convey any idea of the rich scarlet
which the specimen here figured exhibits in the mouth ;
the tufts of bristles upon the tubercles of the last whorl
form another interesting feature, but this is a character
rarely to be met with, on account of the difficulty of pre-
serving them.

The shell represented in Sowerby's ' Genera' under
the above title, also in my ' Conch. Systematica,' vol. ii.
pi. 243. f. 3. (to both of which figures M. Deshayes
unfortunately refers in his new edition of Lamarck,
vol. ix. p. 635), is not the Triton clavator, but a new

and very distinct species represented in the followir
plate, Fig. 11, a and b (Triton exilis).

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton caxaliferus. Trit. testd clavaformi, ventri-
cosd, varice unico, rotunda ; spird breviuseuld; a»-
frac/ibus rotundis, superne profundi- depresso-eanali-

culatis, longitudinaliter p/icato-nodulosis, transversim
costatis, costis biliratis, lird exilissimd interveniente ;
alba, columella fortiter rugosd, labro intus rugoso-
denticulato ; canali longissimo, graci/i.
The canaliculated Triton. Shell club-shaped, ven-
tricose, with a single round varix on the last whorl ;
spire rather short ; whorls round, deeply depressly
canaliculated at the upper part, longitudinally pli-
cately noduled, transversely ribbed ; ribs double-
ridged, with a very fine delicate ridge running be-
tween them ; white, columella strongly wrinkled,
lip rugosely denticulated within ; canal very long,
slender.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 634.
Kiener, Iconographie Coq. viv., pi. 13. f. 2.
Mure,v caudatus, Gmelin.
Tritonium caudatum, PfeifFer.
Hab. China.

According to the strict rule of priority, the specific-
title of caudatus should be applied to this shell ; but the
name used by Lamarck is so singularly characteristic of
its leading peculiarity, the remarkable hollow channel
round the top oi each whorl, that I do not hesitate to
maintain it. The name of caudatus has moreover been
applied by Say to another species, and I think the law
of priority should be waived when a change would so
entirely subvert the names in popular use.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton nodiferus. Trit. testd ovato-conicd, tubteformi,
inferne ventricosd, valde inftatd, epidermide tenuissi-
mii sparsim indutd ; varicibus undecim ant duodecim,
nodiferis ; spird breviuseuld, acuminata ; anfractibus
eonvexis, subirregulariter convolutis, transversim sub-
obsolete liratis, in medio nodorum seriebus duabus
cinyulatis, nodis anfracttis ultimi subevanidis. an-

TRITON.— Plate III.

fractuum parte superiori obtuse angulatd, fortiter
liratd, liris lavibus ; albd, rubro-fuscescente nebu-
latd et tessellatd ; columelld supeme plicatd, plied
sitperd valde prominente ; aperturd ampld, fauce albd,
labro intas crenato-denticulato ; eanali brevi.
The knobbed Triton. Shell ovately conical, trumpet-
shaped, ventricose towards the lower part, very
much inflated, sparingly covered with a very slight
epidermis ; varices eleven or twelve in number,
knobbed ; spire rather short, acuminated ; whorls
convex, rather irregularly convoluted, transversely
rather obsoletely ridged, encircled round the mid-
dle with two rows of knobs, which almost disappear
upon the last whorl, upper part of the whorls ob-
tusely angled, strongly ridged, ridges smooth ;
white, clouded and tessellated with reddish brown ;
columella plaited at the upper part, uppermost
plait very prominent ; aperture large, interior white,
lip crenately denticulated within ; canal short.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 624.
Kiener, Iconographie Coq. viv., pi. 1.

Murex nerei (pars), Dillwyn.
Hab. Mediterranean.

This species is characterized by its ventricose and in-
flated growth, as well as by the absence of any tinge of
red or purple, either externally or internally. It is not
the only nodiferousof the large trumpet-shaped Tritons,
for the Triton australis is nodiferous ; nor is it the most
strongly nodiferous, for in the Triton Saulite, Plate V .
Fig. 17, a new species collected by Mr. Cuming in the
Philippine Islands, the knobs are much more strongly
developed than in either of the species just spoken of.

The Triton nodiferus is a common inhabitant of the
Mediterranean : having lately received upwards of sixty
or seventy specimens collected by a gentleman for
amusement during a short residence at Messina, I can
fully testify of its abundance ; and Philippi mentions

that certain portions of the animal are esteemed as de-
licious (though probably tough) eating by the Neapo-
litan ttshermen.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton Ranelloides. Trit. testd Ranellceformi, vari-
cibus decern, nodiferis ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus.
superficie totd subtilissime reticulata, svperne de-
pressis, infra nodis grandibus biseriatim, anfractu ul-
timo triseriatim, cinetis, nodis inferioribus minoribus ;
luteo-albidd , fuscescente varid, taniis unbtilissimiit
fuscescente alboque articulatis, lineis fuscis fortiori-
bus inter nodos, cinctd ; columelld maculd purpurea
albirugosd superue tinctd ; apertunr fauce albd, labro
■intas leviter denticulato j eanali brevissimo.

| The Ranella-like Triton. Shell Ranella-shaped,
with ten nodiferous varices ; spire raised ; whorls
very finely or minutely reticulated over their entire
surface, depressed at the upper part, encircled be-
neath with two rows of large knobs, the lower of
which are the smaller, last whorl exhibiting three
rows of knobs ; whitish yellow, variegated with
light brown, encircled with exceedingly fine fillets
of articulated brown and white, with very much
stronger brown lines between the knobs ; colu-
mella stained at the upper part with a purple spot,
crossed with white wrinkles ; interior of the aper-
ture white, lip slightly denticulated within ; canal
very short.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Matnog, Province of Albay, Island of Luzon,
Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.
Partaking as this shell does in almost equal propor-
tion of the characters of both Triton and Ranella, it has

I been a matter of some difficulty to decide to which of

| the two genera it might with the greater propriety be

| referred.

Triton, HH

■

TRITON.

Species 11, a and b. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton exilis. Trit. testa clavaformi, varice unico
parvo ; spird breviusculd ; anfractibus superiw angu-
latis, in/erne coarctatis, transversim subirregulariter
costatis, costis /iris parvis longitudinalibus decussatis,
tuberculatis, tuberculis grandibus, prominentibus, sub-
compressis ; alba, aurantio-fusco sparsim tinctd ; co-
lumella plicatd, plicis superioribus va/d'e majoribus,
ape r t une fau ce albd, labro intus rugoso-denticulato .
canali loiigissimo, superne pcculiariter contorto.
The slender Triton. Shell club-shaped, with a single
small varix ; spire rather short ; whorls angulated
at the upper part, contracted at the lower, trans-
versely rather irregularly ribbed, ribs crossed by
small longitudinal ridges, tuberculated, tubercles
large, prominent, rather compressed ; white, stained
in places with orange-brown; columella plaited,
upper plaits much the larger, aperture white within,
lip rugosely denticulated ; canal very long, pecu-
liarly twisted at the upper part.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in
sandy mud at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
This highly interesting species has been erroneously
published by Mr. Sowerby in his ' Genera of Shells,' and
by myself in my ' Conchologia Systematica,' vol. ii.
plate 243. fig. 3, for the Triton clavator, and demon-
strates how necessary is the examination of an entire
genus by comparison for the proper discrimination of the
species. No question as to the specific difference of
these two shells could however be urged, for they vary
materially both in form and detail of sculpture. The
Triton clavator is comparatively full and ventricose, with
the upper ribs only moderately tubercled ; the Triton
exilis is small, peculiarly contracted round the lower
part, with the tubercles very prominently developed en-
tirely across the whorls : in the former species there is
a varix on the penultimate whorl as well as upon the
last whorl ; in the latter species, as in the Triton cana-
liferus, there is no varix upon the penultimate whorl ;
lastly, the mouth of the former species is either yellowish
or yellowish scarlet, whilst that of the latter exhibits
not the slightest indication of colour, and the stains of
orange-bri.wn with which it is marked externally are of
a character not to be misunderstood.

Species 12. (Fig. a, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton australis.

(For description of this species see Plate V.)

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton clandestinus. Trit. testa fusiformi-oblonga,
varice aut unico out nullo ; spird mediocri , an-
fractibus rotundis, pallide. spadiceis, liris angustis,
prominentibus, Icevibus, luteo-fuscis, aquidistantibus,
e.camussimfuniculatis, interstitiis liiiigitiii/inalitcr siib-
tilissime striatis ; columella superne callositute albd
unicd armatd, infern'r subobsolete rugulosd ; aperturte
fauce albd, labro intus fusco-denticulato ; canali bre-
viusculo, subascendente.
The clandestine Triton. Shell fusiformly oblong,
with either a single varix or none at all ; spire
middling ; whorls round, light bay-colour, corded
with great precision by equidistant, narrow, pro-
minent, smooth, yellowish brown ridges ; upper
part of the columella armed with a single white
callosity, lower part rather obsoletely wrinkled ;
interior of the aperture white, lip denticulated
within, denticulations brown ; canal rather short,
slightly turned upwards.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 639.

Murex clandestinus, Chemnitz.
Hub. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippine- (found in
sandy mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Galapa-
gos Islands (found under stones) ; Cuming.
This shell is remarkable for its extreme regularity of
growth, the entire surface being corded with narrow,
equidistant ridges, increasing gradually in volume with
the increase of the whorls. The example figured by
Kiener has a varix down the middle of the last whorl,
but the specimen here represented (as well as that
figured by Chemnitz) has not any.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton Pfeifferianus. Trit. testa fusiform/ . raricibus
septem prominentibus. acutangularibus ; spird elatd .
anfractibus subirregulariter convolutis, convexis, su-
per n'e plano-dcpressis, Ice iter canaliculatis. transver-

TRITON.— Plate IV.

sim costulatis, costulis irregularibus, mine angustis,
mine latioribvs, striis elevatis longitudinalibus nodu-
loso-decussatis, anfractuum parte mediand nodosd,
nodis distantibus, longitudinaliter subplicatis ; fus-
rescente, fusco pallidi varid ; columelld rugulosd,
labro intiis rtigoso-denticulato ; canali subelongato.
Pff.iffer's Triton. Shell fusiform, with seven promi-
nent sharp-angied varices ; spire raised ; whorls
rather irregularly convoluted, convex, flatly de-
pressed round the upper part, slightly canaliculated,
transversely finely ribbed, ribs irregular, sometimes
narrow, sometimes wider, nodulously crossed with
raised longitudinal stria;, middle portion of the
whorls knobbed, knobs distant, longitudinally sub-
plicated ; very light brown, palely variegated with
brown ; columella wrinkled, lip rugosely denticu-
lated ; canal rather elongated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. ?

This species may probably be recognised as one of not
uncommon occurrence, though not hitherto described :
its leading features are the rude manner in which one
whorl is deposited on the other, the prominent sharp-
angled structure of the varices, and the delicate granu-
lated sculpture of the ribs where they are crossed by the
raised striae ; and its general appearance is altogether
peculiar.

I take the liberty of dedicating this characteristic
species to Dr. Pfeiffer of Cassel, Germany, on account
of the diligence that gentleman has exercised in ar-
ranging the synonyms of the genera Triton and Ranella
in his " Memoir of the genus Tritonium," Revue Zoolo-
gique de la Socie"te Cuvierienne.

Trifym I'l

TRITON.

Plate V.

Species 12. (PL IV. f. 12 a, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton australis. Trit. testa ovato-conkd, tubaformi,
inferne inflatd, varkibus denis undenisve plano-de-
pressis; spird breviusculo-acuminatd ; anfractibus
leviter angulatis, nodorum subindistinctorum seriebus
duiibus armatis, transversim liratd, liris subtilissimi
striato-crenulatis ; pallide violascente, fuscesce/ite
variegata et macnlatd ; epidermide tenia ; columella
lavi, obsolete plkatd, plica alba iinicd prominente
superne munitd ; labro intus denticulate; aperturd
ovatd, subampld, fauce ulbido-violascente.
The southern Triton. Shell ovately conical, trumpet-
shaped, inflated towards the lower part, with tenor
eleven flatly-depressed varices ; spire rather shortly
acuminated ; whorls slightly angulated, armed with
two rows of rather indistinct knobs, transversely
ridged, ridges very finely striately crenulated ; pale
violet-colour, spotted and variegated with light
brown ; epidermis slight ; columella smooth, obso-
letely plaited, furnished with a single prominent
white plait at the upper part ; lip denticulated
within ; aperture ovate, rather large, interior very
palely tinged with violet.

Variety /3. (PL V. f. 12 b, Mus. Cuming.)
Testa vivide cocceo-rufescens, liris Itinc illi/ic luiioribus,

subdepresso-costaformibus, rufescente-fusco tessel-

latis.
Shell tinged with bright scarlet-red, ridges here and

there wider, rather depressly rib-shaped, tessellated

with reddish brown.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 625.

Murex Tritonium australe, Chemnitz.

Murex Nerei (pars), Dillwyn.
Hab. New Holland.

There appears to be two very well-defined varieties of
this species, the one tinged with violet, the other with
scarlet-red. As in all the nodiferons Tritons, the knobs
are strongest and most prominent on the penultimate
whorl. ■

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton corrugatus. Trit. testd fusiformi-turritd, va-
rkibus senis septemve ; spird obtuso-elongatd ; an-

fractibus superne depressis, transversim corrugato-
costatis, costis tuberculato-nodosis, plerisque subob-
solefe duplicibus, interstitiis subprofundis, striatis .-
albd,fusco hinc illinc sparsim tinctd ; columella he-
viusculd, callositate superni armatd ; labro fortiter
dentato, dentibus fusco tinctis ; aperturd parvd, fauce
alba ; canali breviusculo, ascendente.

The corrugated Triton. Shell fusiformly turreted,
with six or seven varices ; spire obtusely elongated ;
whorls depressed at the upper part, transversely
corrugately ribbed, ribs tuberculously noduled.
most of them rather obsoletely double, interstices
between the ribs rather deep, striated ; white,
sparingly stained here and there with brown ; co-
lumella rather smooth, armed at the upper part
with a callosity ; lip strongly toothed, teeth stained
with brown ; aperture small, interior white ; canal
rather short, turned upwards.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 6-28. Enc. Meth., pi. 416. f. 3 a b.

Hab. Mediterranean, coast of Messina ; Philippi.

This shell is very peculiarly tinged in places with

light reddish brown, and the ribs exhibit a half-waved

or corrugated character which I have not observed in

any other species.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton tripus. Trit. testd trigono-clavaformi; varicibus
tribus ; spird brevi ; an/ractibus supernl angulatis,
ad angulum tuber culatis.juxta suturam profundi ca-
naliculatis, transversim cos tat is, costis subdistantibus,
liris tribus vel quatuor subtilissimis intervenientibus,
costis lirisque fortiter cre/iatis ; luteo-fuscescente,
albo sparsim varid : columelld corrugatd ; canali lon-
giusculo, subascendente.

The trifod Triton. Shell triangularly club-shaped,
with three varices ; spire short ; whorls angulated
at the upper part, tuberculated on the angle, deeply
canaliculated next the suture, transversely ribbed,
ribs rather distant, with three or four very fine
ridges running between them, ribs and ridge.*
strongly crenated ; pale yellowish brown, sparingly
variegated with white ; columella wrinkled ; canal
rather long, a little turned upwards.

April 1844.

TRITON.— Plate V.

Lamarck, Aniru. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 634.

Murex tripus, Chemnitz.

Murexfemorule, var., Dillwyn.
Hub. China.

The ribs and ridges of this shell being strongly cre-
nated have almost a headed appearance.

Species 17. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Saul.)
Triton Sauli^e. Trit. testa elongato-conicd, tubaformi,
paululum contortd, basim versus subangulato-at-
tenuatd, varicibus novcnis denisve plano-depressis ;
spird acuminata ,■ anfructibus subangulatis, nodorum
prominent ium seriebus duabus infra unguium armatis,
subtilissime liratis, /iris apicem versus minutissime
crenulutis ; albido aut lutescente, rubido-fusco varie-
gatd et muculatd ; epidermide tenui ; columella lavi,
obsolete plicatd, plied albd unicd superne munitd ;
labro intus denticuluto ; aperturd angulato-ovatd,
fauce ca'rulescente-albd.
Saul's Triton. Shell elongately conical, trumpet-
shaped, a little contorted, rather angularly at-

tenuated towards the base, with nine or ten flatly
depressed varices ; spire acuminated ; whorls some-
what angulated, armed below the angle with two
rows of prominent knobs, very finely ridged, ridges
most minutely crenulated towards the apex ; whitish
or yellowish, variegated and spotted with rich dark
reddish brown ; epidermis slight ; columella smooth,
obsoletely wrinkled, furnished with a single white
plait at the upper part ; lip denticulated within ;
aperture angularly ovate, interior bluish white.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 184-4.
Hub. Matnog, Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

I was about to figure a somewhat discoloured speci-
men of this shell, collected by Mr. Cuming at the above-
mentioned locality, when a smaller but very richly painted
example presented itself for comparison from the col-
lection of Miss Saul. It is unquestionably distinct from
any of the trumpet-shaped species, though curiously in-
termediate between the Triton uariegatus and austrulis.
I now dedicate it with great pleasure to a much-esteemed
collector, whose cabinet bears interesting testimony of
her excellent discrimination of species.

Irucn n u.

I

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TRITON.

Plate VI.

Species 18. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Triton Sinensis. Trit. lestd elongato-clavaformi, vari-
cibus duabus rotundis ; spird subela/d ; anfractibus
costis duplicibus subdistantibus undiqu'e cinciis, stria
unicd elevatd interveniente, costis superis leviter, no-
dosis, costis interstitiisque subtilissime. crenulatis;
albidd, lutescente tinctd, varicibus inter costas lutes-
cent ib us ; columella multirugosd ; labro denticutato ;
aperttinc fauce alba ; canali elongato, subcontorto.

The Chinese Triton. Shell elongately club-shaped,
with two round varices ; spire rather elevated ;
whorls everywhere encircled with rather distant
double ribs, with a single raised stria running be-
tween them, upper ribs slightly nodulous, ribs and
the interstices between them very finely crenulated ;
whitish, stained with pale yellow, varices stained
between the ribs with pale yellow ; columella co-
vered with wrinkles ; lip denticulated ; interior of
the aperture white ; canal elongated, a little con-
torted.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. China.

This shell is not uncommon in collections, though it
appears to have been singularly neglected by naturalists.
It presents a most remarkable modification of the Triton
canaliferus : the entire sculpture of the two species — such
as, for example, the double rib, the intervening raised
line, the two only varices, the profusely wrinkled colu-
mella, the long slightly twisted canal, &c. — is the same
in both; but the canaliculated structure of the sutures,
which forms so very important a specific character in
the Triton canaliferus, is wanting. The Triton Sinensis
might therefore be recognised as an example of the Tri-
ton canaliferus with the spire pushed out as it were ;
or one in which the whorls have not been subject to that
peculiar depression which forms so deep and character-
istic a channel round the suture.

Species 19. (Fig. a, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton lotorium. Trit. testa subfusiformi-turritd,
crassd, solidd, inferne distortd, varicibus quatemis
quinisve ; spird rudi, subobtusd; anfractibus superne
angulatis, fortiter tuberculatis, obsolete depresso-
costatis, costis crenulatis ; rufescente-fulvd, nigri-

cante-fusco supra aperturam, et varices super, inter
costas, ornatd ; columella plus minusve obsolete pli-
catd; labro intus denticulato ; canali brevi, lato.
The washing-bath Triton. Shell somewhat fusi-
formly turreted, thick, solid, distorted at the lower
part, with four or five varices ; spire rude, rather
obtuse ; whorls angulated at the upper part, obso-
letely depressly ribbed, ribs crenulated ; reddish
yellow, ornamented above the aperture and upon
the varices between the ribs with blackish brown ;
columella more or less obsoletely plaited ; lip den-
ticulated ; canal short, broad.

Variety p. (Fig. 19 b, Mus. Saul.)
Testa inferne trigono-attenuata, columellas labrique limbo

rubido-sanguineo vivide tincta.
Shell triangularly attenuated at the lower part, edge of

the lip and of the columella vividly stained with

ruddy blood-colour.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix,

p. 631.

Murex lotorium, LinnEeus.
Hab. Ceylon.

The Triton lotorium is a heavy, solid, irregularly-
humped shell, of a remarkably distorted growth ; the
ruddy blood-colour described in Variety /3. is carried
down each border of the canal.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton grandimaculatus. Trit. testd ovato-turritd.
crassd, inferne coarctatd, varicibus tribus; spird sub-
obtusd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, transversim
exiliter striatis et liratis, liris superis tubercu/ato-
nodosis ; fuscescente-fulvd, varicibus et columella:
parte superiori maculis grandibus nigerrimo-fuscis
ornatis ; columella Itevi vel obsolete plicatd ; labro
intus dentato, dentibus nigerrimo-fuscis ; apertura
fauce albd ; canali breviusculo, subascendente.
The large-spotted Triton. Shell ovately turreted.
thick, contracted at the lower part, with three va-
rices ; spire rather obtuse ; whorls angulated at
the upper part, transversely faintly striated and
ridged, upper ridges tubercularly knobbed ; light
brownish yellow, varices and upper part of the co^

April 1844.

TRITON.— Plate VI.

lumella ornamented with large spots of very dark
brown ; columella smooth or obsoletely plaited ;
lip dentated within, teeth very dark brown, interior
of the aperture white ; canal rather short, a little
turned upwards.

Reeve. Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Matnog, province of Albay, island of Luzon (found
on the reefs) ; Cuming.
This shell appears at first sight to be nothing more

than a casual variety of the Triton lotorium ; it will be
found, however, upon examination to differ materially.
The large tuberculated humps of the Triton lotorium. are
here represented by regular series of small rounded
knobs, which impart a kind of cancellated structure to
the earlier whorls which is very characteristic ; the
lower part of the shell is not distorted ; and the varices,
especially at the back, are vividly painted with large di-
stinct brown blotches.

TRITON.

Species 21. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Triton sarcostoma. Trit. testa subabbreviato-cla-
vteformi, varicibus dnabus, rotundis, solidiusculis ,
spird brevi, apice subdepresso ; anfractibus superne
angulatis, transversim costatis, costis noduloso-cre-
r/ntis, costarum interstitiis subtiUter crenato-liratis,
costis sii/irris tubireu/atis, tuberculis grandibus, pro-
minenlibus, subcompressis ; spadiceo-fuscescenti , cos-
/is inter tuberculos albimaculatis ; columelld superne
et in/en/'' leviter corrugatd, labro intus fortiter ru-
goso-denticulato ; columelld labroque cameo eximie
tinctis.
The flesh-tinted mouth Triton. Shell rather abbre-
viate^ club-shaped, with two round, rather solid
varices ; spire short, apex rather depressed ; whorls
angulated at the upper part, transversely ribbed,
ribs nodulously crenated, interstices between the
ribs finely crenately ridged, upper ribs tuberculated,
tubercles large, prominent, rather compressed ; pale
yellowish brown, ribs blotched with white between
the tubercles ; columella slightly wrinkled at the
upper and lower parts, lip strongly rugosely denti-
culated within ; columella and lip delicately tinged
with flesh-colour.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ;
Cuming.
This shell has somewhat the aspect of the Triton cy-
nocephalus ; it differs in being much less ventricose, and
in having very prominent tubercles round the upper part
of the whorls. The mouth is stained with a pale flesh-
tint without any indication of dark colour on the colu-
mella.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton femorale. Trit. testa trigono-fusiformi, i/ifer/ii'
coarctatd, varicibus senis, compresso-acuminatis ;
spird subelatd ; anfractibus irregulariter convolutis,
triangularibus, superne leviter depressis, transversim
costatis, costis subdistantibus, ad unguium tuberculatis,
varices super radiantibus, interstitiis subtiliter lira-
tis ; epidermide pilosd et setosd ; columelld Levi, labro
intus lavi. apertures fauce pallide violaced ; canali
longiusculo, subascendente.

The thigh-armour Triton. Shell triangularly fusi-

form, contracted at the lower part, with six com-
pressly acuminated varices ; spire rather elevated ;
whorls irregularly convoluted, triangular, slightly
depressed at the upper part, transversely ribbed,
ribs rather distant, radiating over the varices, in-
terstices finely ridged ; epidermis hairy and bristly ;
columella smooth, interior of the aperture more or
h ss stained with pale violet ; canal rather long,
somewhat ascending.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 632.
Murex femorale, Linnams.

Hab. West 'indies.

The angular structure of the whorls constitutes a very
peculiar feature in this shell. The varices originally
served as models for the gadroon border used by silver-
smiths in the decoration of plate.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton pilearis. Trit. testd fusiformi-turritd, varici-
bus septem octove ; spini elata : anfractibus convexis.
superne depressiusculis, transversim costatis, costis
exiliter crenatis, alternis majoribus, duplicibus, su-
peris tuberculatis ; albido-fuscescente nut cieruleo-
cinered, fusco variegatd et strigatd ; epidermide pi-
losd et setosd ; columelld et apertuncfauce sanguineo-
rubr'/s, rugis fortibus t/lbis profuse ornatis ; canali
breviusculo.

The hairy Triton. Shell fusiformly turreted, with
seven or eight varices ; spire raised ; whorls con-
vex, rather depressed at the upper part, transversely
ribbed, ribs finely crenated, alternate ribs larger,
double, upper ribs tuberculated ; pale brown or
ashy blue, variegated and streaked with darker
brown ; epidermis hairy and bristly ; columella
and interior of the aperture blood-red, profusely
ornamented with strong white wrinkles ; canal
rather short.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 630.

Murex pilearis, Linnaeus.
Lampusia pilearis, Schumacher.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.

April 1844.

TRITON.— Plate VII.

No one can fail to recognise this species by its blood-
red mouth and by the hairy epidermis which appears on
the back of the shell in longitudinal rows of bristly tufts.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton aqttatilis. Trit. testa fusiformi-turritd, vari-
cibus septem octove rotundis, prominent ibus ; spird
elatd ; (infractions convexis, transversim costatis,
costis duplicibus, subdistantibus, liris undatis tuber-
culiferis longitudinaUter deaissatis ; pallide rvfes-
cente-fuscd, fusco maculatd et variegatd ; columella
et aperturaz fauce carneo-tinctis, albirugosis, labro
intus albidenticulato ; canali brevi, ascendente.
The eippled Triton. Shell fusiformly turreted, with
seven or eight round prominent varices ; spire ele-
vated ; whorls convex, transversely ribbed, ribs
double, rather distant, crossed longitudinally with

waved tubercled ridges; pale reddish brown, blotched
and variegated with brown ; columella and interior
of the aperture flesh-tinted and ornamented with
white wrinkles, lip white, denticulated within ;
canal short, turned upwards.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at
low water) ; Cuming.
The longitudinal ridges waved which adorn the sur-
face of this interesting species have, in the fine specimen
before me, a beautiful ripple-like appearance which is
very characteristic. The columella and interior are co-
vered with enamel of a bright uniform flesh-tint, and
the varices are very round and prominent. I have seen
two or three examples of this species in different stages
of growth, all exhibiting the above peculiarities with
remarkable specific distinctness.

TriUm Fl nil

mm*

TRITON,

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton chlorostoma. Trit. testa subtrigono-turritd,
crassiusculd, varicibus senis prominentibus ; spird

elatd ; anfractibus irregulariter convolutis, super ne
angulatis, ad unguium farther tuberru/atis, tra/isver-
sim costatis, costis nodosis, varices super rudiantibus,
iris duabus intervenientibus ; albidd, out griseo-ce-
rulescente, fusco varie lineatd et punctata ; columelld
rufd, albirugosd ; labro intus denticulate ; apertures
fauce rufd.

The yellowish-red mouth Triton. Shell somewhat
triangularly turreted, rather thick, with six promi-
nent varices ; spire elevated ; whorls irregularly
convoluted, angulated at the upper part, strongly
tubercled on the angle, transversely ribbed, ribs no-
dulous, radiating over the varices, with two ridges
running between them ; white or greyish blue, va-
riously lineated and dotted with brown ; columella
yellowish red, more or less covered with white
wrinkles ; lip denticulated within ; interior of the
aperture yellowish red.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 636.

Hab. Island of Annaa (Chain Island), Pacific Ocean
(found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

The whorls of this shell are very irregularly convo-
luted, and have almost a distorted appearance arising
from their triangular structure.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton cynocepiialus. Trit. testa ovato-oblongd, ven-
tricosd, varicibus duabus rotundis ; spird subobtuso-
depressd ; anfractibus rotundis, superne depressis,
transversim costatis, costis crenulatis, subdistantibus,
varices super prominentioribus, superis nodoso-tuber-
culatis, interstitiis elevuto-striutis ; rubido-fuscd,
varicibus albimaculatis . epidermide setosd ; colu-
melld rufd, macula grnudi iiiijricante-purpured, albi-
rugosd, ornatd ; labro farther dentato ; aperturie
fuuee rufd ; canali brevi, subcontorto.

The dog's-head Triton. Shell ovately oblong, ven-
tricose, with two round varices ; spire rather ob-
tusely depressed ; whorls round, depressed at the
upper part, transversely ribbed, ribs crenulated,

rather distant, more prominent over the varices,
upper ribs nodosely tuberculated, interstices be-
tween the ribs carved with raised striae ; reddish
brown, varices blotched with white; epidermis
bristly ; columella" yellowish red, ornamented with
a large blackish purple, white wrinkled spot ; lip
strongly denticulated ; interior of the aperture red-
dish ; canal short, somewhat contorted.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 633.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in coral sand
at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species may be recognised by the dark purple

spot upon the columella ; the tubercles at the back are

also of a peculiarly round nodulous character.

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton tigrinus. Trit. testa trigono-fusiformi, nidi,
so/idd, varicibus tribus piano- depressis ; spird at-
tenuatd, mucrouatd ; anfractibus lavi-cos/a/is, costis
aufractus ultimi subobso/etis, anfractuum parte su-
perior! angulatd, tuberculis duabus vel tribus gran-
dissimis ad angulum armatd ,- croceo-fuscd, varicibus
labrique limbo nigra vel castaneo exilher maculatis ,■
epidermide corned, subfoliaced; columelld Levi: aper-
turd expansd, fauce vivid'c aurantio-croced, slrigis
maculisque fuscis him- illinc tinctd ; labri limbo un-
dulate.

The tiger-like Triton. Shell triangularly fusiform.
rude, solid, with three flatly depressed varices ;
spire attenuated, pointed ; whorls smooth, flat-
ribbed, ribs of the last whorl almost obsolete, upper
part of the whorls angulated, armed at the angle
with two or three very large tubercles or humps ;
saffron-brown, varices and edge of the lip faintly
spotted with black and chestnut ; epidermis horny,
rather foliaceous ; columella smooth ; aperture ex-
panded, interior vividly coloured with orange-saf-
fron, stained here and there with brown spots and
streaks ; edge of the lip waved.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Guacomayo, Central America (found in sandy mud
at the depth of eleven fathoms) ; Cuming.
" This fine shell," says Mr. Broderip, " bears some

April 1S44.

TRITON.— Plate VIII.

distant resemblance to Triton femorale, and there was a
specimen in the Tankerville collection marked No. 1718
in the Catalogue as a variety of that species in these
terms : var. notabilis, latissima, aperturd expansd. This
resemblance is greater in dwarfs than in well-grown in-
dividuals ; but the length and shape of the spire, the
comparative smoothness, the breadth of the ventricose
body-whorl, the expanded aperture with its rich orange
mouth, variegated towards the border of the outer lip
with dark chestnut stripes in pairs, and the shortness of
the canal, indicate that Triton tigrinus is very distinct
from Triton femorale ; and Mr. Sowerby, who drew up
the Tankerville Catalogue, is now of that opinion. The
throat or internal part of the aperture is of a blueish
white, and as in the rest of the species, the outer lip, and
consequently the varices, acquire a greater thickness as
the shell advances in age. The epidermis is peculiarly
foliaceous upon the varices and edge of the outer lip."

Species 28. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Saul.)
Triton scrobiculator. Trit. testd subturritd, inferne
ventricosd, varicibus undecim scrobiculatis ; spird
acuminata ; anfractibus Itevibus aut subtilissime gra-

nulosis, obsolete costatis, costis varices super tumidis;
fulvd, rufescente-fusco variegatd ; columella rugosd,

labro undulato, scrobiculato ; aperturd dilatatd,fauce

pallide violaced ; canali brevissimo.
The furrowed Triton. Shell somewhat turreted,

ventricose towards the lower part, with eleven

furrowed or holed varices ; spire acuminated ;

whorls smooth or very finely granulated, obsoletely

ribbed, ribs swollen over the varices ; yellowish,

variegated with reddish brown ; columella wrinkled,

lip undulated, furrowed ; aperture dilated, interior

pale violet ; canal very short.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 627.

Murex scrobiculator, Linnaeus.

Ranella scrobiculator, Kiener, Sowerby.

Bufonaria pes-leonis, Schumacher.
Hab. Greece (found in rocky places).

This is one of those species which is exactly interme-
diate between the genera Triton and Ranella ; I retain
it, however, in the former genus on the testimony of
Deshayes, who says " pour nous, qui enavons vu I'animal.
cest un Triton."

7'n/vn /'/ I.\

w

JS^

T III T N

Plate IX.

Species 29. (Fig. a, b. c and d, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton rubecula. Trit. testa ovato-oblongd, crassd,
varicibus senis prvmiueutibus ,- spird obtusd ; an-
fractibus trunsversim granosu-lirutis, tubercit/o univo
interdum, (intern rarb, dorsim armatis, litis varices
super duplicatis, interstitiis decussatim striatis ; vi-
vide aurantio-rubente, einguld angustd aurantid interne
ornatd, varicibus albimaculatis ; columelld rufd, al-
birugosd, apertura fauce albd; labro so/ido, incras-
sata. margine intits dentato.
Tub Robin-red-breast Triton. Shell ovately oblong,
thick, with six prominent varices ; spire obtuse ;
whorls transversely granulously ridged, sometimes,
but rarely, armed at the back with a single blunt
tubercle, ridges divided into two over the varices,
interstices between the ridges decussately striated ;
bright orange-red, ornamented round the lower
part with a narrow orange belt, varices spotted
with white ; columella red, crossed with white
wrinkles, interior of the aperture white ; lip solid,
thickened, margin-toothed within.

Variety ft. (Fig. b and c.)
Testa anfractibus medio lutcscentibus, supra et infra

fuscis.
Shell with the whorls pale yellow in the middle, and
brown above and below.

Variety y. (Fig. d.)
Testa vivide aurantia lirarum interstitiis nigerrimo-fuscis.
Shell bright orange, with the interstices between the

ribs very dark brown, almost black.
Lamarck, Anim. saus vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 640.

Murex rubecula, Linnaeus.
Hub. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at

low water) ; Cuming.
The three beautiful varieties of this species above
enumerated are very distinctly figured by Martini
(Conch., vol. iv. pi. 132. f. 1259 to 12G7). The first va-
riety (a) is of an uniform bright orange-red, with the
varices ornamented with large blotches of pure white ;

the second variety (ft) is belted with lemon-coloi

brown; and the third variety ( y ) is of bright orange
with all the interstices between the ridge.- blackish
brown, excepting that one which corresponds with the
orange belt in variety a.

Species 30. (Fig. a, PI. IX.. and Fig. b. PL X.. Mus
Cuming.)
Triton lampas. Trit. testa ovato-conicd, in/erne ven-
tricosd, varicibus denis pluribusve, scrobiculatis ;
spird acuminato-turritd , anfractibus superne suban-
gulatis, transversim liratis et costatis, /iris costisque
crispato-nodosis, valdl tuberculatis, tuberculis emu
pressis, in seriebus duabus dispositis . albidd, rufes-
cente-fulvo tinctd et variegatd ; columelld subtilis-
sim'e rugosd ; enna/i breviusculo, contorto ; labro den-
ticulato, superne fortiter canaliculato ; columelld i t
apertura fauce carneo-aurantiis, rubido interdum vi-
vide tinclis.

The lamp Triton. Shell ovately conical, ventricose
at the lower part, with ten or more holed varices ;
spire acuminately turreted ; whorls somewhat an-
gulated at the upper part, transversely ridged and
ribbed, ribs and ridges knobbed in a rather irre-
gular crisped manner, strongly tuberculated, tuber-
cles compressed, arranged in two rows ; whitish
or cream-colour, stained and variegated with pale
orange-brown ; columella very finely wrinkled ;
canal very short, twisted ; lip denticulated, strongly
channeled at the upper part ; columella and in-
terior of the aperture fleshy orange, sometimes
vividly stained with red.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. C26.

Murex lampas, Linnaeus.
Lampas hyans, Schumacher.

Hub. Philippine Islands (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.
This species, which is exceedingly variable in size, is

remarkable for the channeled structure of the lip at its

junction with the columella after the manner of that of

the Ranella bufonia.

May 1844.

//•f(t /( / / . J

, ,

T R I T N

Specie* 31. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Triton trilineatos. Trit. testd clavato-fusiformi, vti-
ricibus tribus ; spird breviusculd ; anfractibus superui
angulatis, ad an.gv.him compresso-tuberculatis, trans-
versim plano-liratis, liris subtilissime crenulatis, in-
tcrst/tiis lineis tribus elevatis scu/ptis ; n/bitlii. fiisco
variegatd, varicibusfusco-maculatis; columella lutes-
cente-albd, costatd ; canali subelongato, leviter as-
cendente; labro fortiter denticulato-costato ; aperture
fauce alba.

The trilineated Triton. Shell clavately fusiform,
with three varices ; spire rather short ; whorls an-
gulated at the upper ;iart, compressly tubercled at
the angle, transversely flatly ridged, ridges very
finely crenulated, interstices sculptured with three
raised lines ; whitish, variegated with brown, va-
rices spotted or rather blotched with brown ; colu-
mella yellowish white, ribbed across ; canal rather
elongated, slightly turned upwards ; lip strongly
denticulately ribbed within ; interior of the aperture
white.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This is a strongly marked species, with the denticu-
lated sculpture of the lip extending into the aperture
after the manner of ribs ; and the body of the shell is
crossed by flattened ridges, between each of which are
three very characteristic raised lines.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton olearium. Trit. testa fusiformi-turritd, sub-
ventricosd, varice uniai ; spird subobtuso-elatd ; an-
fractibus superrie plano-angulatis, ad unguium leviter
tuberculatis, transversim costatis, costis latiusculis,
prominentibus, subrugosis, costis interstitiisque ele-
vato-striatis; rubido-fuscescente, varice. fusco alboque
alternatim maculald ; columella purpureo-nigricante,
albirugosd ; canali brevi ; aperture fauce alba; labro
iutus purpureo-nigricante, albidentato.

The oil-vessel Triton. Shell fusiformly turreted,
rather vtntricose, with a single varix ; spire rather
obtusely raised ; whorls flatly angulated at the
upper part, slightly tuberculated on the ano] e ,
transversely ribbed, ribs rather broad, prominent,

somewhat wrinkled, ribs and the interstices be-
tween them sculptured with raised stiia-; light
reddish brown, varix alternately spotted with brown
and white, columella purple-black, wrinkled with
white ; canal short ; interior of the aperture white ;
lip purple-black within, toothed with white.

Desha yes, Note in new edit. Aniin. sans vert., vol. ix.
p. 628 to 630.
Murex olearium, Linna?us.
Murex rostatus, Born.
Murex partheuopus, Dillwyn.
Triton succinctus, Lamarck.

Hub. Mediterranean.

Variety /I (Fig. 32.)

Testa crassiuscula, solida ; varicibus seuis septemve, ro-
tundissimis, prominentibus ; costis minus elevatis, tu-
berculis fortioribus.

Shell rather thick, solid ; varices six or seven in number,
very round and prominent ; ribs less elevated, tu-
bercles stronger.

Hub. Island of Taheite, Pacific Ocean (found on the
reefs) ; Cuming.

1 quite agree with M. Dcshayes in referring this
species to the Murex olearium of Linna?us, but there is
too strong an affinity between the Mediterranean and
South Sea varieties to allow of their being described as
separate species. The Mediterranean variety is a light
shell with the tubercles but faintly developed, whilst
the South Sea variety exhibits that higher condition ot
colour and sculpture which chaiacterizes the conchology
of a hotter climate ; the shell is larger and more solid,
the varices stronger and more numerous, and the purple-
black colouring of the lip and columella is richer and
more intense.

(Fig. 30 b, Triton lampas, see PI. IX.)

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton pyrum. Trit. testa subpyriformi, ventricosd,
varicibus solidis quatern s ; spird subobtuso-elatd ;
anfractibus supern't angulatis, ad aug'i/um compresso-
tuberculatis, transversim cos/a/is. costis plants, sub-
obsoletis, interstitiis elevato-striatis ; luteo-rubente,

May 1844.

TRITON.— Plate X.

varicibus albo exiliter tinctis; columella auranlio-
rnhenlc, albirugastl ; canal i subelongato, ascendente,
contorto ; aperturx fauce ceeruleo-albd ; labro hit Its
aurantio-rubente, for titer albidentato.
The pear Triton. Shell pear-shaped, ventricose, with
four solid varices ; spire rather obtusely raised ;
whorls angulated at the upper part, compressly tu-
bercled at the angle, transversely ribbed, ribs flat
and rather obsolete, interstices sculptured with
raised strise ; yellowish red, varices faintly stained

in places with white; columella orange-red, wrinkled
with white ; canal rather long, twisted upwards ;
interior of the aperture bluish white ; lip orange-
red within, strongly toothed, teeth white.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. ix. p. 633.
Murex pyrum, Linnaeus.

Hub. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.

This species may be distinguished chiefly by its colour,
which is a peculiarly bright orange-red.

Triton PL XI

TRITON.

Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton scaber. Trit. testd ovatd, varicibus tribus vel
quaternis, subdepressis ; spird mediocri ,■ anfractibus
convexis, longitudinaliter subobsolete costatis, costis
liris angustis, subacutis, alternis majoribus, cancel-
latis ; albd, epidermide crassd, setosd, indutd ; colu-
mella liratd et granosd ; canali brevissimo, recurvo ;
apertura fauce albd; labro intus obtuse denticu/ato.
The furred Triton. Shell ovate, with three or four
rather depressed varices ; spire middling ; whorls
convex, longitudinally somewhat obsoletely ribbed,
ribs cancellated with narrow, rather sharp ridges,
the alternate of which are larger ; white, covered
over with a thick bristly epidermis ; columella
ridged and granulated ; canal very short, recurved ;
interior of the aperture white ; lip obtusely denti-
culated within.
King, Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 348.

Pollia scabra, Gray.
Hab. Valparaiso, South America ; King (dredged from
the depth of from seven to forty-five fathoms) ;
Cuming.
This species may be easily recognised by its pecu-
liarly bristly epidermis.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton cingulatus. Trit. testd ovato-pyriformi, ventri-
cosd, varice unied out mild; spird subacuminatd ;
anfractibus superne indistincte angulatis, ad unguium
obsolete nodulosis, liris plants equidistantibus undi-
que cingulatis ; aurantio-fuscescente ; columella lavi ;
canali longiuscu/o, contorto ; apertura inftatd, fauce
albd ; labro tenui, subfimbriato, aurantio denticu-
lato.

The encircled Triton. Shell ovately pyriform, ven-
tricose, with sometimes a single varix, sometimes
none ; spire somewhat acuminated ; whorls indi-
stinctly angulated at the upper part, obsoletely no-
duled on the angle, everywhere encircled with flat
equidistant ridges ; light orange-brown ; columella
smooth ; canal rather long, twisted ; aperture in-
flated, interior white; lip thin, slightly fimbriated,
orange-toothed within.

Pfeiffer, Revue Cuvierienne, 1843.

Desha yes, Note in new edit. Aniin. sans vert., vol. ix.

p. 643.

Cassidaria cingulata, Lamarck.

Triton undosus, Kiener (not of Lamarck).

Tritonium caudatum, Gray.
Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines ; Cuming.

M. Deshayes having fully expatiated in the note above
referred to, on the blunders committed by M. Kiener
in regard to this shell, it is unnecessary to say anything
further on the subject. Mr. Gray's name would have
been maintained for this species if he had shown that
this and not the Triton canaliferus is the Buccinum cau-
datum of Gmelin.

Species 36. (Mus. Burt.)
Triton Spengleri. Trit. testd oblongo-ovatd, planius-
cvlo-compressd, varicibus quinis tuberculiferis ; spird
rudi, obtuso-elatd ; anfractibus irregulariter convo-
lutis, superne angulatis, ad unguium tuberculatis,
transversim costatis, costis grandibus, interstitiis e.r-
cavatis, costdminutd medio decurrente, costis fortiter
crenatis ; spadiceo-fulvd ; columella albd, lavi, callo-
sitate pared superne munitd ; canali brevi, contorto ;
apertura fauce albd; labro undulato, intus vix denti-
culato.
Spengler's Triton. Shell oblong-ovate, rather flatly
compressed, with five tubercled varices ; spire rude,
obtusely raised; whorls irregularly convoluted,
angulated at the upper part, tuberculated on the
angle, transversely ribbed, ribs large, interstices
hollow, with a very small rib running through the
centre, ribs strongly crenated ; pale yellowish bay-
colour ; columella white, smooth, furnished with a
small callosity at the top ; canal short, twisted ;
interior of the aperture white ; lip undulated, but
slightly denticulated within.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 627.
Murex Spengleri, Chemnitz.

Hab. ?

The ribs in this species are exceedingly prominent on
the varices, and they are well characterized by the pecu-
liarly wrinkled or crenated style of the sculpture.

May 1844.

TRITON.— Plate XI.

Species 37. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Triton Chbmnitzii. Trit. testa ovato-fusiformi, ven-
tricosd, tenuici/ld, varice unicd; spird acuminato-
turritd; anfractibus superne angulatis, ad unguium
plus minusve subnodosis, concentrice subplicatis,
transversim liratis, liris planiusculis, irregularibus,
obsolete nodosis; spadiceo-fulvd, epidermide setosd,
concentrice plicatd, indutd, liris plus minusve livido-
purpureis; columella purpureo tincld, albirugosd ;
canali breviusculo, recurvo ; aperlitrcefauce ctsruleo-
albidd; labro intus costellato-dentalo, aurantio
tincto.
Chemnitz's Triton. Shell ovately fusiform, ventricose,
rather thin, with a single varix ; spire acuminately
turreted ; whorls angulated at the upper part, more
or less slightly noduled on the angle, concentrically
slightly plaited, transversely ridged, ridges rather
flat, irregular, obsoletely noduled ; yellowish bay,
covered with a bristled, concentrically folded epi-
dermis, ridges more or less stained with livid
purple ; columella stained with purple, covered with
white wrinkles ; canal rather short, recurved ; in-
terior of the aperture bluish white ; lip toothed in
a rib-like manner, orange.
Gray, Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, p. 110.

Argo-buccinum nodosum, Martini, vol. iv. pi. 131.

f. 1256.
Cassidaria setosa, Hinds.
Hub. Panama (found in sandy mud at the depth of six
fathoms) ; Cuming.
Mr. Gray appears to have overlooked the figure above
referred to in Martini's portion of the ' Conchylien Ca-
binet,' or he would probably have dedicated the species
to that illustrious author instead of his successor. The
figure of Chemnitz's Murex argus, var., referred to by
Mr. Gray, is the Triton Tranquebaricus.

Mr. Hinds refers this shell, as Lamarck did its next
allied species (Triton cingulatus), to the genus Cassidaria;
he does not, however, seem to have been acquainted
t .ither with Martini's figure or Mr. Gray's description
• m<l specific name.

Species 3S. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton gibbosus. For description see Plate XIV.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton cutaceus. Trit. testd ovatd, planiusculo-com-
pressd, varicibus quaternis quinisve tuberculiferis ;
spird obtusd; anfractibus irregulariter convolutis,
superne angulatis, infra unguium tuber culis grandibiLS
biseriatim armatis, transversim costatis, costis, nisi
super varices, subobsoletis, crenulatis ,- spadiceo-
fulvd. cvticuld corned indutd; columella a/bd, Icevi,
callositate parvd superne munitd; canali brevi, pro-
fundi umbi/icato ; aperturx fauce alba ; labro undu-
late, intus plus minusve dentieulato.
The cuticle-clad Triton. Shell ovate, rather flatly
compressed, with four or five tubercled varices ; spire
obtuse ; whorls irregularly convoluted, angulated at
the upper part, armed with two rows of large tu-
bercles beneath the angle, transversely ribbed, ribs,
except in passing over the varices, almost obsolete,
crenulated ; yellowish bay-colour, covered with a
horny cuticle ; columella white, smooth, furnished
with a small callosity at the upper part ; canal short,
deeply umbilicated ; interior of the aperture white ;
lip undulated, more or less denticulated within.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 041.

Murex cutaceus, Linnaeus.
Hah. Mediterranean, and Van Diemen's Island.

This species, an inhabitant of the Mediterranean, like
the Triton olearium, is found in two very remote parts
of the globe. It differs from the Triton Spengleri in the
same manner that the Triton grandimaculatus differs from
the Triton lotorium, namely, in the more elaborate cha-
racter of the sculpture of the first two or three whorls ;
beyond that, the peculiarity is reversed, the difference
between the last whorls of the Tritones Spengleri and
cutaceus being, that in the latter species the ribs and
crenulated sculpture are nearly obsolete.

TntoA PI. Ill

T ^=m- *#

Hi **

x f V*'

if

i

*^*'

<j **►

MC

TRITON.

Plate XII.

For Species 40, see Plate XIII.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton constrictus. Trit. testd fusiformi , solidd, raid)
distortd, varicibus quaternis quinisve; spird attcnua/o-
acuminatd ; anfractibus yiblwsissimis, supemi anyu-
latis, liris latiusculis rudibus nodosis clathratis ;
fidi-d, epidermide subvelutind iiidutd ; labro columel-
lari latiiis ejepanso, aurantio-castaneo, subirregula-
riter granoso, grams albidis, grandibus, prominen-
tibus ; canali brevi, recurvo ; aperturd minimd, fauce
albd ; labro fort iter dentato et granoso.

The hard-bound Triton. Shell fusiform, solid, very-
much distorted, with four or five varices ; spire at-
tenuately acuminated ; whorls very gibbous, angu-
lated at the upper part, latticed with rather broad
rude ridges ; yellowish, covered with a velvety
epidermis ; columellar lip rather widely expanded,
orange-chestnut, irregularly granuled, granules
white, large and prominent ; canal short, recurved ;
aperture very small, interior white ; lip strongly
toothed and granuled.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Monte Christi and Xipixapi, West Columbia
(dredged from sandy mud at the depth of from
seven to ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

This species differs from the Triton cancellinus in
being a more solid and distorted shell, whilst the can-
cellated ridges are broader ; the enamel of the mouth
has a peculiar orange-chestnut tinge, and the granules
are much larger ; the canal is shorter, and the spire is
more elevated.

turned upwards ; interior of the aperture white ;

lip denticulated within.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1843.
Hab. China.

Care must be taken not to confound this shell with
the Triton trilineatus, in which the dorsal tubercles are
more strongly developed, and which has no varix on the
back of the penultimate whorl.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton .egrotus. Trit. tcstd subpyriformi, varicibus
validis duabus ; spird acutd ; anfractibus superni
anyulatis, transversim costatis, liris minutis tribus
vel quaternis inter costas decurrentibus, costis superis
tuberculatis, tuberculis inferne evanidis ; albidd,
fuscescente ma.cula.td ; columella plicatd ; canali sub-
elonyato, subascendente ; aperturd fauce albd ; labro
intus denticulato.

The sickly Triton. Shell somewhat pyriform, with
two strong varices j spire sharp ; whorls angulated
at the upper part, transversely ribbed, with three
or four very small ridges running between the ribs,
upper ribs tuberculated, tubercles disappearing on
the lower; whitish, spotted with light brown;
columella plaited ; canal rather elongated, slightly

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton encausticus. Trit. testd pyriformi, varice
unicd depressiusculd ; spird roluiidato-depressd; an-
fractibus transversim costatis, tuberculoma seriebus
plurimis longitudinalibus armatis, inferioribus mi-
noribus ; albidd, fusco vari'e tinctd ; columelld Levi,
crassissim'e encausticd, aurantio-lutescente ; canali
elonyato, ascendente ; labro aurantio-lutescente, intus
denticulato.

The enamelled Triton. Shell pear-shaped, with a
single rather depressed varix ; whorls transversely
ribbed, armed with several longitudinal rows of
tubercles, the lower of which are the smaller ;
whitish, variously stained with brown ; columella
smooth, very thickly enamelled, pale orange-yellow;
canal long, turned upwards ; lip pale orange-yel-
low, denticulated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ;
Cuming.

The enamelled character of the mouth of this shell is
somewhat like that of the Triton tuberosus ; the form is
that of the Triton retusus.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton anus. Trit. testd ovutd, ventricosoyibbosd, dis-
tortd, varicibus tribus quinisve depressis ; spird acu-
minata; anfraetibus tuberculis grandibus irregulariter
clathratis, parte untied disco encaustico fimbriate
latissime expanse, ornatd; albidd, rubido-fuscofas-
ciatd ; coluntelld plicatd et yranosd ; canali brevi,
subitb ascendente; aperturd parvd, coarctatd ; labro
fortiter denticulato.
The old-woman Triton. Shell ovate, ventricosely
gibbous, distorted, with from three to five depressed
varices ; spire acuminated ; whorls irregularly lat-
ticed with large tubercles, anterior portion of the
whorls ornamented with a very widely expanded,
fimbriated, enamelled disk ; whitish, banded with
reddish brown ; columella plaited and granuled ;

Mav 1844.

TRITON.— Plate XII.

canal short, suddenly turned upwards; aperture

small, contracted ; lip strongly denticulated.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 636.

Murex anus, Linnaeus.

Distorta rugosa, Schumacher.

Cassis vera, Martini.
Hab. Ceylon : Philippine and Society Islands (found

under stones at low water) ; Cuming.
This remarkable species is very generally and abun-
dantly distributed throughout the intertropical regions.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton ridens. Trit. teste! elongato-ovatd, subfusiformi,
so/idiusculd, distortd, varicibus quinis senisve sub-
indistinctis ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus liris an-
gustis elevalis prominentibus distantibus eleganter
clathratis, liris Iransversis duplicatis ; carulescente-
albd, epidermide sericd indutd; columelld fortiter
rugosd, aurantio tinctd ; canali breviusculo, vix
ascendente ; aperturd parvd, coarctatd ; labro intus
fortiter dentato, albo, aurantio marginato.

Triton cancellinus. Trit. testd elongato-ovatd, sub-
fusiformi. subdistortd, varicibus quinis senisve sub-
indistinctis ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus liris an-
gustis elevatis, subdistantibus, eleganter clathratis,
liris transversis duplicatis ,■ albido-lutescente, epider-
mide sericd indutd ; columelld plicatd et granosd,
rvfescente-curned ; canali breriitscii/o, stibasceudente ;
aperturd coarctatd ; labro intus denticulato.
The cancellated Triton. Shell elongately ovate,
somewhat fusiform, a little distorted, with five or
six rather indistinct varices ; spire acuminated ;
whorls elegantly latticed with rather distant, nar-
row, elevated ridges, transverse ridges duplicate ;
whitish yellow, covered with a soft velvety epider-
mis ; columella plaited and grained, reddish flesh-
colour ; canal rather short, turned a little upwards ;
aperture contracted ; lip denticulated within.
Lamacck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 637.

Murex cancellinus, De Roissy.
Murex mulus, Dillwyn.
Triton clathratus, Lamarck.
Tritonium reticulare, Pfeiffer.
Hab. Ceylon : Philippine Islands (found in coral sand at
the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
Great confusion appears to have arisen amongst au-
thors in deciding the name of this exceedingly common
and well-known species.

The laughing Triton. Shell elongately ovate, some-
what fusiform, rather solid, distorted, with rive or
six rather indistinct varices ; spire acuminated ;
whorls elegantly latticed with prominent, narrow,
raised ridges, transverse ridges duplicate ; pale
bluish white, covered with a velvety epidermis ;
columella strongly wrinkled, stained with orange ;
canal rather short, scarcely turned upwards ; aper-
ture small, contracted ; lip strongly toothed within ,
white, bordered with orange.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Although this species exhibits little more than a modi-
fication of the characters of the preceding, the difference
is of good specific importance. The cancellated sculp-
ture is wider and more prominent, whilst the ridges are
more sharply noduled in crossing over each other. The
wrinkles and denticulations which surround the aperture
are much more strongly developed, and the orange-
stained colouring of the enamelled disc is peculiarly
characteristic.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton retusus. Trit. testd claviformi, varice unicd
ant nulld ; spird brevissimd, apice depresso-retuso ;
anfractibus subglobosis, superne leviter angulatis,
transversim exiliter costatd, costis superis obtuso-
nodulosis, inferioribus obsolete nodulosis ; albd, ru-
fescente-fusco tinctd et variegatd ; columelld rugosd,
labro columellari prominent'e expansd, solidiusculd ;
canali e/ongato, recto, pergracili ; labro externa intus
dentato, dentibus quasi tmnidis.

The blunt Triton. Shell club-shaped, with one or
no varix ; spire very short, apex depressly blunt ;
whorls somewhat globose, slightly angulated at the
upper part, transversely faintly ribbed, upper ribs
obtusely noduled, lower ribs obsoletely noduled ;
white, stained and variegated with light reddish
brown ; columella wrinkled, columellar lip promi-
nently expanded, rather solid; canal elongated,
straight, very slender ; outer lip toothed within,
teeth as if swollen.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 635.

Hab. Ceylon.

This shell may be easily distinguished by its club-
shape and very depressed, blunted spire. Besides the
light brown with which the body of the shell is varie-
gated, there are three dark brown spots on the marginal
varix.

ThbvuSlJffl

r1\

TRITON.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton lignarius. Trit. testa globoso-pyriformi, soli-
diusculd, varice nulld ; spird brevissimd ; aufractibus
longitudinuliter subplicatis, transversim crenulato-
liratis, /iris angustis, alternis majoribus, fuscescen-
tibus ; luteo-castaned, epidermide villosd reticulata
indutd ; columella subexcavatd, luteo-sanguined, albi-
denticulatii, callositate alba superne armatd ; cauali
mediocri, subrecurvo ; labro vald'e incrassato, intus
luteo-sanguineo, albidentato.

The wooden Triton. Shell globosely pyriform, rather
solid, without any varix ; spire very short ; whorls
longitudinally plaited, transversely crenulately
ridged, ridges narrow, alternate ones larger, brown ;
yellowish chestnut, covered with a hairy reticulated
epidermis ; columella slightly excavated, yellowish
blood-red, denticulated with white, armed at the
upper part with a white callosity ; canal middling,
a little recurved ; lip very much thickened, yellow-
ish blood-colour within, white-toothed.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hob. Puerto Potrero, St. Elena, and Panama (found in
sandy mud at a depth of from seven to twelve
fathoms) ; Cuming.

This is a solid globose shell, remarkable for the blood-
red colouring of the columella and outer lip.

Species 48. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Triton Tuersites. Trit. testa subfusiformi, varicibus qua-
ternis ; spird exsertd ; aufractibus transversim grano-
so-liratis, angulatis, ad unguium tuberculatis, tuber-
culis validis, vald'e prominentibus, anfractuum tola
superficie subtilissime granulosd ; columelld albd,
subexcavatd, leviter rugosd, callositate superne ar-
matd,- canali longiusculo,subascendente ; labro intus
leviter denticulatu.

The Thersites Triton. Shell somewhat fusiform,
with four varices ; spire exserted ; whorls trans-
versely granulously ridged, angulated at the upper
part, tubercled on the angle, tubercles strong and
very prominent, entire surface of the whorls very
finely granulated ; columella white, rather exca-
vated, slightly wrinkled, armed at the upper part

with a callosity ; canal rather long, turned a little
upwards; lip slightly wrinkled within.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. ?

Several shells have been named after the rude enemy
of Achilles as significant of their deformity. The Triton
under consideration, though it has quite a hump-backed
appearance from the prominence of the dorsal tubercles,
is however beautifully granulated, the granulated ridges
being especially neatly sculptured in passing over the
tubercles and varices.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton moritinctvs. Trit. testa ovato-oblongd, ven-
tricosd, varice unicd elevatd ; spird depressd ; au-
fractibus superne plano-angulatis, transversim crenu-
lato-costatis. ad unguium fortiter tuberculatis, tuber-
culis acutis, inferne evanidis, transversim subtiliter
sulcatis ; rubidd, varicibus albimaculatis ; epidermide
subsetosd ; columella rufo-aurantiii, maculd grandi,
nigricante-purpured, albirugosd, tinctd; canali sub-
elongato, subcontorto ; aperture fauce rufo-aurantid ;
labro intus fortiter dent at o.
The mulberry-stained Triton. Shell ovately oblong,
ventricose, with a single raised varix ; spire de-
pressed ; whorls flatly angulated at the upper part,
transversely crenulately ribbed, strongly tubercled
on the angle, tubercles sharp, disappearing towards
the lower part, transversely very finely grooved ;
reddish, varices spotted with white ; epidermis a
little bristly; columella reddish orange, stained
with a large white-wrinkled, blackish-purple spot ;
canal rather long, somewhat contorted ; interior of
the aperture reddish orange ; lip strongly toothed
within.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hub. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This shell, which is not uncommon in collections,
approximates very closely to the Triton cynocephalus ;
it is however specifically distinct. The whorls of the
Triton moritinctus are very strongly tubercled, the tu-
bercles being disposed in waved longitudinal rows,
whilst in the Triton cynocephalus the tubercles have more
the appearance of regular nodules.

TRITON.— Plate XIII.

Species 50. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton exaratus. Trit. testd subtriyono-fusiformi,
varicibus duabus ; spird elevato-turritd ; anfractibus
supern'e plaiiissimo-anyii/atis, ad tmyulum subnodosis,
transversim liratis, /iris compressis, duplicatis, cre-
nulatis, interstitiis excavato-sulcatis ; albidci, fusces-
cente caruleoque varie tinctd ; columella alba, sub -
ruyosd ; canali lonyiusculo ; aperturd rotundd ; labro
intus dentato.
The ploughed Triton. Shell somewhat triangularly
fusiform, with two varices ; spire elevately turreted ;
whorls very flatly angulated at the upper part,
slightly knobbed on the angle, transversely ridged,
ridges compressed, duplicate, crenulated, with the
interstices excavately grooved ; whitish, variegated
with light brown and blue ; columella white,
slightly wrinkled ; canal rather long ; aperture
round ; lip toothed within.

Variety j3. (Fig. 50 b.)
Testd niyricante-fuscd, albibalteatd.
Shell blackish brown, belted with white.
Hub. North coast of New Holland.

This is a very characteristic species, with the trans-
verse ridges standing out in bold relief, and the upper
part of the whorls peculiarly flat and indented at the
sutures.

Species 51. (Mus. Saul.)

Triton ficoides. Trit. testd triyono-ficiformi, varici-
bus quinis ; spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus dorsim
tumidiusculis, transversim liratis, liris nodosis, va-
rices super duplicatis ; columella nodosa et ruyosd,
infern'e luteo-sanyuineo tinctd; canali brevi; labro
intus fortiter dentato.

The fig-like Triton. Shell triangularly fig-shaped,
with five varices ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls ra-
ther swollen at the back, transversely ridged, ridges
knobbed, duplicate on the varices; columella no-
duled and wrinkled, stained with yellowish blood-
red towards the lower part ; canal short ; lip
strongly toothed within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Africa.

M. Kiener should have been sure of this shell being
the Ranella caudata of Say, before he ventured to ques-
tion the generic appropriation of that species. It is
quite another thing, and I much doubt if a shell of such
bright and vivid colour were ever found within the lati-
tude of New York. The true Ranella caudata has many
characters however in common with the Tritons, and I had
myself erroneously figured it in Plate XV. of the genus
(Fig. 57), before I felt satisfied that it really belonged to
a small group of Ranellse of which the R. Muriciformis
is the type.

Tnlm /'/AVI'

9

■

TRITON.

Plate XIV.

Species 52. (Fig. a, Mus. Metcalfe ; Fig. b and c, Mus.
Cuming.)

Triton labiosus. Trit. testd ovato-fusiformi, ventricosd,
varice unicd aut nulld ; spird nunc abbreviatd, ob-
tusd, nunc elevatd ; anfractibus superne angulatis,
transversim striatis et liratis, /iris latiusculis, costis
longitudinalibus decussatis ; fused vel cinered, fusco-
tinctd et maculatd ; columella subexcavatd, alba ;
canali brevi.

The full-lipped Triton. Shell ovately fusiform, ven-
tricose, with either one or no varix ; spire some-
times short, obtuse, sometimes elevated ; whorls
angulated at the upper part, transversely striated
and ridged, crossed with longitudinal ribs ; brown
or ash-colour, stained and spotted with brown ; co-
lumella somewhat excavated, white ; canal short.

Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Supp., pi. 5. fig. 18.
Tritonium rutilum, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl.

Hab. West coast of New Holland ; Menke. Island of
Luzon, Philippines (found under stones at low wa-
ter) ; Cuming.

I am much indebted to my worthy friend Prof. Menke
of Pyrmont for sending me a drawing of his Tritonium
rutilum ; I am unable however to maintain his specific
name, in consequence of having identified it with several
examples of the Murex labiosus of Wood. It is an ex-
ceedingly variable species, the spire being much more
elevated in some specimens than in others.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton rudis. Trit. testd ovato-fusiformi, varicibus
planulatis quinis senisve ; spird subacuminatd ; an-
fractibus transversim elevato-striatis, longitudinaliter
undulato-nodosis ; fulvd ; columella albd, subexca-
vatd, inferne subobsolete rugosd ; canali brevissimo,
recurvo ; aperturte fauce albd ; labro simplici.
The rude Triton. Shell ovately fusiform, with five or
six flattened varices ; spire somewhat acuminated ;
whorls transversely elevately striated, longitudinally
undulately noduled ; yellowish brown ; columella
white, slightly excavated, and rather obsoletely
wrinkled at the lower extremity ; canal very short,
recurved ; interior of the aperture white ; lip simple.
Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Iquiqui, coast of Peru (found in mud and sand at
a depth of from six to ten fathoms, and in coarse
gravel at the depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming.
This shell is exactly intermediate between Triton and

Species 54. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Norris.)

Triton acuminatum. Trit. testd subfusiformi, varice
nulld; spird acutissi?ne acuminata; anfractibus nu-
merosis, transversim elevato-striatis, longitudinaliter
costatis, costis subob/iquis, crebriusculis ; columella
subti/issiml' rugosd ; canali breviusculo, ascendente ;
aperturd parvd, rotunda ; labro intus denticulato.

The acuminated Triton. Shell somewhat fusiform,
without any varix ; spire very sharply acuminated ;
whorls numerous, transversely elevately striated,
longitudinally ribbed, ribs somewhat oblique, rather
close; columella very finely wrinkled; canal rather
short, turned upwards ; aperture small, round ; lip
denticulated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. China.

The Triton acuminatus is another very aberrant form,
though belonging to that interesting section of the genus
of which the Triton 7iiveus is the type.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton Tranquebaricus. Trit. testd ovato-fusiformi,
varicibus interdum tribus, interdum twllis ; spird
mediocri ; anfractibus liris subprominentibus cingu-
latis, liris caruleis aut fuscescentibus, scepe duplicatis,
plus minusve crenulatis et nodosis, remotiusculis,
strid unicd elevatd intercurrente ; columella rugosd ;
canali breviusculo ; labro intus dentato, dentibus
binis.
The Tranquebar Triton. Shell ovately fusiform,
with sometimes three varices, sometimes none ;
spire middling; whorls encircled with prominent
ridges, ridges bluish or light brown, often dupli-
cate, more or less noduled and crenulated, rather
distant, with a single raised stria running between
them ; columella wrinkled ; canal rather short ; lip
toothed within, teeth arranged in pairs.

June 1844.

TRITON.— Plate XIV.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.

p. 642.

Murex argus fasciatus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.,
vol. x. pi. 160. f. 1.V22.

Triton balteatus, Beck.

Triton doliarius, var. Pfeiffer.
Hab. Coast of Tranquebar ; Lamarck. Mouth of the

Gambia, Africa (found in sandy mud in deep water).
I know of no species of Triton in which the number
of varices is so variable as in the Triton Tranquebaricus.
The specimen here figured from Mr. Cuming's collec-
tion, like that figured by M. Kiener, has no varix,
whilst a fine example of the species from the collection
of Thomas Norris, Esq., (vide Plate XX.) has three. I
cannot discover the resemblance which M. Kiener de-
scribes between the Tritones Tranquebaricus and cuta-
ceus, and M. Pfeiffer is decidedly mistaken in quoting
the former as a variety of the Triton doliarius.

Species 38. (Fig. a (PI. XL), Fig. b and c, Mus. Cu-
ming.)

Triton gibbosus. Trit. testa subtrigono-fusiformi, va-
ricibus quaternis ; spird elongato-turritd, suturis
profundis, irregularibus ; anfractibus trigono-gib-
bosis, transversim creberrime elevato-striatis, obso-
lete liratis, liris exiliter nodosis aut verrucosis ; fused ;
canali breviusculo ; aperturd parvd, rotunda, fauee
alba ; labro radiation plano-expanso, intus denticu-
lato.

The hunchback Triton. Shell somewhat triangularly
fusiform, with four varices ; spire elongately tur-
reted, sutures deep, irregular ; whorls triangularly
gibbous, encircled with very close, raised stria?,
obsoletely ridged, ridges faintly noduled or warty ;
brown or yellowish brown ; canal rather short ;
aperture small, round, interior white ; lip radiately
flatly expanded, denticulated within.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Panama and Monte Christi, West Columbia (found

in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms) ;

Cuming.
The form of this shell not much unlike that of " the
finned frog" {Ranella pulchra) in all but the arrange-
ment of the varices, there being considerable resem-
blance in the deeply indented sutures, the small round
aperture, and in the flat, radiately expanded lip.

Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton doliarius. Trit. testa ro/undato-ovatd, tenui,
ventricosd, varice nulla ; spird obtuso-depressd ,■ an-
fractibvs superrie plano-angulatis, liris elevatissimis
compressis cingulatis, liris striatis, crenulatis, nodo-
sis, leviter vndulutis, interstitiis profundi excavatis ;
spadiced avt fuscescente ; columella alba, I icvi ; canali
brevissinw, umbilicato ; apertuni amphi, fauce alba ;
labro tenui, undato.

The tun-shaped Triton. Shell rotundately ovate,
thin, ventricose. without any varix ; spire obtusely
depressed ; whorls flatly angulated at the upper
part, encircled with very elevated, compressed
ridges, ridges striated, crenulated, noduled, slightly
undulated, interstices deeply excavated ; light bay
or brown ; columella white, smooth ; canal very
short, umbilicated ; aperture large, interior white ;.
lip thin, festooned.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 641.
Murex doliarius, Linnaeus.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

A light, inflated shell, of very peculiar, Dolium-like
growth, exhibiting very little character in common with
the rest of the Tritons.

//'MV///.I7

a

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4

,

TRITON.

For Species 57 see Plate XVI.
Fig. 57. Ranella caudata, Say, see Ranella, PI. VII.

Species 58. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton gracilis. Trit. testa gracili-fusiformi, varici-
bus tribus ; spin! subelatd ; anfractibus tuberculato-
nodosis, liris parvis subtiliter decussatis; lutescente-
albd, vel fused, albibalteatd, epidermide tenui subse-
tosdindutd; columella fortiter rugosd, albd; canali
subeloiujato, ascendente ; apertura fauce albd ; labro
intus peculiariter rugoso-denticulato.
The slender Triton. Shell slenderly fusiform, with
three varices ; spire somewhat raised ; whorls tu-
bercularly knobbed, finely decussated with small
ridges ; yellowish white, or brown with a white belt,
covered with a thin, slightly bristly epidermis;
columella strongly wrinkled, white ; canal rather
elongated, turned upwards ; interior of the aperture
white ; lip peculiarly rugosely denticulated within.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

A delicate little species, in which the outer lip is pe-
culiarly fully wrinkled within.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton elongatus. Trit. testd elongato-fusiformi, va-
rice unicd subindistinctd ; spird acuminatd ; anfrac-
tibus superne leviter angulatis, transversim liratis et
striatis, liris striisque granuloso-crenatis, equidi-
stanter nodulosis ; cinercd, liris Uvido-purpureis ;
columella excavatd, rugosd, callositate super/it- ar-
matd; canali elongato , subcontorto ; labro intus den-
tato, dentibus binis.

The elongated Triton. Shell elongately fusiform,
with a single somewhat indistinct varix ; spire acu-
minated ; whorls slightly angulated at the upper
part, transversely ridged and striated, ridges and
striae granulously crenated, equidistantly noduled ;
ash-colour; ridges livid purple; columella excavated,
wrinkled, armed with a callosity at the upper part ;
canal elongated, a little twisted ; lip toothed within,
teeth ranged in pairs.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. Philippine Islands , Cuming.

This shell approximates very closely to the Triton
vespaceus ; so closely indeed, that I may be thought ra-
ther venturous to describe it as a new species. The
differences however are as follows : the canal is much
more elongated, the whorls are not tubercled, and the
beaded ridges are of a peculiar livid-purple colour.

Species 60. (Fig. a, b and c, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton gemmatus. Trit. testd elongato-oblongd, vari-
cibus quaternis quinisve ; spird subobtusd ; anfrac-
tibus liris, pulcherrime gemma t is, eingulatis, inter-
stitiis striis elevatis longitudinalibus et transversis
eximie clathratis ; aurantio-lutescente ; columella ru-
gosd, callositate superne armatd ; canali breviusculo ;
labro intus dentato, dentibus binis.
The beaded Triton. Shell elongately oblong, with
four or five varices ; spire somewhat obtuse ; whorls
encircled with very beautifully beaded ridges, in-
terstices delicately latticed with raised transverse
and longitudinal striae ; orange-yellow ; columella
wrinkled, armed at the upper part with a callosity ;
canal rather short ; lip toothed within, teeth ranged
in pairs.
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.

Variety /3. (Fig. 60 c.)

Testd albd, varicibus duabns ad senas ; liris subnodosis.

Shell perfectly white, with from two to six varices ;
ridges slightly knobbed.

Hab. Island of Annaa(Chain island), South PacificOcean,
and island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
in both localities at low water) ; Cuming.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

The sculpture of this shell is very similar to that of
the Triton rubecula ; the beaded ridges are however wider
apart, and, on the varices, they have three smaller ridges
between them.

Species 61. (Mus. Hanley.)
Triton vespaceus. Trit. testd abbreviato-fusiformi,
subtrigond, varice unicd ; spird acuminatd ; anfrac-
tibus superne concavo-depressis, transversim crenulato-
liratis, liris duabus superis tuberculato-nodosis, inter-

Jane 1844.

TRITON.— Plate XV.

stitiis striis elevatis decussatis ; cinereo-carulescente,
aut fused cinereo balteatd; columelld ritgosd, callosi-
tate superni armatd ; canali mediocri ; labro intus
dentato, dentibus binis.
The wasp-like Triton. Shell shortly fusiform, some-
what triangular, with a single varix ; spire acumi-
nated ; whorls concavely depressed at the upper
part, transversely crenulately ridged, the two up-
permost ridges tuberculously knobbed, interstices
between the ridges decussated with raised lines ;
ashy blue, or brown with a light ash-coloured belt ;
columella wrinkled, armed at the upper part with a
callosity, canal middling ; lip toothed within, teeth
ranged in pairs.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 636.

Hab. New Holland; Menke.

This is a very characteristic little species, and may be

recognized without much difficulty.

Species 62. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton amictcs. Trit. testdfusiformi, subpyriformi.va-
ricibus duabus ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus tuber-
culato-nodosis, transversim liratis et striatis, liris
planulatis, subobsoletis ; albidd, epidermide molli
sparsim setosd amictd ; columelld leviter rugosd ;
canali subelongato ; aperture fauce albd ; labro intus
denticulato.
The well-clad Triton. Shell fusiform, somewhat
pear-shaped, with two varices; spire acuminated;
whorls tubercularly knobbed, transversely ridged
and striated, ridges flat, rather obsolete ; whitish,
clad in a soft sparingly bristled epidermis ; colu-
mella here and there wrinkled ; canal rather elon-
gated ; interior of the aperture white ; lip denticu-
lated within.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This is quite a distinct species from the preceding ;
the shell is of a more pyriform shape, and the sculpture
is of a much less elaborate character.

Triton MAT!

m h

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'm

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TRITON.

Plate XVI.

Species 57. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Triton clathratus. Trit. testd interdum oblongo-,
interdum abbreviato-turritd, crassit, varicibus unde-
cents; spird acuminatd; anfractibus liris subpro-
minentibus creberrime clathratis, /iris ad decussatio-
nem fort iter granulosis ; albidd aut fuscescente, fusco
balteutd et maculatd ; columelhi subrugosd ; canali
brevissimo, recurvo ; labro intus denticulato.

The latticed Triton. Shell sometimes oblong, some-
times shortly turreted, thick, with about eleven
varices ; spire acuminated ; whorls closely latticed
with rather prominent ridges, ridges strongly gra-
nulated at the point of crossing ; whitish or brown-
ish, belted and spotted with brown ; columella
slightly wrinkled ; canal very short, recurved ; lip
denticulated within.

Sowerby (not Lamarck), Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hub. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs) ;
Cuming.

It was very injudicious, to say the least of it, of Mr.
Sowerby to distinguish this shell by a name which had
been used by Lamarck and long commonly adopted, in
reference to a well-known species of the grimace Tri-
tons ; it has however been lately shown by M. Deshayes,
that the Triton clathratus of Lamarck was originally pub-
lished by De Roissy with the specific title of cancellinus.

Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton obscurus. Trit. testd elongato-turrita, varL
cibus undecenis ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus trans-
versim granulosis, longiluilinalitrr subobsu/ete sulcatis,
sulcis creberrimis ; fuscescente, fusco pal Ttdi- balteatd,
maculis fuscis quadrat is perpaucis seriatim pictd, va-
ricibus fusco maculatis ; columelhi lavi, crassissim'e
encausticd ; canali brevissimo, labro intus denticulato.

The obscure Triton. Shell elongately turreted, with
eleven varices ; spire acuminated ; whorls trans-
versely granulated, longitudinally rather obsoletely
grooved, grooves very close-set ; light brown, palely
belted with brown, painted with a very few square
brown spots in rows, varices spotted with brown ;
columella smooth, very thickly enamelled ; canal
very short, lip denticulated within.

Rebve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. East Indies ; Lieut. Babb.

This shell may have been probably confounded with
the Triton maculosus ; it differs however in not being
transversely grooved, in having a different arrangement
of the varices, and in other minor particulars.

Species 64. (Mus. Stainforth.)

Triton maculosus. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, crassd,
solidd, varicibus quaternis ; spird obtuso-acuminatd ;
anfractibus liris angustis subprominentibus creberrime
clathratis, liris ad decussationem fortiter granulosis,
interstitiis subtilissime striato-cancellatis ; albidd,
fusco et aurantio-fuscescente varie tinctd et maculatd ;
columella Levi, callositate supernc armatd, encausticd
latissime expansd ; canali brevissimo, recurvo ; labro
intus denticulato.

The spotted Triton. Shell oblong-turreted, thick,
solid, fourteen varices ; spire obtusely acuminated ;
whorls very closely latticed with rather prominent
ridges, strongly granulated at the point of crossing,
the interstices being extremely finely cancellated
with raised stria?; whitish, variously stained and
spotted with brown and light orange-brown ; colu-
mella smooth, armed with a callosity at the upper
part, enamel very widely spread ; canal very short,
recurved ; lip denticulated within.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
p. 639.

Buccinum maculosum, Martini.
Murex maculosus, Gmelin.
Colubraria granulata , Schumacher.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found amongst coral
sand in deep water) ; Cuming.

If Lamarck had looked upon the two excellent figures
in the ' Conchylien Cabinet,' to which he refers for this
species, with the same discrimination as Mr. Sowerby
has done, he would have discovered that the shell figured
by Chemnitz in the tenth volume, pi. 162. f. 1552 and
1553, is quite a distinct species from that figured by-
Martini in the fourth volume, pi. 1 32. f. 1257 and 1258.
Our contemporary, however, possessed an advantage
in having specimens for comparison which his prede-
cessor might not have had ; and a conchological icono-
grapher of the present day, who had long the care of

TRITON.— Plate XVI.

Lamarck's collection, seems to have been no less un-
fortunate.

Species 65. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Stainforth.)
Triton Soverbii. Trit. testd elongato-turritd, crassd,
solidd, varicibus quindenis planiusculis ; spird acumi-
nata ; anfractibus longltudlnaliter creberrime subob-
solete sulcatis, granu/is seriatim dispositis, lineisque
brunneis excavatis , binis, undlque cingulatis ; aurantio-
fuscescente, fusco variegatd, macularum fuscarum
seriebus duabus distantibus ornatd ; columelld lavi,
callosltate superne armatd, encaustlcd latissime ex-
pansd ; canali brevissimo, labro intiis subtilissime den-
ticulato.
Sowerby's Triton. Shell elongately turreted, thick,
solid, with fifteen rather flattened varices ; spire
acuminated ; whorls longitudinally very closely
rather obsoletely grooved, everywhere encircled
with rows of granules, and brown excavated lines,
ranged two and two ; orange-brown, variegated
with brown, and ornamented with two distant rows
of square brown spots ; columella smooth, armed
with a callosity at the upper part, the enamel being
very widely expanded ; canal very short, lip very
finely denticulated.

Triton lineatus, Sowerby (not Broderip), Pro. Zool.
Soc, 1833.
Hab. Gallapagos Islands, Pacific Ocean (found in sandy
mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
I dedicate this shell with a great deal of pleasure to
Mr. Sowerby, because he was the first to distinguish it
in a proper manner from the preceding species, with
which it was confounded by Lamarck. Chemnitz pub-
lished a very accurate figure of it in the ' Conchylien
Cabinet,' vol. x. pi. 162. f. 1552 and 1553, as a most
elegant species of spotted Murex, " Species elegantlsslma
Muriels maculati," and the vivid dark brown lines which

encircle its entire surface in pairs render it not unworthy
of the title.

The name selected by Mr. Sowerby for this interest-
ing shell was applied by Mr. Broderip only a few months
before to another species (vide Sp. 4), the description of
which was probably not in type.

Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton distortus. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, crassd,
solidd, varicibus novenis oblique invlcem subsequen-
tibus ; spird peculiar iter tortuosd ; anfractibus seria-
tim creberrime granulosis, juxta suturam granoso-
cremdatis, infra impresso-lavibus ; roseo-albicante,
fusco va)i'e maculatd et nebidosd ; columelld Itevi, en-
causticd expansd, subgranosd ; canali brevisslmo ;
labro intiis subtilissime denticulato.

The distorted Triton. Shell oblong-turreted, thick,
solid, with nine varices obliquely following one
under the other ; spire peculiarly twisted ; whorls
covered with close-set rows of granules, granulously
crenulated next the suture, impressly smooth im-
mediately under ; pinkish white, variously spotted
and clouded with brown ; columella smooth, enamel
spread over, slightly granulous ; canal very short ;
lip very finely denticulated within.

Schubert and Wagner, Conchylien Cab. (Martini and
Chemnitz), Supp., p. 138. pi. 231. f. 4074 and 4075.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the
reefs) ; Cuming.

Mr. Sowerby seems not to have been aware that this
curiously distorted shell was described, four years before
the publication of his account of it, by Schubert and
Wagner; as however, singularly enough, he applied
the same name to it, all confusion has been fortunately
avoided.

Triton R XVII.

M

.

TRITON.

Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton pygm^eus. Trit. testa oblongo-turritd, subcom-
pressd, varicibus undecim, interdum u/roijiie invicem
subsequentibus, interdum irregularibus ; spird acumi.
until ; anfractibiis longitudinaliter creberrimi liratis,
liris granulosis ; fused, interdum stramineo pallide
balteatd ; columelld Itevi, canali brevissimo.
The pygmy Triton. Shell oblong-turreted, somewhat
compressed, with eleven varices, sometimes follow-
ing one under the other on each side, sometimes
irregular; spire acuminated ; whorls longitudinally
very closely ridged, ridges granulated ; brown,
sometimes belted with pale straw-colour ; columella
smooth, canal very short.
Pfeiffer, Revue Soc. Cuvierienne, 1S43, p. 13G.
Ranella pygmcea, Lamarck.
Ranella lanceolata, Philippi (not of Menke).
Hab. Mediterranean, coast of Malta (under stones).

I refer this shell to the genus Triton according to
Pfeiffer, first on account of its immediate affinity with
the Triton reticulattts and other turriculated species of
the genus, and secondly on account of the irregular dis-
position of the varices, which do not always exhibit that
complete lateral arrangement characteristic of the Ra-
nella.

Species 68. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton crispus. Trit. testa ovatd, subfusiformi, vari-
cibus duabus vel tribus ; spird breviusculd ; anfrac-
tibvs liris crispis prominentibus, subdistantibus, de-
eussatis, liris ad decussationem nodulosis, interstitiis
striis crispis elevatis subtilissinie cancellatis ; cinereo-
ca-rvlescente, varicibus lirisque albidis ; columelld ex-
cavatd, rugosd, callositate supern'e armutd ; canali
breviusculo ; labro intus fortiter denticulate

The crisped Triton. Shell ovate, somewhat fusiform,
with two or three varices ; spire rather short ;
whorls crossed with rather distant prominent crisped
ridges, ridges nodulous at the point of crossing,
interstices very finely cancellated with crisped
raised striae ; ashy blue, varices and ridges white ;
columella excavated, wrinkled, armed at the upper
part with a callosity ; canal rather short ; lip
strongly denticulated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

Quite distinct from any hitherto described species.

fractibus liris parr is obtitsis creberrime deeussatis .
intus extusque alba ; columelld excavatd, inferne suh-
rugosd ; canali brevissimo; labro intus denticulato.

The ivory Triton. Shell ovately oblong, with three
or four rather remote varices ; spire short ; whorls
very closely decussated with small obtuse ridges ;
white within and without ; columella excavated,
slightly wrinkled at the lower part ; canal very
short ; lip denticulated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.
This shell has somewhat the form of the Triton Qtwyi

(Sp. 93), an interesting little New Holland species.

which M. Kiener thought to be the recent analogue of

Lamarck's fossil Triton viper inn m.

Species 70. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton nitidulus. Trit. tcstii elongato-turritd, crassd,
solidd, varicibus duodeeim aut tredecim, planulatis .
spird subcontortd ; anfraetibus lesvibus, nitidis, lineis
elevatis, subtilissimis, granulosis, subdistantibus, cin-
gulatis,juxta suturam eximi'e crenulatis : fuscescente,
saturates balteatd et alternatim maculatd ; columella
Icevi, callositate supern'e armatd, encausticd late ex-
panse ; canali brevissimo, recurvo.
The polished Triton. Shell elongately turreted.
thick, solid, with twelve or thirteen flattened va-
rices ; spire slightly twisted ; whorls smooth, po-
lished, encircled with rather distant, very fine,
granulated, raised lines, delicately crenulated next
the suture ; light brown, belted and spotted alter-
nately with darker brown ; columella smooth,
armed at the upper part with a callosity, enamel
widely spread ; canal very short, recurved.
Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean.

This shell may be easily recognised by the very deli-
cate chains of fine granules with which it is encircled at
comparatively rather distant intervals.

Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton eburneus. Trit. testa ovato-oblongd, varicibus
tribus vel quaternis remotiusculis ; spirit brevi ; an-

Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton verrucosus. Trit. testa subpyramidali-oblongd,
varicibus quatuor quinisve ; spird mediocri ; anfrae-
tibus supern'e impressis, transversim striatis et liratis.
liris longitudinalibus prominentioribus deeussatis, ad
decussationem nodosis ; aurantio-fuscescente, anfrac-
tuum parte inferiori fusco inter nodos articulatd .
columelld excavatd, vix rugosd; canali brevissimo.
The warted Triton. Shell somewhat pyramidally

TRITON.— Plate XVII.

oblong, with four or five varices ; spire middling ;
■whorls impressed at the upper part, transversely
striated and ridged, decussated with larger and
more prominent longitudinal ribs, noduled at the
point of crossing ; orange-brown, lower portion of
the whorls articulated with brown between the
nodules ; columella excavated, scarcely wrinkled ;
canal very short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

Care must be taken not to confound this shell with

the lesser New Holland species, Triton Quoyi.

Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton reticulatus. Trit. testa elongato-turritd, vari-

cibus undecim aut duodecim; spird acutd; anfractibus

crebcrrhne reticularis ; fuscescente, fusco vane tinctd;

columelld excavatd, lavi ; canali brevissimo, recurvo.
The reticulated Triton. Shell elongately turreted,

with eleven or twelve varices ; spire sharp ; whorls

very closely reticulated ; light brown, variously

stained with brown ; columella excavated, smooth ;

canal very short, recurved.
De Blainville, Faune Franchise, pi. 4. D. f. 5.
Deshayes, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (2nd edit.), vol.

ix. p. 646.

Murex reticulatus ?, Dillwyn.

Triton turriculatus, Deshayes (Exp. Moree).

Tritonium intertextum}, Pfeiffer.

Triton reticulatus, ~\

Triton Mediterraneus, J
Hab. Mediterranean, Gallapagos Islands, &c.

After attentively comparing the specimens described
by Sowerby under the respective titles of Tritones reti-
culatus and Mediterraneus , I am unable to discover any
specific difference between them.

Species 73. (Mus. Hanley.)

Triton Ceylonensis. Trit. testd gracili-turritd, sub-
distorld, varicibus rudibus ad duodecim planulatis ;
spird acuminata, subtortuosd ; anfractibus liris lon-
gitudinalibus creberrimis subindistinctis, subtilissim'e
granulosis, sculptis ; roseo-albicanle, fuscescente ex-
imi'e bulteatd, maculatci, et vari'c tinctd; columelld
excavatd, politd ; canali brevissimo, recurvo.

The Ceylon Triton. Shell slenderly turreted, some-
what distorted, with about twelve rude, flattened
varices ; spire acuminated, a little twisted ; whorls
sculptured with very finely granulated, Tather indi-
stinct, close-set, longitudinal ridges ; pinkish white,
belted, spotted, and variously stained with light
brown ; columella excavated, polished ; canal very
short, recurved ; lip denticulated within.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.
Hab. Island of Ceylon.

The granules in this species are close-set, but of the
same fine, delicate character as those of the T. nitidulus.

Species 74. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Triton tortuosus. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, suban-
gustd, varicibus octo oblique invicem subsequentibus ;
spird tortuosd ; anfractibus granulis parvis subtiliter
reticulatis; lutescente, maculis fuscis grandibus,
longitudinaliter undatis, eleganter pictd ; columelld
excavatd, subgranulosd ; canali brevissimo, recurvo.
The twisted Triton. Shell oblong-turreted, rather
narrow, with eight varices obliquely following one
under the other ; spire twisted ; whorls finely reti-
culated with small granules ; yellowish, elegantly
painted with large longitudinally-waved brown
spots ; columella excavated, slightly granuled ;
canal very short, recurved.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.
This interesting species approximates very closely to
the Triton distortus ; it differs in being of a more deli-
cate and slender form, in the granules being less promi-
nent, and in the peculiar waved style of the painting.

Species 75. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton niveus. Trit. testd rotundato-ovatd, varicibus
senis septemve indistinctis ; spird acuminatd, acutd ;
anfractibus ventricosis, liris prominentibus reticulatis,
longitudinalibus concentricis latioribus ; lamind colu-
mellari tenui, striatd ; nived ; canali brevi, tortuoso-
recurvo ; labro tenui ; apertures fauce elevato-
slriatd.

The snow-white Triton. Shell rotundately ovate,
with six or seven indistinct varices ; spire acumi-
nated, sharp; whorls ventricose, reticulated with
prominent ridges, of which the longitudinal are
concentric and wider apart ; snowy white ; colu-
mellar lamina thin, striated ; canal short, recurved
in a twisted manner; lip thin; interior of the
aperture elevately striated.

Pfeiffer, Revue Soc. Cuvierienne, 1843, p. 139.
Buccinum niveum, Gmelin.
Nassa alba, recurvirostris, &c, Martini.

Hab ?

It would have perhaps been more correct if Pfeiffer
had adopted the specific name of albus for this little
species of Triton, but as Martini's nomenclature is so
immethodical, I think its priority unimportant.

Twieon H. J VIII.

i

TRITON.

Plate XVIII.

(Figures considerably magnified.)

Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton sculptilis. Trit. testa oblongo-turritd, varice
nulla ; spird exsertd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter
costellatis, costellis angustis, interstitiis strife elevatis
cancel/atis, anfracttis ultimi parte inferiori conopeo
carinteformi prominente peculiariter ornatd ; albidd,
suturis fuscis ; columelld Itevi ; canali brevissimo.
The carved Triton. Shell oblong- turreted, with no
varix ; spire exserted ; whorls longitudinally ribbed,
ribs narrow, interstices cancellated with raised
stria 1 , lower portion of the last whorl peculiarly
ornamented with a prominent keel-shaped canopy ;
whitish, sutures brown ; columella smooth ; canal
very short.
Reeve. Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hub. Island of Caput, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.
In addition to the above account of this beautiful
species, it may be noticed that the transverse stria? are
brown upon the ribs and white in the interstices ; the
sutures are brown in consequence of the whorls being
encircled with a brown line just at the point where one
whorl lodges in its spiral growth upon the other, over
the basal canopy, as if to mark out the exact plan of
convolution.

Species 77. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton eximius. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, varice
mild ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus costellis minutis
eximie cancellatis, longitudinalibus majoribus, valde
remotioribus ; albd, fuscescente obscure fasciatd ; ca-
nali brevissimo.

The delicate Triton. Shell oblong-turreted, with no
varix ; spire acuminated ; whorls delicately cancel-
lated with minute ribs, of which the longitudinal
are larger and much wider apart ; white, obscurely
banded with very light brown ; canal very short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Lord Hood's Island, Pacific Ocean (on the reefs),
and Island of Capul, Philippines (under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.
A neatly cancellated, almost colourless, shell.

Species 78. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton egregius. Trit. testd elongato-ovatd, varice
nulhl ; spini acutd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter cos-
tatis, striis elevatis transversis cancellatis; albd,
costis medio albis, supra et infra fuscis; canali
brevi, reeurvo.
The chosen Triton. Shell elongately ovate, with no
varix ; spire acute ; whorls longitudinally ribbed,

cancellated with transverse raised striae ; white.

ribs white in the middle, brown above and below ;

canal short, recurved,
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones

at low water) ; Cuming.
The style and arrangement of the sculpture is not
much unlike that of the preceding species ; the shell is
however larger, more globose, and has a very pretty
appearance, arising from the dark brown upper and lower
portions of the ribs being crossed by white striae.

Species 79. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton lanceolatus. Trit. testd elongato-turritd, vari-
cibus octo, longitudinaliter oblique costellatd, costellis
minutis, confertis, striis elevatis transversis subtilis-
sim'e cancel/atis; rosea -albicante, aurantio-fusco spar-
sim macu/atd ; canali brevissimo.

The little lance-like Triton. Shell elongately tur-
reted, with eight varices, longitudinally obliquely
ribbed, ribs very small, close-set, very finely can-
cellated with raised transverse stria; ; pinkish white,
blotched here and there with light orange-brown ;
canal very short.

Kiener, Iconographie des coquilles, pi. 18. f. 1.

Deshayes, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (2nd edit.), vol. ix.
Ranella lanceolata, Menke (not Philippi).

Hab. West Indies.

This species is of much more common occurrence

than either of the two following, which, though so nearly

allied, are peculiarly distinct.

Species 80. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton antiquatus. Trit. testd elongato-turritd, vari-
cibus novenis ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus sub-
irregu/ariter convo/utis, longitudinaliter subtilissime
costellatis, costellis irregii/aribus, nunc obliquis, nunc
subundulat is, junta suturam peculiariter mucronatis,
striis transversis undique sculptis ; roseo-albicante,
semipe/lueidd, caricibus aurantio-fusco media u/iinia-
culatis ; canali brevissimo; aperturie fuuce purpurea .
The antiquated Triton. Shell elongately turreted,
nine varices ; spire acuminated ; whorls somewhat
irregularly convoluted, longitudinally very finely
ribbed, ribs irregular, now oblique, now a little
waved, peculiarly pointed next the suture, every-
where engraved with fine transverse striae ; pinkish
white, semitransparent, varices marked in the mid-
dle with a single orange-brown spot ; canal very
short ; interior of the aperture tinged with purple.

TRITON.— Pi ate XVIII.

Hinds, Zoology of the Sulphur, vol. ii. pi. 4. fig. 78.
Hab. New Ireland (among coarse sand at low water) ;
Hinds.
This shell is distinguished from the preceding species
by its having one more whorl, in being of a lighter and
more delicately transparent character, and by the pecu-
liar manner in which the longitudinal ribs are extended
to a point across the suture.

Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton siphonatus. Trit. testd fusiformi-turritd, vari-
cibus novenis, subindistinctis ; spird acuminata ; an-
fraetibus creberrime reticularis, ultimo antic'e quasi
siphonato ; rosea- aut ctsruleo-albidd, auranlio-fusco
sparsim maculatd; lamina columellari tenui, Icevi;
aperturd elongato-ovatd ; labro subtilissinie denticu-
lato.

The spouted Triton. Shell fusiformly turreted, with
nine rather indistinct varices ; spire acuminated ;
whorls very closely reticulated, last whorl spouted,
as it were, anteriorly ; pinkish or bluish white,
spotted in places with light orange-brown ; colu-
mellar lamina thin, smooth ; aperture elongately
ovate ; lip very finely denticulated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

Chiefly distinguished by its anterior extension.

Species 82. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton decollatus. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, varice
nulla ; spird subobtusd, decollatd ; anfractibus trans-
versim sulcatis, sulcis angustissimis, subsuperjiciariis,
liris intermediis lavibus, apicem versus reticulatis ;
luteo-fuscescente, fusco variegatd, sulcis brunneis ;
canali brevissimo.

The decollated Triton. Shell oblong-turreted, with
no varix ; spire rather obtuse, decollated ; whorls
transversely grooved, grooves very narrow, rather
superficial, intermediate ridges smooth, reticulated
towards the apex ; yellowish brown, variegated with
brown, grooves dark brown ; canal very short.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1833.

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the
reefs) j Cuming.

Mr. Sowerby describes this very characteristic spe-
cies as having "only a single varix"; it may however
have been already noticed ; so that I do not consider the
marginal thickening of the lip of a shell to constitute a
varix, until it becomes one by a renewal of the growth
of the shell; the word varix signifying a swollen vein
running over the surface of anything.

Species 83. (Mus. Cuming.)
.'riton truncatus. Trit. testd elongato-turritd, varice

nulld ; spird multum decollatd ; anfractibus longitu-
dinaliter concentrice liratis, transversim subtilissinie
elevato-striatis ; lutescente-aurantid, maculis gran-
dibits fuscis seriatim pictd ; canali brevissimo.

The truncated Triton. Shell elongately turreted,
with no varix; spire considerably decollated; whorls
longitudinally concentrically ridged, transversely
crossed with fine raised stria? ; yellowish orange,
painted with rows of large brown spots ; canal
very short.

Hinds, Zoology of the Sulphur, vol. ii. pi. 4. fig. 9 and 10.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming. New Ireland ; Hinds.
I think this is without exception the most perfectly

decollated marine shell I remember to have met with.

Species 84. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton bracteatus. Trit. testd oblongo-ovatd, varice
nulld ; spird subacuminatd ; anfractibus longitudina-
liter concentrice costatis, transversim striatis, striis
confertis ; lutescente-albd, costis cmruleo-nigricante
creberrime maculatis ; canali brevissimo.

The plated Triton. Shell oblong-ovate, with no
varix ; spire rather acuminated ; whorls longitudi-
nally concentrically ribbed, transversely striated,
strise close-set; yellowish- white, ribs closely spotted
with bluish black ; canal very short.

Hinds, Zoology of the Sulphur, vol. ii. pi. 4. fig. 5 and 6.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at

low water); Cuming. Marquesas Islands ; Hinds.

A neat solid shell, in which the ribs are very fully

spotted with bluish black.

Species 85. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton decapitatus. Trit. testd elongato-turritd, varice
nulla; spird decollatd; anfractibus longitudinaliter
concentrice costellatis, costellis angustis, numerosis,
confertis, transversim striatis ; lutescente, fusco sub-
indistincfe maculatd ; costellis aurantio-fuscis, lined
lutescente antice interrupts, anfractu ultimo 'lineis
lutescentibus duabus ; canali brevissimo.
The beheaded Triton. Shell elongately turreted,
with no varix ; spire decollated ; whorls longitudi-
nally concentrically ribbed, ribs narrow, numerous,
close-set, transversely striated ; yellowish, some-
what indistinctly spotted with brown ; ribs orange-
brown, interrupted anteriorly so as to leave a yel-
lowish line round each whorl, the last whorl having
two ; canal very short.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.
Care must be taken not to confound this species with
the Triton truncatus, in which the ribs are larger and
wider apart, and the colour not interrupted.

Triton ,Fl. XII.

■

f 1 "'

#

TRITON.

Plate XIX.

Species 86. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton digitai.e. 'Frit, testa oblongd, varice nulld;
spird acuminata; anfractibtis seriatim granulosis,
granulis ntimerusis, emtfertis, olitusis : albidd, fusces-
cente sparsim punctata ; cana/i brevissimo.

The thimble Triton. Shell oblong, with no varix ;
spire acuminated ; whorls covered with close-set,
obtuse granules ; white, dotted here and there with
light brown ; canal very short.

Reeve, Pro. Zoo!. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.

The sculpture of this shell is much like the grained
surface of a thimble.

Species 87. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton concinnus. Trit. testa oblongd, tenuicvld, varice
nulla; spirit sitbaeiiminatd ; anfraiiihus longithdi-
naliter concent rice costellatis, transversim creberrim'e
stria/is ; lutescenle, auran/io-fuscesceitte peculiariter
pictd, apice roseo-purpureo ; canali brevissimo.
The pretty Triton. Shell oblong, rather thin, with
no varix ; spire somewhat acuminated ; whorls
longitudinally concentrically ribbed, transversely
very closely striated ; yellowish, peculiarly painted
with light orange-brown, apex pinkish purple ;
canal very short.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
ilab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The bright orange-brown painting is peculiarly fes-
tooned, as it were, round the upper part of the whorl
next the suture.

Species 8S. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton angulatus. Trit. testa oblongd, turritd, varice
nulla ; spini acuminata ; anfractibtis superni aiigti-
latis, longitudinaliter costellatis, transversim striatis,
striis prominentibus, confertis ; luted, aut Ititescente-
a/bci, rubido-fusco alboquc sparsim punctata ; canali
brevissimo.
The angulated Triton. Shell oblong, turreted, with
no varix ; spire acuminated ; whorls angulated at

the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, transversely-
striated, striae prominent, close-set ; yellow or yel-
lowish white, dotted here and therewith white and
dark brown ; canal very short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Sue., 1*44.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones al
low water) ; Cuming.
Chiefly distinguished by the angular structure of the

whorls next the suture.

Species 89. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton Scalariformis. Trit. testa fus'ti'tirmi-oblonga,
tenui, varicibus acta, fimbriatis, prominentibus ; spun
turritd , /infract Urns /iris angttstis eleva/is, crenu/alts.
crebre vittatis, interstitiis striis longitudinalibus cla-
thratis; albd, pcllucidd ; lamina columellari sube.i-
pansd ; canali brevi, recarvo ; labro fimbriate-.

The Scalaria-shafed Triton. Shell fusiformly ob-
long, thin, with eight prominent fimbriated varices ;
spire turreted ; whorls closely bound or filleted
with narrow, crenulated, raised ridges, interstices
latticed with longitudinal stria; ; white, transparent ;
columellar lamina rather expanded ; canal short.
recurved ; lip fimbriated.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1833.

Hab. Bay of Montija, South America (found in coarse
sand at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

"This elaborately wrought species," says Broderip.
" has the varices placed with a regularity that almost
entitles it to a situation among the Rane/lee."

Species 90. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton lativaricosus. Trit. testa oblongd, so/it/el.
subcompressti, varicibus tribtis vcl quaternis talis .
spini siilmbtiisii ; anfractibtis longitudinaliter conceit-
trice costellatis. cosle/lis solidis, stibdistantibiis, trans-
versim creberrim'e striatis; canali brevissimo.

The rroad-varix Triton. Shell oblong, solid, a little
compressed, with three or four broad varices ; spire
rather obtuse ; whorls longitudinally concentrically
ribbed, ribs solid, rather wide apart, transversely
very closely striated ; canal very short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

TRITON.— Plate XIX.

The varices of this shell are unusually broad, and the
>s are wider apart on the back of the whorls than on
e side here represented.

Species 91. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton tessellatus. Trit. testd elongatd, varice nulld ;
spird acuminata, acutd : anfract dm a striis longitudi-
nalibus et transversis subtilissime reticulatis ; albidd,
maculis grandibus rubido-fuscis subirregulariter tes-
sellatd; canali Itrcvi, subcecal to.
The tessellated Triton. Shell elongated, with no
varix ; spire sharply acuminated ; whorls very finely-
reticulated with longitudinal and transverse stria' ;
whitish, rather irregularly tessellated with large
spots of reddish brown ; canal short, a little re-
curved.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hah. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones
at low water) ; Cuming.
This shell may be easily recognised by its rude, tes-
sellated spots.

Species 92. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton convolutus. Trit. testu fusiformi , ieniiissimd,
varicibus novenis vald'e conspicuis ; spied elongato-
acuminatd ; an/ractibus lineis subacutis elevatis, ere-
berrimis, cingulatis ; alba, pellucidd ; lamind columel-
Irtri late expansd ; labro subtilissime crenulato ; ca-
na/i brevi, recurvo.

The convoluted Triton. Shell fusiform, very thin,
with nine very conspicuous varices ; spire elon-
gately acuminated ; whorls encircled with rather
sharp close-set raised lines ; white, transparent ;
columellar lamina widely expanded ; lip very finely
crenulated ; canal short, recurved.

Hroderit, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines (found under a stone
at low water) ; Cuming.

It is scarcely possible to conceive a more beautiful and
delicately transparent shell than the Triton convolutus.
In structure is somewhat similar to that of the Triton
Scalariformis, but the sculpture is of a quite different
character, the whorls being encircled with fine close-set
raised lines, which arc not latticed with any longitudinal

Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton Quoyi. Trit. testd oblongd, varicibus quaterni?
quinisve ; spird mucronatd ; an/ractibus gibbosis, cos-
tis loncjitudinalibusct transversis confertim decussatd,
costis ad decussationem nodulosis ; aurantio-fuscd ,
canali brevissimo ; labro intus noduloso-dentato.

Quoy's Triton. Shell oblong, with four or five varices ;
spire pointed; whorls gibbous, closely decussated
with transverse and longitudinal ribs, noduled at
the point of crossing ; orange-brown ; canal very
short ; lip nodulously toothed within.
Triton viperinum, Kiener (not of Lamarck, fossil).

Hab. New Holland ; Quoy.

This shell, M. Deshayes informs us, is by no means

the living analogue of Lamarck's fossil Triton viperinum.

Species 94. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton bacillum. Trit. testa elongato-clavaformi, so-
lidd, varicibus duabus ■ spin! elongatd, subretusd -.
an/ractibus obtuso-granulosis ; ccerulcscente-albd ; ca-
nali brevissimo, recurvo ; aperturd breviusculd.

The little club Triton. Shell elongately club-
shaped, solid, with two varices; spire elongated,
rather blunt ; whorls obtusely granulated ; bluish
white ; canal very short, recurved ; aperture rather
short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. — ?

This is the only species of Triton I have noticed with

a single varix on each side.

Species 95. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton carduus. Trit. testd globosci, ventricosd, varice
nulla; spird brevi, acutissimd ; an/ractibus lungitu-
dina/ilcr costatis, transversim stria/is, striis valde
elevatis, costas super submuricato-nodosis ; albidd.
fuscescente varid ; columelld excavald ; canali brevi.

The tuistle Triton. Shell globose, ventricose, with
no varix ; spire short, very sharp ; whorls longitu-
dinally ribbed, transversely striated, stria 1 very
elevated, rather prickly knobbed on the ribs ; white,
variegated with light brown ; columella excavated ;
canal short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

A rather thin shell, of very sharply cancellated scul-
pture.

Tnfon /'/ U

I

TRITON.

Plate XX.

Species 96. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton Nassoides. Trit. teshl subpyramidali ; spird
acuminatd, varice nulla . anfractibus transversim ele-
valo-lineatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis subobli-
quis, prominent /bus : livido-albidd, costis pallide/us-
cescentibus . canali breviusculo, ascendente ; aperture)
parvd, rotundd; labro incrassato, late expanso.

The Nassa-like Triton. Shell somewhat pyramidal;
spire acuminated, no varix ; whorls encircled with
raised lines, longitudinally ribbed, ribs rather
oblique, prominent; livid white, ribs faintly tinged
with brown ; canal rather short, turned upwards ;
aperture small, round ; lip thickened, widely ex-
panded.

Gray, Griffith's Cuvier's Animal Kingdom.

Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

This species, which approximates to the Triton acumi-

natus, may be recognised by the peculiar expansion of

the outer lip.

Species 97. (Mus. Norris.)

Triton pagodus. Trit. testd pi/ramidali-ovatd; spird
acuminato-turrild, varice nulla ; anfractibus subvert-
tricosis, superne angulatis, transversim creberrime
elevato-lineatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis com-
prcssiusculis, siihilislantihus ; ulbiild, rubii/o-cas/aneo
multifasciatd ; canali brevi, vald't recurvo ; aperturd
rotunda ; labro intus elevato-striato.

The pagoda Triton. Shell pyramidally ovate ; spire
acuminately turreted, no varix ; whorls rather ven-
tricose, angulated at the upper part, encircled with
close-set raised lines, longitudinally ribbed, ribs
rather compressed, somewhat distant; whitish, en-
circled with numerous reddish chestnut bands ; canal
short, strongly recurved ; aperture round ; lip ele-
vately striated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1*44.

Hab. Bay of Montija, West Columbia ; Cuming.

This species partakes more of the character of Nassa

than the preceding ; it might be referred indeed to that

genus with almost as much propriety as to Triton.

tribus ; spird acuminata; anfractibus longitudina-
liter oblique costatis. transversim tenuiter s trial is ;
cinered ; aperturd contractu, fauce Imvigatd.

The earthen Triton. Shell ovate, rather solid, with
three varices ; spire acuminated ; whorls longitu-
dinally obliquely ribbed, transversely finely striated;
ash- colour ; aperture contracted, interior smooth.

Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,
Mollusca, p. l-2.pl. 4. f. 11 and 12.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope (dredged on the L'Agulhas
bank at the depth of from fifty to sixty fathoms) ;
Hinds.

A small species, in which the ribs are numerous, close-
set, and disposed obliquely.

Species 98. (Mus. Belcher.)
Triton fictilis. Trit. testd ovatd, solidu/d, varicibus

Species 99. (Mus. Cuming.)

Triton pictus. Trit. testd oblongo-ovatd ; spird sub-
acuminatd. varice nulla ; longitudinaliter creberrime
costatd, transversim elevato-striatd ; rubido-fusco at-
boque tessellatd ; canali brevi ; aperturd. parvd, fame
ulbd.

The painted Triton. Shell oblong-ovate ; spire some-
what acuminated, with no varix ; longitudinally
very closely ribbed, transversely elevately striated ;
tessellated with reddish brown ; canal short ; aper-
ture small, interior white.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands (found under stones at low
water) ; Cuming.

An interesting species tessellated with white and very
rich dark brown, in which the latter colour greatly pre-
ponderates.

Species 100. (Mus. Belcher.)

Triton anomalus. Trit. testa ovatd, varice mild ; spira
siihuhtusd ; an/'raiiiliiis longitudinaliter costatis. linris
elevatis transversis cancellatis ; suturis subprofundis .
lutescente fused, fusco fasciatd ; canali brevi; aper-
turd ovatd.

The anomalous Triton. Shell ovate, without any
varix ; spire rather obtuse ; whorls longitudinally
ribbed, cancellated with raised transverse lines ;
sutures rather deep ; yellowish brown, banded with
brown ; canal short ; aperture ovate.

August 1844.

TRITON.— Plate XX.

Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,

Mollusca, p. 12. pi. 4. f. 13 and 14.
Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua (found on the sandy

shore at low water) ; Hinds.
The general character of this species is not much un-
like that of the preceding ; it is rather more ventricose,
and the ribs are more widely separated from each other.

in growth, the transverse ridges, which are for the most
part duplicate, become wider and more prominent,
whilst the longitudinal ridges seem to diminish in im-
portance, until they become almost obsolete.

Species 101. (Mus. Norris.)
Triton vestitus. Trit. testd ovatd, subpyriformi, crassd,
solidd, varicibus duabus rotundatis ; spird brevi, sub-
obtusd ; anfractibus /iris angustis longitudinalibus et
transversis subexiliter clathratis, spira pracipue ;
fused, epidermide lamellosd indutd, anfractu ultimo
zona lutescente unicd cingulatd, varicibus lutescente
maculatis; columella nigricante-purpured, a/bi-rugo-
sd; canali breviusculo; aperturd elongato-ovatd, fauce
alba; labro incrassato, intus purpureo tincto, denti-
culato, dentibus alius, binis.
The clothed Triton. Shell ovate, somewhat pyri-
form, thick, solid, with two rounded varices; spire
short, rather obtuse ; whorls rather finely latticed
with narrow transverse and longitudinal ridges,
especially those of the spire ; brown, covered with
a lamellated epidermis, last whorl encircled with a
single yellowish zone, varices yellow-spotted ; co-
lumellablackish purple, crossed with white wrinkles;
canal rather short ; aperture elongately ovate, inte-
rior white ; lip thickened, stained with dark purple
within, toothed, teeth white, ranged two and two.
Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,

Mollusca, p. 11. pi. 4. f. 1 and 2.
Hab. Realejo, Gulf of Nicoya and Bay of Honda, west
coast of America (found among the rocks on the
shore) ; Hinds.
This fine species, which cannot easily be confounded
with any hitherto described, exhibits the following pe-
culiar feature in the sculpture. As the shell increases

Species 55. (Mus. Norris.)
Triton Tranqueearicus. Var. varicibus tribus.

For an account of this species and accompanying
figure see PI. XIV.

Species 102. (Mus. Cuming.)
Triton decipiens. Trit. testa elongato-ovatd, subfusi-
formi. distortii, varicibus quints senisve indistinctis ;
(infractilius /iris angustis e/evatis clathratis ; albido-
lutescente, epidermide scried indutd: columella pro-
fundi e.i cavatd, rugosd, subobsolett umbilicatd, callosi-
talibus plurimis superne armatd, rufo-aurantid ; labro
ji/ano-eoncuro, rufo-aurantio radiato, intus fortiter
rugoso-dentato.
The deceptive Triton. Shell elongately ovate, some-
what fusiform, distorted, with five or six indistinct
varices ; whorls latticed with narrow raised ridges ;
whitish yellow, covered with a silken epidermis ;
columella deeply excavated, wrinkled, rather obso-
letely umbilicated, armed at the upper part with
several callosities, reddish orange ; lip flatly con-
cave, rayed with reddish orange, strongly toothed
within.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippines ; Cuming.

I have long hesitated to consider this shell any other
than a variety of the Triton cancellinus ; the differences,
though slight, seem however to remain constant. It is
uniformly of smaller size, the transverse ridges are not
duplicate, and the colour and wrinkled denticulations of
the columella and outer lip are of a peculiar and distinct
character.

TRITON.

[Temporary Index.~\

Plate

aeuminatus, Reeve XIV.

eegrotus, Reeve XII.

amictus, Reeve XV.

angulatus, Reeve XIX.

anomalus, Hind." XX.

antiquatus, Hinds XVIII.

anus, Lamarck XII.

aquatilis. Reeve VII.

australis, Lamarck IV. and V.

bacillum, Reeve XIX.

balleatus, Beck XIV.

bracteatus, Hinds XVIII.

canaliferus, Lamarck III.

cancellinus, Deshaye? XII.

carduus, Reeve XIX.

caudatus, Gray. XI.

caudatus, Pfeiffer III.

Ceylonensis, Sowerby XVII.

Chemnitzii, Gray . . XI.

chlorostoma, Lamarck VIII.

cingulatus, Pfeiffer XI.

clandestinus, Lamarck IV.

clathratus, Lamarck XII.

clathratus, Sowerby XVI.

clavator, Lamarck III.

concinnus, Reeve XIX.

constrictus, Broderip XII.

convolutus, Broderip XIX.

corrugatus, Lamarck V.

crispus, Reeve XVII.

cutaceus, Lamarck XI.

cynocephalus, Lamarck VIII.

decapitatus, Reeve XVIII.

decollatus, Sowerby XVIII.

decipiens, Reeve XX.

digitale, Reeve XIX.

distortus, Schubert St Wagner .... XVI.

doliarius, Lamarck XIV.

eburneus, Reeve XVII.

egregius, Reeve XVIII.

elongatus, Reeve XV.

encausticus, Reeve XII.

exaratus, Reeve XIII.

exilis, Reeve IV.

s, Reeve XVIII.

54
42
G2

Plate

femorale, Lamarck VII.

ficoides, Reeve XIII.

fictilis, Hinds XX.

fusiformis, Kiener II.

gallinago, Reeve , II.

gemmatus, Reeve XV.

gibbosa, Broderip XI. & XIV .

gracilis, Reeve XV.

grandimaculatus, Reeve VI.

intertextum, Pfeiffer XVII.

labiosus, Reeve XIV.

lampas, Lamarck IX.

lanceolatus, Kiener XVIII.

Iativaricosus, Reeve XIX.

lignarius, Broderip XIII.

lineatus, Broderip II.

lineatus, Sowerby XVI.

lotorium, Lamarck VI.

maculosus, Lamarck XVI.

Mediterraneus, Sowerby XVII.

moritinctus, Reeve XIII.

Nassoides, Reeve XX.

nitidulus, Sowerby XVII.

niveus, Pfeiffer XVII.

nodiferus, Lamarck III.

obscurus, Reeve XVI.

olearium, Deshayes X.

pagodus, Reeve XX.

Pfeifferianus, Reeve IV.

pictus, Reeve XX.

pilearis, Lamarck VII.

pygmaeus, Pfeiffer XVII.

pyrum, Lamarck X.

Quoyi, Reeve XIX.

Kanelloides, Reeve III.

reticulatus, Blainville XVII.

retusus, Lamarck XII.

ridens, Reeve XII.

rubecula, Lamarck IX.

rudis, Broderip XIV.

rutilis, Menke XIV.

sarcostoma, Reeve VII.

Sauliae, Reeve V.

scabra, King XI.

Scalariformis, Broderip XIX.

TRITON.

Plate

Species

Plate

Specii

jcrobiculator, Lamarck

VIII.

28

Tranquebaricus, Lamarck . . .

. XIV. & XX

55

sculptilis, Reeve

XVIII.

76

trilineatus, Reeve

.. X.

31

Sinensis, Reeve

VI.

IS

tripus, Lamarck

. V.

16

?-iphonatus. Reeve

XVIII.

SI

truncatus, Hinds

. . XVIII.

83

Soverbii, Reeve

XVI.

65

tuberosus, Lamarck

I.

1

Spengleri, Lamarck

XI.

36

turriculatus, Deshayes

. . XVII.

72

subdistortus, Lamarck

I.

2

undosus, Kiener

.. XI.

35

succinctus, Lamarck

X.

32

variegatus, Lamarck

.. I. and II.

3

tessellatus, Reeve

XIX.

91

verrucosus, Reeve

. XVII.

71

Thersites, Reeve

XIII.

48

vespaceus, Lamarck

. . XV.

61

tigrinus, Broderip

VIII.

•27

vestitus, Hinds

. . XX.

101

tortuosus, Reeve

XVII.

74

viperinum, Kiener

XIX.

93

MEMORANDA.

^|jci K , :;7. Triton Chemnitzii, Gray.
The Author lia> erred in <]nnliiii; Mr. limit-,',-, manuscript name of Cassidaria setosa tor this species
tleman never gave publicity ami subsequently abandoned.

Triton raneellatiis, Lamarck, referred to genus Fusus.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

GLAUCONOME

" Which of us
Whosi eye so superficially surveys

These thinss. as not to mind fnuu whence tliev itrow." — Millo,,.

(,7auc< nt »«- /'/ /

-f"^-

< .

GLAUCONOME,

Genus Glauconome, Gray.

Testa oblongo-ocalis, tenuis, eequivalvis, subventricosa,
incsquilateralis, an/ice rotundato, postice plus minusve
attenuata, epidermide viridescente, tenui, corned in-
duta. Cardo dentibus in utrdque valvd tribus, posti-
cis majoribus, valve dextralis medio, sinistralis pos-
tico, bifidis. Impressiones musculares in utrdque
valvd dine, antica marginalis, oblonga, postica sub-
quadrata. Pallii impressio muscularis sinu magno,
antice obtuso. Ligamentum externum, oblongum.

Shell oblong-oval, thin, equivalve, slightly ventricose,
inequilateral, rounded anteriorly, more or less at-
tenuated posteriorly, covered with a thin epidermis,
which is sometimes inflected over the margin.
Hinge ; three teeth in each valve, the posterior of I
which are the larger, middle tooth of the right
valve and posterior of the left valve bifid ; no lateral
teeth. Muscular impressions, two in each valve,
the anterior marginal, oblong, the posterior some-
what square. Muscular impression of the mantle
with a large sinus, obtuse anteriorly. Ligament
external, oblong.

The genus Glauconome was introduced some years
since by Mr. Gray in his ' Spicilegia Zoologica,' with
the description of a single species collected by John
Reeves, Esq., in China; another species appears to have
been described by the great author of the ' Systema
Natura,' under the title of Solen virens (the original
examples of which are still preserved in the Museum of
the Linnean Society), and I have now the pleasure of
adding seven new species, which materially increase the
generic importance of the group.

The Glaucoiwmes are of a light semiperlaceous struc-
ture, covered with a thin light-green horny epidermis,
which in some species is very peculiarly wrinkled or
shrivelled and inflected over the margin ; and their
hinge is composed of three irregularly forked teeth in
each valve, some of which are bifid, the valves being
united by an oblong external ligament. They live in
brackish water (partially imbedded in the mud), in the
mouths of rivers at their confluence with the sea, and
have only been found as yet in the eastern hemisphere.
Of the nine species above alluded to, the localities of eight
are known to be as follows : — one inhabits the rivers of
China, one the Ganges, three inhabit rivers running i
into the Bay of Manila, and three inhabit rivers in the ,
islands of Zebu, Negros and Luzon of the Philippines. J

The place selected by Mr. Gray for the genus Glau-
conome in the natural system was in his family of Vene-
rida : it appears to me, however, to exhibit a much
stronger affinity with the Solenacea ; in my ' Conchologia

Systematica ' I referred it to that family, and the pro-
priety of this removal has been subsequently confirmed.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome Chixensis. G/auc. testa elongato-oblongd,
striatd, circiter umbones erosd, lateribus rotundatis,
postico subangulato-attenuato.

The Chinese Glauconome. Shell elongately oblong,
striated, eroded about the umbones, sides round,
posterior rather angularly attenuated.

Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 6. pi. 3. f. 13 and 13 «.
Sowerby, Genera of Shells, No. 4:2.

Ilab. Rivers of China.

This species is generally much eroded.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome straminea. Glauc. testd subelongato-
ovatd, circiter umbones erosd, latere antico rotundato,
postico subattemiato, leviter angulato, rotundato ;
epidermide nitidd, viridescente -sir amined, unguium
super corrugatd.

The straw-coloured Glauconome. Shell rather elon-
gately ovate, eroded about the umbones, anterior
side rounded, posterior somewhat attenuated, an-
gularly rounded ; epidermis thin, light greenish
straw-colour ; wrinkled on the angle.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Mouths of rivers running into the Bay of Manila.

A light delicate shell slightly angulated on the ante-
rior side, with the epidermis lying on the angle in
wrinkles.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome radiata. Glauc. testd oblongo-ovatd,
compressiusculd, earned, purpureo-radiatd, epider-
mide viridescente prope marginem indutd, lateribus
rotundatis, postico subacuminato.

The rayed Glauconome. Shell oblong-ovate, lather
compressed, flesh-colour, rayed with purple, co-
vered near the margin with a light greenish epi-
dermis, sides rounded, posterior a little acuminated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Mouth of a small river at San Nicolas, island oi
Zebu, Philippines (found in sandy mud at low
water) ; Cuming.
The only species rayed externally with purple.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)
Glauconome rugosa. Glauc. testa e/ongato-oblonyti

April 1S44.

GLAUCONOME.— Plate I.

rugosfi, circiter umbones plus mitmsve erosd, lateribvs
rotundatis, epidermide peculiariter corrngatd, latere
postico subobsolet'e angulato.

The -wrinkled Glauconome. Shell elongately oblong,
wrinkled, more or less eroded about the umbones,
sides rounded, with the epidermis upon them pe-
culiarly shrivelled, posterior side faintly angulated.

Hanlet, Species of Shells (Wood, Ind. Test. 2nd Supp.,
pi. x. f. 24.)

Hah. Mouths of rivers running into the Bay of Manila.

Variety ft.
Testa subangustior.
Shell rather narrower.

Hab. A small river in Jimamailan, island of Negros,
Philippines ; Cuming.
This species, which is by far the largest of the genus,
presents a very peculiar arrangement of the epidermis.
In the middle of the shell it lies in ridges parallel with
the lines of growth, but towards the ends, especially the
anterior, it turns suddenly upwards and becomes di-
spersed in scattered shrivelled wrinkles.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome angulata. Glauc. testa elongato-oblongd,
striata, circiter umbones plus minusve erosd, latere
antico rotundato, postico angulato, carina obtusd ab
umbonibus ad marginem decurrente.

The angulated Glauconome. Shell elongately ob-
long, striated, more or less eroded about the um-
bones, anterior side rounded, posterior angulated,
with a blunt keel running from the umbones to the
margin.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. Mouth of a river at Jinigaran, island of Negros,
Philippines (found in sandy mud at low water) ;
Cuming.

An angulated species in which the epidermis is of
rather a dingy character.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome corrugata. Glauc. testd elongato-ovatd,
subtilissime striatd, circiter umbones erosti, lateribus
rotundatis, postico acuminata -angulato, epidermide
unguium super corrugatd , intus vivide purpureo-
radiatd.

The wrinkled Glauconome. Shell elongately ovate,
very finely striated, eroded about the umbones,
sides rounded, posterior side acuminately angled,
with the epidermis wrinkled upon the angle; inte-
rior vividly rayed with purple.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Mouths of rivers running into the Bay of Manila
(found in the mud at low water) ; Cuming.
The posterior side of this species is more acuminately
angled than that of any other ; the epidermis is deli-
cately wrinkled upon the angle, and the interior of the
shell is rayed with purple.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome curta. Glauc. testd ovatd, carta, tenui,
subtilissime striatd, ad umbones pendulum erosd, la-
teribus rotundatis ; intus earuleo-carneo tinctd.

The short Glauconome. Shell ovate, short, thin,
very finely striated, a little eroded at the umbones,
sides rounded ; interior stained with bluish flesh-
colour.

Hanley, Species of Shells (Wood, Ind. Test., "2nd Supp.,
pi. ? f. ?).

Hab. Mouth of a river in Agoo, province of Pagasinan,
island of Luzon (found in sandy mud at low water) ;
Cuming.
This species is of a shorter ovate form than any other ;

it has a fine silken epidermis, and the interior is of a

bluish salmon-colour.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

Glauconome cerea. Glauc. testd oblongo-ovatd, pal-
lida stramined, subtilissime striatd, lateribus rotun-
datis, postico subangulato-attenuato.

The waxen Glauconome. Shell oblong-ovate, pale
straw-colour, very finely striated, sides rounded,
posterior side rather angularly attenuated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. The river Ganges.

A very delicate pale straw-coloured shell, having very

much the appearance of wax.

Species 9. (Mus. Linn. Soc)

Glauconome virens. Glauc. testd cylindraceo-oblongd .
tenui, lateribus rotundatis, latere postico subacumi-
nato, v'uc angulato.

The green Glauconome. Shell cylindrically oblong,
thin, sides rounded, posterior side rather acumi-
nated, very slightly angulated.

Hanley, Species of Shells.
Solen virens, Linnaeus.

Hab. ?

The shell here figured is in the collection of the
Linnean Society, with the name Solen virens attached
to it in Linnaeus's own hand-writing.

MONOGRAPH

Or THE GENUS

M Y A D R A

" Thyself how wondrous then,
Unspeakable ! who sitt'st above these heavens
To us invisible, or dimly seen
In these thy lowest works". — Milton.

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t^jfr

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m

MY AD OR A.

Genus Mtadora, Gray.
Testa trigono-ovata, ineequivalvis, valvd sinistra plus mi-
nusve concavd, dextrd pland, rarb concaviusculd ; in-
equilateralis, latere postico rotundato, antico leviter
flexuoso, coarctato, in/erne plerumque truncato, de-
pression plano-coneavd sub umbones. Cardo : dea-
tibus in valvd dextrd duobus lateralibus, elongatis, ru-
dibus, ab umbone divergentibas, quorum postico piano,
subobso/eto ; in valvd sinistrd projeeturis sulcatis
duabus lateralibus denies recipientibus. Ligamentum
internum, in fared trigond centrali inter dentes inser-
tion, appendice testaced concavd seep) intend pro-
tectum. \~ulr<c iutiis uiarijaritaveic, jial/ii impressione
musculari antici sinuatd.
Shell triangularly ovate, inequivalve, left valve more or
less concave, right valve flat, rarely a little con-
cave ; inequilateral, posterior side rounded, anterior
slightly flexuous, contracted, generally truncated,
with a flat hollow depression under the umbones.
Hinge : two rude elongated lateral teeth in the right
valve diverging from the umbo, one on each side, the
posterior of which is flat and somewhat obsolete ;
in the left valve are two grooved lateral projections
receiving the teeth of the opposite valve. Liga-
ment internal, inserted in a triangular pit between
the teeth, often protected internally by a testaceous
appendage called the clavicle or hinge-piece. Valves
pearly within, muscular impression of the mantle
sinuated anteriorly.
The genus Myadora, introduced by Mr. Gray in his
account of the ' Shells of Molluscous Animals' in the
' Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum,' is
one that cannot fail to be appreciated ; nothing indeed
can more fully demonstrate the necessity for a new
generic allotment of certain species than the circum-
stance of their having been transported at different
times from one genus to another by the same author*.

* " In an Appendix to a Catalogue of Shells collected in the
Australian and Polynesian groups of Islands liy Mr. S. Stutchbury,"
says Sowerby, in his account of the genus Pandora, 'Species Con-
chyliorum,' Part I., " 1 have described under the name of I'mirim-n
brevis, a shell which I am now convinced is rather an Jnalina, in-
asmuch as its flat valve is destitute of the blunt tooth which cha-
racterizes the Pandora ; it differs also from them in having a sinus
in the muscular impression of the mantle, and in being possessed of
a small testaceous appendage attached to the ligament." This shell
however, it will be seen, hasnot the spoon-shaped processes of Anatina.

The Myadora: partake of the characters of Anatina and
Pandora ■ and as they have been referred at times to
both of those genera, it is important to describe with
some minuteness the differences which entitle them to
generic distinction.

In Anatina the hinge is composed of two hollow spoon-
shaped processes containing the ligament, protected in
some species by a moveable testaceous clavicle, which
crosses the dorsal axis of the shell on the posterior side * ;
as in Anatina truncata for example, a species now com-
monly obtained with this accessory hinge-piece complete.

In Pandora, which is too flat and compressed a shell
to admit any structure like the spoon-shaped processes of
Anatina, the ligament is lodged in a cicatrix, protected
on the posterior side by a single central oblong tooth in
the right valve only ; the clavicle is dispensed with, but
the loss of it is in a degree supplied by a thickening and
folding over of the dorsal margin.

In Myadora, which, being a thicker shell, requires a
hinge of more solid construction, the peculiarities above
noted in Anatina and Pandora, the clavicle of the former,
the folded margin of the latter, are united in the following
modified condition. The dorsal margin of the right
valve of Myadora becomes consolidated into a tooth-like
ledge or projection diverging from, on each side, the
umbo, fitting into grooved projections of similar con-
struction in the left valve ; and by the diverging of these
tooth-like projections, a compact triangular cavity is ob-
tained in the centre of each valve for the insertion of
the ligament, which in some of the species is walled in
as it were internally, not laterally as in Anatina, by a
moveable testaceous clavicle forming an angle with the
diverging ledges.

The clavicles of Anatina and Myadora, it may be thus
observed, are very differently situated with respect to the
ligament, the one being a side appendage extending
across the dorsal axis of the shell, the other an internal
appendage forming an angle with the dorsal axis.

Of the following ten species which I propose to refer
to this genus, the grand type, Myadora striata, is an in-
habitant of Port Nicholson, New Zealand; the remainder
are for the most part collected by Mr. fuming at the
Philippine Islands.

* The side on which the proboscis or siphons are protruded is as-
sumed to be the anterior.

MYADORA— Plate I.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Myadora cbassa. Myad. testd trigono-orbiculari, sub-
solidd, vulva dextrd concaviusculd ; valvis concentrice
striatis, striis elevatis, subdistantibus, versus mar-
ginem obsoletis, carind indistinctd prope marginem
anticam ab umbonibus divergente ; umbonibus elevatis.

The thick Myadora. Shell triangularly orbicular,
risrht valve rather concave; valves concentrically
striated, striae raised, rather distant, obsolete to-
wards the margin, with an indistinct keel diverging
from the umbones near to the anterior edge.
Anatina crassa, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ., vol. v.
p. 100, Tab. Supp. 43. f. 5 and 6.

Hab. ?

This short rounded species is the only one I have

seen at present in which the right valve is concave.

Species '2. (Mus. Cuming.)
Myadora trigona. Myad. testa trigond, valde plano-
depressd, usque marginem concentrice striata, striis
prominent ibus, rjuasi carinu/atis, prope marginem an-
ticam undatis ; umbonibus acutissim'e mucronato-
elevatis.
The triangular Myadora. Shell triangular, very
flatly depressed, concentrically striated to the edge,
striae prominent, keel-like, waved on approaching
the anterior margin ; very sharply pointedly raised.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.
Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

Four odd valves only of this interesting little species,
in which the concentric striae are remarkably prominent
and keel-like, were found by Mr. Cuming at the above-
mentioned island.

Species 3. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Myadora plana. Myad. testd trigono-ob/ongd, autic'i
subtruncatd, planissimd, concentrick striata, striis
elevatis, subdistantibus, valva sinistra- prominentibus .

The flat Myadora. Shell triangularly oblong, slightly
truncated anteriorly, very flat, concentrically stri-
ated, stria raised, rather distant, those of the left
valve the more prominent.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, L844.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found in
sandy mud at the depth of seventeen fathoms);
Cuming.

This specie.- is chiefly distinguished from its conge-

ners, the Myadora: tincta and trigona, by its more oblong
shape.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)
Myadora ovata. Myad. testd ovatd, sitbtriangutari,
valvd sinistra ventricoso-concavd, dextrd leviter con-
vexd, concentrice striata, striis elevatis, prope mar-
ginem anticam subobsoletis, vaivee dextra numerosis,
confertis, sinistra prominent ibus, subdistantibus •,
umbonibus depresso-incurvis.
The ovate Myadora. Shell ovate, somewhat trian-
gular, left valve ventricosely concave, right valve
slightly convex, concentrically striated, striae raised,
somewhat obsolete near the anterior margin, those
of the right valve numerous and close, of the left
valve prominent and rather distant ; umbones de-
pressly incurved.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in
sandy mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species exhibits a greater disparity in the sculp-
ture of the valves than any other, the stria? of the right
valve being very fine and close-set, whilst those of the
left are almost keel-like and comparatively distant.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)
Myadora tincta. Myad. testd trigond, antie'e subtrun-
catd, usque marginem concentrice striata, striis ele-
vatis, prominentibus ; fusceseenle tincta.
The stained Myadora. Shell triangular, slightly
truncated anteriorly, concentrically striated to the
margin, striae raised, prominent ; stained with light
brown.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in coral sand
at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
The Myadora tincta scarce!}' differs from the Myadora
plana, except in being of a less oblong and more tri-
angular form.

Species 6. (Mus. Norris.)
Myadora striata, Myad. testa triguno-ovuta, plana,
an tie, leviter fleXUOSd, concentrice striata, striis 1111-

merosis, confertis, irregularibus ; depressions untied
concavii ; cardine uppendice testaced munito.
The striated Myadora. Shell triangularly ovate, flat,
slightly rltxuous anteriorly, concentrically striated,

MVADORA.— Plate I.

striae numerous, close, irregular; anterior depres-
sion concave; hinge furnished with a testaceous
appendage.
Gray, MSS. British Museum.

Pandora striata, Deshayes, Mag. de Zool.
Hub. Port Nicholson, New Zealand ; Swainson.

Fig. 6 b represents the testaceous clavicle, or hinge-
piece ; Fig. 6 c the right, or flat valve, with the clavicle
in situ attached to the ligament.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)
Myadora brevis. My ad. testd sub/rigond, antice
Jlexuoso-costatd, concent rice striata, striis mtmerosis,
elevatis, peculiariter rugosis ; umbonibus antice re-
flexis ; cardine appendiee testaced munito.
The short Myadora. Shell somewhat triangular,
flexuously ribbed, anteriorly concentrically striated,
strise numerous, elevated, and peculiarly wrinkled ;
umbones reflected anteriorly ; hinge furnished with
a testaceous appendage.

Anatina brevis, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ., vol. v.
p. 99, Tab. Supp. 43. f. 1. and '2.

Hal. ?

Having seen only the single left valve of this remark-
able species here figured, I am unable to say anything
of the right valve ; Mr. Stutchbury, however, describes
it as being slightly convex. He states also that this
shell is furnished with a testaceous clavicle.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

Myadora oblonga. Myad. testa trigono-oblongd, an-
tice latissime truncatd, concentrici striata, striis ele-
vatis. regularibus , prope marginem anticam angulatis.

The oblong Myadora. Shell triangularly oblong,
very broadly truncated anteriorly, concentrically
striated, strise raised, regular, angulated near the
anterior margin.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc. Is44

Hub. Island of Mindoro, Philippines ; Cuming.

The anterior side of this species is the most broadh
truncated of any.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Myadora curvata. Myad. testa curvato-oblongd, valvd
dextrd convexiuscu/d, antice subindistincfe flexuoso-
COStatd, eoncentrie'e striata, striis elevatis, angustis.
regularibus.

The curved Myadora. Shell of a curved oblong form,
right valve rather convex, anteriorly somewhat in-
distinctly flexuously ribbed, concentrically striated,
striae raised, narrow, regular.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines ; Cuming.

This species differs also in form rather than in variety
of sculpture.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)

Myadora Pandor^eformis. Myad. testa oblongo-ovatd,
antice leviterflexuosd, abrupte truncatd, valvd sinistra
vru/ricoso-eoncavd ; coneentriee striata, striis valves
sinistra; umbones versus elevatis, valves de.rtnr subti-
/issimis. lavigatis ; umbonibus antice inflexis ; cardine
appendice testaced munito.

The Pandora-shaped Myadora. Shell oblong-ovate,
slightly flexuous anteriorly, abruptly truncated, left
valve ventricosely concave ; concentrically striated,
stria; of the left valve raised towards the umbones,
those of the right valve very fine, smooth ; umbones
inflected anteriorly ; hinge furnished with a testa-
ceous appendage.

Anatina Pandoraformis, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ.,
vol. v. p. 99, Tab. Supp. 43. f. 3 and 4.

Hab. ?

The Myadora striata, brevis and Pandorteformis are

the only species of the genus at present known to have

the clavicle.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

R A N E L L A

Framril in llir |irmlit;alit\ nl nature." — Shakspe.

famdla /Y /

R A N E L L A.

Genus Ranella, Lamarck.

Testdovatd vel oblongu-ovatd , spini plus minusee acumina-
ta ,- varicibus stepissime obliquis, ml partem anfractHs
dimidiam depositis, seriem longitudinalem utroque la-
tere efformantibus ; canali nunc brevissimo, nunc lou-
giusculo ; aperturd ovatd, plerumque utrinque canali-
cii/atii.

Shell ovate or oblong-ovate, spire more or less acumi-
nated ; varices most frequently oblique, deposited
at every half-whorl, forming a longitudinal row on
each side ; canal sometimes very short, sometimes
rather long; aperture ovate, generally canaliculated
at both ends.

The genus Ranella was established by Lamarck for
the reception of that portion of the varicose Canali fcra
which construct a varix upon every half- volution. By
this lateral deposit of the varices the shell acquires a
more or less depressed two-edged structure, and this
joint peculiarity of growth is all that has been thought
necessary to determine the character of the genus.
Various imperfect notions have been entertained by
naturalists as to the purpose and influence of varices in
the structure of canaliferous shells ; De Blainville as-
sumes that they indicate periods of generation ; but a
varix, says M. Dcshayes, is deposited on the earliest for-
mation of the shell, and it is quite unnatural to suppose
that the animal employs that function immediately on its
ejection from the ovary. Other zoologists have imagined
that the varices indicate the order of the seasons ; but,
repeats M. Deshayes, the Ranella? live in a climate where
there is but one season, and the temperature of the waters
they inhabit is the same all the year round. It is agreed
on all sides that the varices are deposited as a marginal
protection to the shell during a period of rest ; but I find
nothing beyond conjecture as to the purpose of this pe-
riodical rest, the time which elapses between the con-
struction of a varix and a renewal of the operation of
growth, or between the renewal of growth and the for-
mation of another varix.

Very few alterations have been proposed in the ge-
neric appropriation of the Ranella? : Schumacher subdi-
vides them by the introduction of the genera Gyrina and
Bu/onaria, and Pfeiffer abandons the genus altogether to
unite them with the Tritons ; neither, however, of these
changes have been adopted.

The last-published monograph of the genus Ranella
by M. Kiener included twenty-seven species ; that num-

ber I have now the pleasure of increasing to fifty, and
of these about fifteen are new to science.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella subgranosa. Ran. testa elongato-ovatd, vari-
cibus subobtuso-rotundatis ; anfraclibus Ireiter a/igu-
latis, ad unguium nodulosis, transversim liratis, /iris
numerosis, confertis, subtiliter granulatis ; ceerules-
cente-albd, fuscescente vane tinctd et strigatd;
aperturd e/ongato-ovali, utrinque canaliculatd ; labro
dentato.
The subgrained Ranella. Shell elongately ovate,
varices rather obtusely rounded; whorls slightly
angulated, noduled at the angle, transversely ridged,
ridges numerous, close-set, finely granulated ; blue-
ish white, variously stained and streaked with light
brown; aperture elongately oval, canaliculated at
both ends ; lip toothed.
Beck, Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, f. 18.

Ranella Beckii, Kiener.
Hab. Bay of Manila; Cuming.

This species may be distinguished by its finely gra-
nulated close-set ridges, by its peculiar blue tinge of
colour, and by the rounded, spineless character of the
varices.

It was very injudicious of Dr. Beck to give the
name of sajgranosus to this shell, when there is already
a sraigranosus of Lamarck , still the names are dif-
ferent, and I think M. Kiener is not justified in altering
them.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella aliuvaricosa. Ran. testa oblongo-ovatd, de-
pressiusculd, varicibus tubercu/is subspinosis promi-
nentibus armatis ,• anfractibus leviter angulatis, tu-
berculis subspinosis infra unguium bisi riatim armatis,
transversim elevato-striatis, inferne liratis, striis
lirisque leviter undidatis, stibti/issime granulatis ;
albd, rufescenle-fuseo tinctd, varicibus uircis ,■ aper-
turd oblongo-ovali, utrinque canaliculatd, fauce pal-
lide purpurascente ; labro dentato et sulcata.

The white-varix Ranella. Shell oblong-ovate, ra-
ther depressed, varices armed with prominent
prickly tubercles ; whorls slightly angulated, armed
beneath the angle with two rows of prickly spines,
transversely elevately striated, ridged towards the

July 1844.

RANELLA.— Plate I.

lower part, striae and ridges slightly undulated,
very finely granulated ; white, stained with reddish
brown, varices snowy-white ; aperture oblong-oval,
canaliculated at both ends, interior faintly tinged
with purple ; lip toothed and grooved.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.

Murex rana, Linnaeus ; Martini, Conch., vol. iv.
pi. 133. f. 1270-7).

Hab. Ceylon.

How comes it to pass that this common and peculiarly

characteristic species has escaped the notice of so many j

good discriminating conchologists who have written i

the genus ?

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella gigantea. Ran. testd fusiformi-turritd, ven-
tricosd, spird valde acuminatd, varicibus rotundatis,
oblique separatis ; anfractibus transversim subobso-
lete costatis et elevato-striatis, coslis nodosis, striis
leviter undulatis ; albidd, fitsccscente timid; colu-
mella subrugosd, canali longiusculo, /iris regularibus
angustis dorsim ecrlato ; aperturd ovatd, labro den-
tate, dentibus binis.

The gigantic Ranella. Shell fusiformly turreted,
ventricose, spire very much acuminated, varices
rounded, obliquely separated ; whorls transversely
rather obsoletely ribbed and elevately striated, ribs
noduled, striae slightly waved; whitish, stained with
light brown ; columella a little wrinkled, canal
rather long, carved at the back with narrow, regular
ridges ; aperture ovate, lip toothed, teeth ranged in
pairs.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit), vol. ix.
p. 540.

Ranella reticularis, Deshayes.
Ranella ranina, De Blainville.
Gyrina maculata, Schumacher.
Apollo gyrina, De Montford.

Hab. Mediterranean.

There is so much confusion among the synonymes
which Linnaeus has quoted at different times for the il-
lustration of his Murex reticularis, that I have not ven-
tured to refer to it. It is cited by some authors for
this species, some for the Triton cancellous, others for
the Triton olearium, than which there are scarcely three
shells belonging to this immediate group of more oppo-
site character.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella leucostoma. Ran. testd subfusiformi-turritd,

spird acuminatd, varicibus oblique separatis; an-
fractibus transversim tenuissimi striatis, subangulatis,
ad unguium nodoso-tuberculatis ; rufo-castaned , api-
cem versus interdum albidd, varicibus albimaculatis ;
columella, lavi, supern'e callositate armatd ; canali
brevwsculo ; aperturd ovatd, fauce alba ; labro intus
fortiter dentato.

The white-mouth Ranella. Shell somewhat fusi-
formly turreted, spire acuminated, varices obliquely
separated; whorls transversely very finely striated,
slightly angulated, nodosely tubercled at the an-
gle ; reddish chestnut-brown, sometimes whitish
towards the apex, varices spotted with white; co-
lumella smooth, armed at the upper part with a
callosity ; canal rather short ; aperture ovate, inte-
rior white ; lip strongly toothed within.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 542.
Triton leucostoma, Quoy and Gaimard.

Hab. New Holland.

This is one of those species of Ranella that partake so
intimately of the characters of Triton.

Species 5. (Mus. Stainforth.)
Ranella candisata. Ran. testd elongato-turritd; vari-
cibus obliquis, paiilu/um separatis ; anfractibus cre-
berrime granoso-striatis, granorum striis nonnullis
prominulis; anfractibus infra suturam verrucoso-mar-
ginatis; lutescente-albd, castaneo-fusco sparsim punc-
tata et maculata ; columelld multirugosd ; aperturd
ovatd, f auce peculiariter crebrisulcatd ; labro denticu-
luto, dentibus binis.
The shining-white Ranella. Shell elongately tur-
reted ; varices oblique, a little separated ; whorls
very closely granulously striated, some of the striae
of granules prominent ; whorls verrucosely margi-
nated beneath the suture ; yellowish white, spa-
ringly dotted and spotted with chestnut-brown ;
columella many- wrinkled ; aperture ovate, interior
peculiarly closely grooved ; lip denticulated, teeth
ranged in pairs.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 542.

Murex candisatus, Chemnitz.
Murex cunditus, Gmelin.
Colubraria granulata, Schumacher.
Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean, and island of Lu-
zon, Philippines ; Cuming.
A species of great rarity and beauty, the entire sur-
face of which is very closely and curiously granulated.

RANELL A.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella ventricosa. Ran. testd acuminato-ovatd, tenui,
ventricosissimd, varicibus subindistinctis ; anfractibus
angulatis, ad angulum fortiter tuberculatis, transver-
sim striatis, subgranosis ; albidd, luteo-castaneo va-
riegatd, cingulis castanets angustis subdistantibus or-
natd ; columell6 Itevi ; canali brevissimo, latiusculo ;
aperturd ampld, faun' alba ; laliro crenato, super/A'
profundi sinuato.
The ventricose Ranella. Shell acuminately ovate,
thin, very ventricose, varices rather indistinct ;
whorls angulated, strongly tubercled on the angle,
transversely striated, slightly granulated ; whitish,
variegated with yellowish chestnut, ornamented
with rather distant narrow chestnut hands; colu-
mella smooth ; canal very short, rather broad ; in-
terior of the aperture white ; lip crenated, deeply
sinuated at the upper part.
BnoDEEir, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832.

Ranella tenuis, Potiez and Michaud, Moll. Mus.
Douai, p. 426. pi. 34. f. 1 and 2.
Hub. Bay of Callao, Peru ; Cuming. Chili ; Potiez and
Michaud.
The varices of this shell are very indistinctly deve-
loped, and do not follow immediately one under the
other. The lip is deeply sinuated at its junction with
the body whorl after the manner of a Pleurotoma, and
the tubercles of the last whorl exhibit a somewhat un-
usual arrangement in being lower on one half of the
back of the whorl than on the other.

Species 7. (Mus. Stainforth.)
Ranella spinosa. Ran. testa elongato-ovatd, depressd,
varicibus spinis duabus longiusculis fortibus armatis ;
anfractibus superneleviter angulatis, exiliter noduloso-
liratis, /iris tuberculis brevibus acutis sparsim muri-
catis ; fu/vo-fusirseeute, cingu/is castaneis angustis
subindistincte ornatd; columella depressd; canali
subextenso ; laliro intus crenato.
The spined Ranella. Shell elongately ovate, de-
pressed, varices each armed with two strong, rather
long spines ; whorls slightly angulated at the upper
part, faintly nodulously ridged, ridges muricated
here and there with short sharp tubercles ; tawny

brown, ornamented with rather indistinct narrow
chestnut bands ; columella depressed ; canal some-
what extended ; lip crenated within.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi.
]). 545.

Murex rami, var. B. Linnaeus.
Rufonaria spinosa, Schumacher.
Hah. Mauritius, Ceylon (found on coral reefs) ; Hennah.
This was the only spined example of the genus until
the recent discovery of a beautiful smaller species,
Ranella peeti/iata (vide PL VII.), collected by Mr. Hinds
during the late expedition of H.M.S. Sulphur, and de-
scribed in the ' Zoology' of that voyage.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella foliata. Ran. testd ovato-conicd, ventricosa,
liris elevatis, numerosis, eonfertis, granulatis, undi-
que ci/ictii, interstitiis striis longitudinalibus subtilis-
sime cancellatis ; anfractibus medio angulatis, tuber-
culorum acutiusculorum serie unicd ad angulum ar-
matis ; lamina columellari sii/ili/issimr rugosd, vividi
rubro-aitruntiu, expansd, superne in sinu altofoliato,
varicem pratereunte, desinente ; labri exterioris mar-
gine expanso, rugoso-denticulato, vivide rubro-au-
rantio.

The foliated Ranella. Shell ovately conical, ventri-
cose, everywhere encircled with numerous close-
set granulated raised ridges, the interstices between
which are very finely cancellated with longitudinal
stria? ; whorls angulated in the middle, armed upon
the angle with a single row of rather sharp tubercles ;
columellar lamina very finely wrinkled, bright red-
dish orange, expanded, extending at the upper part
into a lofty foliated sinus, deposited by the side of
the varix ; margin of the outer lip expanded, ru-
gosely denticulated, bright reddish orange.

Broiierip, Zool. Journal, vol. ii. p. 199.pl. ll.Supp.f. 1.

Deshayes, Lamarck's Anim. sans vert. 2nd edition,
vol. ix. p. 535.
Ranella crumena, Kiener (not Lamarck).

Hub. Mauritius ?

It is really a most unpardonable error for M. Kiener
to have confounded this beautiful and very characteristic
species with the Ranella crumena (vide PI. IV.), after the

July 1844.

KANELLA.— Plate II.

extreme care taken by Mr. Broderip eighteen years since
to distinguish them. In the 'Zoological Journal' for
1S2G, the two species are not only described by that
accomplished writer with the most elaborate pains, but
figured with great accuracy side by side, to exhibit their
listinctness by comparison. Carelessness in scientific
observation engenders endless confusion, and I venture
to caution M. Kiener lest he fall into the same estima-
tion with his countrymen, as Mr. Perry has done with

>ui own.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella California. Ran. testa acuminato-ovatd,
grandi, solid'msctdd, ventricosd, varicibus fortissime.
tuberculatis ; (infract ibus angulatis, tuberculis so/idis
grandibus subdistantibus armatis, transversim striatis .
subgranosis, prope suturam obsolete corrugatis ; ttl-
bldd, luteo-castaneo variegatd, cingulis castaneis an-
gustis, interruptis, subdistantibus, ornatd ; columella
exiliter rugosd ; canal't brevissimo, latiusculo ; aper-
turd ampld.fauce alba; labro crenato, superne pro-
fundi silllltltll.

The California!* Ranella. Shell acuminately ovate,
large, rather solid, ventricose, varices very strongly
tubercled ; whorls angulated, armed with rather
distant large solid tubercles, transversely striated,
slightly granulated, obsoletely wrinkled next the
suture ; whitish, variegated with yellowish chestnut
and encircled with rather distant narrow interrupted
chestnut bands ; columella faintly wrinkled ; canal
very short, rather broad ; aperture large, interior
white ; lip crenated, deeply sinuated at the upper
part.
Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur, Mol-

lusca, p. 12. pi. 2. fig. 4 and 5.
Hub. San Diego, California.

This fine shell approximates so closely to the Ranella
ventricosa (Sp. 6'.), that it presents to all appearance the
same characters, merely, more fully developed and in
more gigantic proportion ; several specimens however
were collected of the same uniform size and boldness of
structure, with the columella slightly wrinkled, and with
the tubercles on the spire larger and fewer in number
than in that species.

RANELLA.

Plate

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella c^elata. Ran. testa pyramidali-ovatd, de-
pressd, subponderosd, castaneo-fuscescente, striis cos-
tisque granoso-moniliformibus, nigricante-fuscescen-
tibus, cingulatd, anfractHs ultimi cost is inferioribus
confertioribus ; columella granuloso-rugosd, rugis ni-
tidis ; lahro planissime fimbriate, supern'c si/mato,
fusco, radiatim albisulcato.

The carved Ranella. Shell pyramidally ovate, de-
pressed, rather ponderous, chestnut-brown, encir-
cled with blackish brown, granuled, necklace-like
ribs and stria 3 , lower ribs of the last whorl closer ;
columella granulously wrinkled, wrinkles white ;
lip very flatly fimbriated, sinuatedat the upper part,
brown, radiated with whitish grooves.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832.

Hub. Panama (found under stones at low water) ; Cu-
ming.

" This handsome species," says Mr. Broderip, " re-
minds the observer of some of the antique carved orna-
ments in oak and chestnut. The apex of the spire is
generally eroded."

M. Kiener has erroneously abandoned the Ranella
aetata as being the Ranella semigranosa of Lamarck,
leading M. Pfciffer, in his notice of the genus Tritonium,
into the same speculative error. Mr. Broderip's account
of the sculpture of the species in question does not very
well accord with the anfractus ultimi dorso nudo of
Lamarck's Ranella semigranosa.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella pustulosa. Ran. testdovatd,subdepressd,pon-
derosd, castaned : anfractibus pustulorum grandium
seriebus duabus tribtisve livido-castaneis cingulatis ;
varicibus grauu/oso-liratis ; columelld granuloso-ru-
gosd, rugis albidis ; labro planissiine fimbriate, su-
jierur sinuato, fusco, radiatim albisulcato.
The pustulous Ranella. Shell ovate, somewhat de-
pressed, ponderous, chestnut-coloured ; whorls en-
circled with two or three rows of large livid chest-
nut-coloured pimples ; varices granulously ridged ;
columella granulously wrinkled, wrinkles white ;
lip very flatly fimbriated, sinuated at the upper
part, brown, radiated with whitish grooves.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.
Hub. Ascension Island.

This shell approximates so closely to the Ranella cw-
lata in the style and character of its sculpture, that a
specimen or two of different ages seem all that is neces-
sary to exhibit a complete specific connection between
them ; it has however been demonstrated by the re-
searches of two gentlemen of perhaps the greatest prac-
tical experience, Mr. Cuming and Mr. Hinds, that no
species of shell common to the western coast of South
America has ever been discovered on the coast of Africa.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella Argus. Ran. testa ocatd, crassiusculd, subde-
pressd, varicibus planulatis .■ trauscersim striata, lon-
gitudinaliter plicato-nodosd ; pallide lutescente-spa-
diced, castaneo fasciatd, faseiis regularibus, nume-
rosis, confertis ; columella Itevi, canali brevissimo ;
aperturd amphi, fav.ee alba ; labro intus crenato,prope
canalem acute dentato.

The Argus Ranella. Shell ovate, rather thick, a little
depressed, with the varices flat ; transversely striated,
longitudinally plicately noduled ; pale yellowish
bay, banded with chestnut-brown, bands regular,
numerous, close-set ; columella smooth, canal very
short ; aperture large, interior white ; lip crenated
within, sharply toothed near the canal.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 543.
Ranella polyzonulis, Encyclopedie Methodique.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope (found in rocky places) ; Hen-
nah.

Lamarck describes the Ranella Argus as being ocel-
lated ; I have not however made mention of the appear-
ance which suggested the name of the hundred-eyed
monster for this shell, because it is accidental. The
transverse chestnut-brown bands pass with regularity
directly over the nodules, and they merely become white
or ocellated by the colouring matter being occasionally
worn off.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella vexillum. Ran. testd fusiformi-ovatd, vari-
cibus planulatis, liris depressis transversim calatd.

July 1844.

RANELLA.

Ill

liris subtiliter nodulosis. subangustis, numerosis, con-
fcrtis, interstitiis elevato-striatis ; pallide lutescente-
spadiced, liris castaneo-fuscis ; columella rugosd,
canali brevi ; apertitni ampld , fauce alba ; labro intus
crenulato.
The flag Ranella. Shell fusiformly ovate, with the
varices flattened, transversely carved with depressed
ridges, ridges finely nodiiled, rather narrow, nume-
rous, close-set, the interstices carved with raised
striae ; pale yellowish bay, ridges chestnut-brown ;
columella wrinkled, canal short ; aperture large,
interior white ; lip crenulated within.
Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, f. 3.

Triton Ranelliformis, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 347 .

Hab. Island of Chiloe, and Conception, coast of Chili,

South America (found in rocky places at the depth

of from three to six fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell has been very properly separated from the

preceding species by Capt. King, whose specific name

becomes nullified by the change of genera. It differs

from it in being of a lighter and more fusiform structure,

in the chestnut bands being narrower and more raised,

the columella being wrinkled, and in the outer lip being

devoid of any Monoceros-like dentition.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella ponderosa. Ran.testdacuminato-ovatd, crassd,

ponderosd, varicibus vald'e prominentibus ; anfractibus
superne leviter angulatis. granulorum seriebus cingu-
latis, alternis gramdis grandibus, bipartitis ; rubido-
fuscd, lutescente ; columella granu/atd et rugosd ,■ ca-
nali brevi, subrecurvo ; labro plano-incrassato, gra-
nulato, superne sinuato.
The heavy Ranella. Shell acuminately ovate, thick,
heavy, with the varices very prominent ; whorls
slightly angulated at the upper part, encircled with
rows of granules, alternate rows with the granules
larger, bipartite ; yellow-tinged reddish brown ;
columella granulated and wrinkled ; canal short, a

little recurved ; lip flatly thickened, granulated, si-

nuated at the upper part.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

The sculpture of this shell approaches very nearly to
that of the Ranella ccelata ; it only requires however a
slight examination of the specimens before me in dif-
ferent stages of growth, to see that they are specifically
distinct.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella margaritula. Ran. testd ovatd, utrinque ut-
tcnaatd, varicibus angustis; anfractibus in medio an-
gulatis, ad unguium depresso-tuberculatis, transver-
sim subtilissime granuloso-striatis, striis confertis.
alternis minoribus ; rubido-fuscd ; columelld rugosd.
depressione concavd notatd ; aperturd ovatd, utrdque
extremitate canaliculatd, fauce violaced ; labro rugoso.
The little pearled Ranella. Shell ovate, attenuated
at each end, with the varices narrow ; whorls an-
gulated in the middle, depressly tubercled on the
angle, transversely very finely granulously striated,
striae close-set, alternate smaller ; dark reddish
brown ; columella wrinkled, marked with a pecu-
liar hollow depression ; aperture ovate, canalicu-
lated at each extremity, interior faintly tinged with
violet ; lip wrinkled.
Deshayes, Voy. de Bellanger dans l'lnde, Zool. pi. 3.
f. 13 to 15.

Ranella neg/ecta, Sowerby, Jun.
This species was not neglected, as Mr. Sowerby sup-
posed, having been described and figured by M. Des-
hayes in the Zoology to Belanger's ' Voyage in India' ; the
omission is, however, not to be wondered at, when it is
considered that the work above noted is one of very
limited access in this country. M. Deshayes notices this
species as approximating to the Ranella bufonia ; this is,
perhaps, a mistake : the Ranella cruniena is the species to
which it so closely approaches, both in form and in
detail of sculpture, though very inferior in size.

liandia ri.iv

*><.

RANELL A.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella nobilis. Ran. testd oblongo-ovatd, depressd,
crassiusculd ; spird acuminatd, varicibus angustis, ra-
diatim stellatis ; anfractibus graniiloso-liratis. prir-
cipue super varices, in medio tuberculatis, anfractu
ultimo tuberculorum seriebus duabus artnato ; albidd,
fuscescente subtililer maculosd; columella fortiter
rugosd ; aperlurd oblongd, utrinque canaliculatd, fauce
albd ; labro fortiter rugoso.

The noble Ranella. Shell oblong-ovate, depressed,
rather thick ; spire acuminated, varices narrow, ra-
diately starred; whorls gnmulouslyridged, especially
over the varices, tuberculated in the middle, last
whorl armed with two rows of tubercles ; whitish,
finely spotted with light brown ; columella strongly |
wrinkled ; aperture oblong, canaliculated at both
ends, interior white ; lip strongly wrinkled.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

The form of this noble species is somewhat interme-
diate between that of the Ranella pulchra, or " Finned
Frog," and the ordinary type of the genus, the varices
exhibiting an indication of that peculiar star-like radia- |
tion common to the former, whilst the aperture is of an i
oblong canaliculated form, with the wrinkled lip and co-
lumella of the latter. The sculpture most resembles
that of the Ranella foliata.

Species 17. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella crumena. Run. testd oval a, ventricosd; spird
breviusculd, acuta ; unfraclibiis subtilissim'e grutw-
loso-striatis, in. medio acutissime tuberculatis, anfractu
ultimo tuber Hilar inn. seriebus tribus i/istanlibus ar-
mato; albido-spadiced, fusco jnxta tuberculos macu-
latd; columella rugosd, aurantio-rubro tinctd; aper-
turd subampld, utrinque canaliculatd ; labro planis-
simo-effuso, subindistincte denticulato, aurantio-
rubro tincto.
The leathern-purse Ranella. Shell ovate, ventri- j
cose ; spire rather short, sharp ; whorls very finely ,
granulously striated, very sharply tubercled in the ■
middle, last whorl armed with three distant rows of
tubercles ; light bay-colour, spotted with brown
next the tubercles ; columella wrinkled, stained

with orange-red; aperture rather large, canalicu-
lated at both ends ; lip flatly effused, rather indi-
stinctly denticulated, stained with orange-red.

Lamarck (not Kiener),Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.),
vol. ix. p. 545 ; Enc. Meth., pi. 412. f. 3.
Ranella elegans, Kiener (not of Beck).
Murex rana (pars}), Linnaeus.
Ranella erumenoiclcs, Blainville.
Ranella rana, Anton.

Hab. Ceylon ; Dr. Siebald.

Variety /}. Fig. a.

Testd fuscescente et carulescente varid , maculis fuscis juxta
tuberculos saturatioribus, seriebus granularibus alter-
natim majoribus.

Shell variegated with light brown and blue, brown spots
next the tubercles of much deeper colour, rows of
granules alternately larger.
Ranella Cavitensis, Beck.

Hab. Cavite, Bay of Manila (found in sandy mud at low-
water) ; Cuming.

No one can fail to distinguish this characteristic and
well-known species, which has been referred, I think er-
roneously, by Lamarck, Anton and others to the Murex
rana of Linnaeus, for which see Ranella albivaricosa, Sp. 2.

M. Kiener (Curator of Lamarck's collection!) has de-
scribed and figured an example of the Ranella foliata for
the Ranella crumena, and one of the Ranella crumena for
the Ranella elegans.

Fij

Mr

Species 18. (Fig. a, Mus. Stainforth
Cuming.)
Ranella crassa. Ran. testd fusiformi-ovatd , depressd,
crassd ; spird acuminatd ; varicibus solidis, retusis ,

,„//,,

ninntut,

gra-

anfrartibus medio anijulat
nulls ad unguium plus minusve fortioribus ; cinereo-
ccerulescentc, fulvo subindistincte fascia tu ; columella
rugosd ; aperlurd elongato-ovatd, utrinque fortiter
canaliculatd ; labro dentato, luteo-auruntio pallidis-
sime. tinctd.

thick Ranella. Shell fusiformly ovate, depressed,
thick ; spire acuminated ; varices solid, blunt ;
whorls slightly angulated in the middle, every-
where granulated, granules more or less strong upon
the angle ; ashy blue, rather indistinctly banded

July 1844.

KANELLA.— Plate IV.

with pale yellow; columella wrinkled; aperture

elongately ovate, strongly canaliculated at both

ends; lip toothed, faintly tinged with yellowish

orange.
Deshayes, Note in new edit. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert.,

vol. ix. p. 547.

Mures crassus, Dillwyn.

Ranella granulata, Lamarck.

Hub. ?

1 am glad to follow M. Deshayes in giving my ex-
cellent countryman Mr. Dillwyn the credit of having
first distinguished this interesting species according to
the Linnsan form of nomenclature. Although most of
the Ranella: are more or less granulated, none are studded
with such evenness and regularity as the Ranella crassa.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella affinis. Ran. testa pyramidali , crassa, pon-
derosd, depressiiiscu/ii, varicibus graniferis ; anfrac-
tibus leviter angulatis, tuber cults parvis retusis granu-
lisque minimis, seriebus irnicis, altcrnatim cinctis, tu-
berculis ad angulum bipartitis ; carneo-albidd, rubido-
castaneo plus minusve tinctd ei maculatd, apicem ver-
sus rosaced; columella miiltirugosii, pallide cameold,
superne fusceseente tinctd ,■ aperturd ovatd, utrinque
leviter canaliculatd ; labro incrassato, dentato, pallidt
carneolo.

The affined Ranella. Shell pyramidal, thick, heavy,
rather depressed ; whorls slightly angulated, en-
circled alternately with single rows of small blunt
tubercles and exceedingly minute granules, tuber-
cles on the angle bipartite ; fleshy white, more or
less stained and spotted with reddish chestnut, rose-
tinted towards the apex ; columella much wrinkled,
pale flesh-coloured, stained with light brown at the
upper part ; aperture ovate, slightly canaliculated
at both ends ; lip thickened, tooth pale flesh-
coloured.
Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832.

Ranella gran if era, var., Kiener.
Hab. Island of Annaa (Chain Island), Pacific Ocean,
and Philippine Islands (found on the reefs) ; Cu-
ming.
This species is certainly aflined to the Ranella grani-
fera, but no one who has seen the shell could venture
to assert that it is not specifically distinct. IU. Kiener
should be careful neither to abolish nor confound species
without due examination. The Ranella ajfinis, of which
Mr. Cuming has collected specimens both at the Philip-
pine and Pacific Islands, is a heavy ponderous shell, ex-
hibiting a style of tubercular granulation which is pecu-
liar to it ; it is not banded with white, as Lamarck de-
scribes the Ranella grunifera to be, and a still more cha-
racteristic feature in the colour of this shell is, that the
first two or three whorls are perfectly pink.

Sowerirv <■<><' el &tiA

RANELLA.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella cruentata. Kan. testd ovatd, vix depressd;

spini breviiiseuld : anfractibns trnnsvcrsim granulatis
et costatis, prope suturam corrugaiis, in medio angu-
ttitis, ail unguium granuloso-tuberculatis, anfractu ul-
timo tuberculorum seriebus duabus armato ; albidd,
fuscescente varid ; columella albd, maculis plurimis
cruentis quadra/is vivide tinc/d : aperturd subrotundd,
utrinque leviter canaliculatd ; labro incrassato, denti-
culate, radiatim sulcato.
The blood-spotted Ranella. Shell ovate, scarcely
depressed ; spire rather short ; whorls transversely
granulated and ribbed, wrinkled near the suture,
angulated in the middle, granulously tuhercled on
the angle, last whorl armed with two rows of tu-
bercles ; whitish, variegated with light brown ; co-
lumella white, vividly stained with several square
blood-red spots ; aperture nearly round, slightly
canaliculated at both, ends ; lip thickened, denticu-
lated, radiately grooved.
Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, fig. 5 and 5*.
Hab. Island of Ticao (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

The blood-red columellar spots constitute a very pecu-
liar feature in this shell ; a similar character is however
represented by lines in the Ranella

Species 21. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella rugosa. Run. testd ovatd; spird abbreviato-

pijramiJali ; anfriietibus /iris subdistautibus, peculiari-
ter rugoso- granulatis, cinctis, in medio angulatis, gib-
bosis, ad unguium iudistinet, tubereulatis, tuberculis
retusis, bipartitis : albidd, fuscescente varid, granu-
les, albis; columella subrugosd, depressione concavd ;
aperturd utrinque eunaiiciilula ; labro dentato et sul-
cato.
The wrinkled Ranella. Shell cvate ; spire shortly
pyramidal ; whorls encircled with rather distant
fine ridges granulated in a peculiarly wrinkled
manner, angulated in the middle, gibbous, indi-
stinctly tubercle d upon the angle, tubercles blunt,
bipartite ; whitish, variegated with light brown,
granules white ; columella slightly wrinkled, with
a hollow depression ; aperture canaliculated at both
ends ; lip toothed and grooved.

Sowerby, .run.. Conch. Illus., Ranella, fig. 7.
Hab. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

Mr. Cuming possesses three specimens of this very rare
and interesting species in different stages of growth, each
exhibitiiigthevime peculiar style of granulation, one from
" Old Humphrey's" collection, the others found by him-
self on the sands at the entrance to the bay of Manila.

Specie- 22. (Mus. Saul.)

Ranella elegans. Ran. testa elongato-ovatd, varicibus
tuberculato-mu rival is ; (infract ibus transversim exiliter
granuloso-striatis, prope suturam longitudinaliter cor-
rugatis, infra seriatim tuberculato-muricutis ; pallid?
filed, fasciis fusris subdistantibus angustis vivide
pietci ; columella mul/irugosd, nitidd; aperturd ob-
longo-ovatd, utrinque canaliculatd, canali subascen-
dente : labro dentato, aurantio-lutescente pattide
tincto.

The elegant Ranella. Shell elongately ovate, with
the varices armed with prickly tubercles ; whorls
faintly granulously striated across, longitudinally
wrinkled near the suture, prickly tubercled be-
neath ; yellowish bay, vividly painted with rather
distant narrow brown bands ; columella covered
with fine close-set wrinkles, shining; aperture ob-
long-ovate, canaliculated at both ends, canal turned
upwards ; lip toothed, tinged with orange-yellow.

Beck, Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, f. 17.

Hab. Island of Nicobar.

M. Kiener having figured a specimen of the Ranella

crumena for the Ranella elegans, I beg especial attention

to the very characteristic example of the species here

figured from the collection of Miss Saul.

Species 23. (Fig. a, Mus. Saul ; Fig. b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella bufonia. Ran. testd ovatd, crassd, pond/ -rosii .
varicibus canalifris ; anfradibus iim/iijui granulatis
et punctatis, prope suturam forliter corrui/utis, in
medio angulatis, ad angulum rude tuberculato-nodosls ■
albidd, puncturis fuscis ,- columella subexcavatd, cor-
rugatd, albd; aperturd ro/iiudiito-ovatd. snpiru'i in
canalem elevatum desinente, fiuee albd; labro forliter
dentivulato.

July 1844.

It.WKLLA.— Plate V.

The toad-like Ranella. Shell ovate, thick, heavy,
varices canaliferous ; whorls everywhere granulated
and punctured, strongly wrinkled near the suture,
angulated in the middle, rudely tubercularly knob-
bed about the angle ; whitish, punctures brown ;
columella slightly excavated, wrinkled, white ;
aperture rotundately ovate, ending upwards in an
elevated canal, interior white ; lip strongly denti-
culated.

Variety /3. Fig. a.
Testd rubido-nigricunte macvlatd et variegatd, columella

labroque intus rubido-nigricante rividi tinctis.
Shell spotted and variegated with reddish black, colu-
mella and lip vividly stained within with the same
colour.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 546.

Murex bufoiiius, Gmelin.
Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under coral at
low water) ; Cuming.
This species may be easily recognised by the remark-
able canaliculated structure of the varices.

The richly coloured variety which I have here speci-
fied is the shell figured in Chemnitz, Conch., which M.
Deshayes proposes to suppress (vide note in new edition
of Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., p. 546). I think, how-
ever, Lamarck was perfectly correct in assigning it to the
Rmtel/a bu/onia.

Species 24. (Mus. Brit.)
Ranella verrucosa. Ran. testd ovatd, gibbosd, sotidd,
spird acuminata ,- varicibus indistinctis ; anfractibus
medio angulatis, tuberculis uniseriatim cinctis, an-
fractu ultimo tuberculorum seriebus tribus armato,
tuberculis lievibus, subrotundis, verrucis graudibus si-
millimis ; albidd, tuberculis ad summitatem purpureo-
fuscis ; columella albd, rufo-lineatd ; aperturd ovatd,
utrinijue leviter cana/iadatd ,- labro incrassato, ra-
diatim sulcata.
The warty Ranella. Shell ovate, gibbous, solid,
spire acuminated ; varices indistinct ; whorls angu-
lated in the middle, encircled with a single row of
tubercles, last whorl armed with three rows of tu-
bercles, tubercles smooth, nearly round, very like
large warts ; white, tubercles purple-brown at the
top ; columella white, marked with red lines ; aper-
ture ovate, slightly canaliculated at both ends ;
lip thickened, radiately grooved.
Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, f. '20.

Hab. ?

This very remarkable species, of which there is a spe-
cimen in the British Museum, has the columella marked
with red lines, somewhat after the manner of the Ranella
cruentata. The large wart-like tubercles with which it
is encircled are peculiarly characteristic.

JtaneUa.Fl. VI.

A

RANELLA.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella semigranosa. Ran. testa elongatd, turritd,
tenuiculd, vnricibiis nngustis, subindistinctis ; anfruc-
tibus transversim exiliter granuloso-liratis, liris an-
fract&s ultimi subevanidis, subdistantibus, interstitiis
siriatis ; albidd, fuscescente varie tinctd; columelld
subexcavatd, minutissiml rugosd, superne callositate
armatd ; aperturd ovatd, utrinque canaKculatd ; labro
leviter denticulato.

The half-grained Ranella. Shell elongated, tur-
reted, rather thin, varices narrow, rather indistinct ;
whorls transversely faintly granulously ridged,
ridges almost disappearing on the last whorl, rather
distant, interstices striated ; whitish, variously stain-
ed with light brown ; columella a little excavated,
very minutely wrinkled, armed at the upper part
with a callosity ; aperture ovate, canaliculated at
both ends ; lip slightly denticulated.

Lamarck (not of Kiener), Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes'
edit.), vol. ix. p. 548.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

Several examples of this species were collected by

Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned locality, all of the

same uniform, half-grained character.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming !

Ranella coriacea. Ran. testii oblongo-ovatd, depres-
sitisculd, spird subobtusd, varicibus rutundatis ; an-
fractibus undique creberrim'e granulatis, transversim
costatis, costis latis, interdtim subobsolctis, irregula-
riter tumido-nodosis ; aurantio-fuscescente; columella
sparsim rugosd; aperturd ovatd, utrinque leviter si-
nuatd; labro i/i/us rad'wtim denticulato.

The shagreen Ranella. Shell oblong-ovate, a little
depressed, spire rather obtuse, varices rounded ;
whorls everywhere very closely granulated, trans-
versely ribbed, ribs broad, sometimes nearly obso-
lete, armed here and there with swollen knobs ;
orange-brown; columella sparingly wrinkled; aper-
ture ovate, slightly sinuated at both ends ; lip ra-
diately denticulated within.

! eve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Ranella scrobiculator, var. Sowerby, Jun.

Hab. ?

This interesting species, which Mr. Cuming possesses
in different stages of growth, is the shell figured by Mr.
G. B. Sowerby, Jun., in the ' Conchological Illustra-
tions' as a variety of his Ranella scrobiculator (Triton
scrobiculator, Lamarck and others) ; I think, however,
with M. Deshayes, that it is " une coquille qui me para.lt
toujours differente; fen ait vu plusieurs exemplaires et
plusieurs figures, etj'ai observe des differences specifiques
constant es. Cette soi-disant variite a plutdt les carac-
leres des Ranelles que le Scrobiculator proprement dit, et
c est sans doute ce qui explique pourquoi un certain nombre
de conchyliologues veulent que le Scrobiculator soil une
Ranelle. Pour nous, qui en avons vu fanimal, e'est un
Triton.' Note in new edition of Lamarck's Anim. sans
vert., vol. ix. p. 626.

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella albifasciata. Ran. testa depresso-ovatd,
spird brcviuscu/d, acuminata ; varicibus rotundis ; an-
fractibus acute angulatis, seriatim fortiter granulosis,
interstitiis hevibus, granulis ad angulum majoribus ,•
purpureo-fuscd, zona albd unicd conspicud eingulatd ;
varicibus fuscescentibus, granulis a/bidis ; aperturd
or 'it, i. utrinque canaliculatd, superne preecipue ; labro
intus denticulato, albo.

The white-banded Ranella. Shell depressly ovate,
spire rather short, acuminated ; varices round ;
whorls sharply angled, encircled with rows of
strong granules, the interstices between which are
smooth, granules upon the angle larger; purple-
brown, encircled with a single conspicuous white
zone, granules white ; aperture ovate, canaliculated
at both ends, the upper especially ; lip denticu-
lated within, white.

Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella. f. 14.

Hab. Panama (found in coarse sand at the depth of ten
fathoms) ; Cuming.

The Ranella nana is also a purplish shell encircled
with a conspicuous white zone ; care must therefore be
taken to distinguish this species by its uniform granu-
lated surface.

This species, like the Ranella affinis, is disposed of
by M. Kiener, who seems to be totally unacquainted
with it, as a variety of the Ranella gi anifera.

July 1844.

VI.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella livida. Ran. testd ovato-turritd, spird acu-
minatd; anfractibus superne depressis, ad suturam
granulatis, infra lavibus, transversim noduloso-liratis,
in medio tuberculorum seriebus duabus compressis ar-
matis ; lividd,fuscescentevarid; columella, subtiliter
rugosd : aperturd ovatd, utrinque sinuatd ; labro den-
ticulato.

The livid Ranella. Shell ovately turreted, spire
acuminated ; whorls depressed at the upper part,
granulated at the suture, smooth beneath, trans-
versely nodulously ridged, armed in the middle
with two rows of compressed tubercles ; livid, va-
riegated with brown ; columella finely wrinkled ;
aperture ovate, sinuated at both ends ; lip denticu-
lated.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Ranella grant/era, Kiener (not of Lamarck).

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the coral
reefs) ; Cuming.
I do not see how M. Kiener can identify this tuber-

culated shell with Lamarck's description of Ranella gra-

nifera, for which see Species 30.

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella nana. Ran. testd ovatd, vel oblongo-ovatd,
varicibus muricato-tubereulatis ; anfractibus in me-
dio acute angulatis, ad unguium muricato-nodosis, su-
pra infraquc Icevibus ; cinereo-carulesccnte, zona albd
unicd, fasciisque fuscis angustis cinctd ; columelld
subrugosd; aperturd ovatd, utrinque fortiter canalicu-
latd; labro dent at o.
The dwarf Ranella. Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate,
varices prickly tuberculated ; whorls sharply angled
in the middle, prickly noduled on the angle, smooth

above and beneath ; ashy-blue, encircled with a
single white zone and several narrow brown bands ;
columella a little wrinkled; aperture ovate, strongly
canaliculated at both ends ; lip toothed.

Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, f. G.

Hab. Panama (found in coarse sand at the depth of ten
fathoms); Cuming.
This is an exceedingly pretty species, in which the

whorls are very neatly painted, leaving a broad white

zone across the middle ; the surface being entirely free

from granulation.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella granifera. Ran. testd oblongd, turritd, scabri-
usculd, tenuiculd, varicibus rotundis; anfractibus con-
vexis, striis granosis cinctis, grants subacutis ; albo-
lutescente, rubido-fuscescente vari'e tinctd, pallid'e albi-
fasciatd, varicibus albimaculatis , macu/is distantibus ;
columelld subtilissime rugosd; aperturd ovatd,utrinqur
leviter sinuatd ; labro denticulato.
The graniferous Ranella. Shell oblong, turreted.
somewhat rough, rather thin, varices round ; whorls
convex, encircled with rows of granules, granules
rather sharp ; whitish yellow, variously stained
with brown, palely banded with white, varices
spotted with white, spots distant ; columella very
finely wrinkled ; aperture ovate, slightly sinuated
on both sides ; lip denticulated.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.

p. 548.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The figures which Lamarck cites for the illustration
of this species do not all apply to the same. The shell
here figured accords the most distinctly with his de-
scription, and I think there can be little doubt of its
correct application.

\

§

-.*,?■■

Sower/y del ei kth

RANELLA.

Plate VII.

Species 31. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
(For figure see Triton, Plate XV. Fig. 57.)
Ra.vella caudata. Ran. tesld trigono-elouyatu, Murici-
formi, anfractibus superne acute augu/ntis, transver-
siw cas/a/is, lout/it iidiua/iter p/icato-nodnlosis ; ciuc-
reo-oliriiceii ; columella Lcci, ainiili sube/onguto ;
labro intus peculiar i/er dcnticulalo ; aperturd parvd,
fun cc nigricante- an/ purpurco-fuscd.
The long-tailed Ranella. Shell triangularly elon-
gated, Murex-shaped, whorls sharply angulated at
the upper part, transversely ribbed, longitudinally
plicately noduled ; ashyoliveor slate- colour ; colu-
mella smooth, canal rather elongated ; lip pecu-
liarly denticulated ; aperture small, interior black-
ish or dark purple-brown.
Say, American Conchology, pi. 48.

The Ranella caudata duo not appear to be at all
known to continental conchulogists ; Pi'eirfer ventures to
quote it as synonymous with the Ranella Mttriciformis,
whilst Kiener has figured a shell for it (vide Triton
ficoides) to which it has no reference whatever, though
Mr. Say's representation is abundantly characteristic.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella rhobostoma. Ran. testd ovato-turbinatd ;

spied aeiiiiiiiiatii : anfractibus superne angulatis, trans-
cersim ct laixjitiidiua/i/er fartiter costa/is, costis, su-
pera prtcciptii . fartiter tuberculosis, tubcrculis cris-
pato-granulusis, graniilorum serie uuieii ens/as inter-
currents : (illiidu-liitescente, roseo-fiiscescentc sparstm
punctata ; columella c.ecacalii, cieiile rosea, granulosa,

supcrn'e et inferne rugosd ; aperturd rotunda, utrin-

ijuc leritcr sinuatii ; labro in/us deulic: lata, rusco.

The rose-mouth Ranella. Shell ovately turbinated ;
spire acuminated ; whorls angulated at the upper
part, transversely and longitudinally strongly ribbed,
ribs, the upper rib especially, strongly tuberculated,
tubercles granulated in a crisped manner, a single
row of granules running between the ribs; whitish
yellow, punctured here and there with pink ; colu-
mella excavated, bright rose-colour, granulated,
wrinkled at the upper and lower parts ; aperture
round, slightly sinuated above and below ; lip den-
ticulated within, rose-tinted.

Beck, Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, fig. 10.

Hub. Islands of Capul and .Masbate, Philippines; Cuming.
An interesting and very distinct species.

Species 33. (Mus. Saul.)
Ranella plicata. Ran. testa ob/ongti, sub-Muricifonni;
anfractibus raluiidiilis, sculiris, lonijitudinaliter plica-
/is, in medio nodulosis ; livido-olivaced, zond albidd

in me, Ho ciue/ii : columelld Iccvi, canali longiusculo.

The plicated Ranella. Shell oblong, somewhat
Murex-shaped ; whorls rounded, rough, longitudi-
nally plicated, noduled round the middle ; livid
olive-colour, encircled round the middle with a
narrow white zone ; columella smooth, canal long.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Ha/,. ?

The plicated growth of this shell is developed with

the neatest regularity from the apex to the margin.

Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella Muriciformis. Ran. testd elongu/o-Murici-
formi , plano-triganii ; caricibus latiuscu/is, pinna/is ,■
anfraclilius superu'e angulatis, ad unguium tuberculatis
vel suhf alia/is, Irauscersim eh cata-sl riatis, striis sii/i-
remotis; columella Levi, canali longiusculo.
The Murex-shaped Ranella. Shell elongately Murex-
shaped, flatly triangular ; varices rather wide, pin-
nated ; whorls angulated at the upper part, tuber-
cled or subfoliated on the angle, elevately striated,
striae rather remote ; columella smooth, canal long.
Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832.

Hub. Bay of Montija, West Columbia (found in loose
gravel at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species may be distinguished by the flatly ex-
panded pinnated character of the varices.

Species 35. (Mus. Belcher.)
Ranella pectinata. Ran. testd e/ongalo-Muricifonni,
spirit acuminata ; varicibus obliijuis, muricato-spino-
sis ; anfraclilius transrersim lira/is, superni leeiter
angulatis, ad unguium tuberculatis, tubcrculis bipar-
titis ; columella hem ', ; canali elongato, recto; aper-
turd ovali, labro intus obsolete denticulato.
The pectinated Ranella. Shell elongately Murex-
shaped, spire acuminated ; varices prickly spined ;
whorls transversely ridged, slightly angulated at
the upper part, tuberculated on the angle, tuber-
cles bipartite ; columella smooth ; canal elongated,
straight ; aperture oval, lip obsoletely denticulated
within.
Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,

Mollusca, p. 13. pi. 4. f. 17 and 18.
Hub. San Bias, Mexico (in seven fathoms mud) ; Hinds.
An interesting addition to the genus Ranella, having
very much the form of those species of the genus Mures
familiarly known as the " snipes " or " woodcocks."

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella tuberculata. Ran. testa pyramidali-ovatd ;
anfractibus trunscersim st riatis, tubcrculis pa, cis suli-
aqualibus undiipic seriatim omatis ; filled aul citiereo-

cerulescente, indistinct? albi-fasciatd, tuberculis ni-
gricantibus; columella lavi, excavatd ; canali bre-
viusculo, recurvo ; labro intus dentato, dentibus sub-
remotis.

The tuberculated Ranella. Shell pyramidally ovate ;
whorls transversely striated, ornamented over entire
surface with rows of nearly equal small tubercles ;
yellowish or ashy blue, indistinctly banded with
white, tubercles blackish ; columella smooth, exca-
vated ; canal rather short, recurved ; lip toothed.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832.

Hab. Malacca ; and, rarely, Pacific Islands.

An ancient species figured in Martini's Conch., vol. iv.

pi. 128. f. 1229, which escaped the notice of Lamarck.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella venustula. Ran. testd ovatd, crassiusculd,
varicibus valde obliquis ; anfractibus transversim cos-
tatis, granulatis et punctatis, superne anguhtis, prope
suturam corrugatis, ad unguium further tuberculatis ;
columella c.rcavutii, iiigrirante-piirpiircd, albigranu-
losd ; aperturd rotundd, utrinque canaliculatd, fauce
roseo-purpured ; labro incrassato, nigri-purpureo.

The pretty Ranella. Shell ovate, rather thick, with
the varices very oblique ; whorls transversely rib-
bed, granulated and punctured, angulated at the
upper part, wrinkled next the suture, strongly
tuberculated on the angle ; columella excavated,
blackish purple, covered with white granules ; aper-
ture round, canaliculated at both ends, interior rose-
purple ; lip thickened, blackish purple.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

This species is remarkably characterized by its rich

dark purple columella granulated with white.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella siphonata. Run. testd ovatd, crassiusculd,
varicibus perspicue canaliculatis ; anfractibus trans-
versim rude costatis et tuberculatis, undique granu-
latis et punctatis, prope suturam corrugatis ; luteold ;
columella vi.r rugosd, roseo-purpurascente; aperturd
rotundd, fauce roseo-purpurascente, utrinque canalicu-
latd, canali supero valde elato-siphonato.
The spouted Ranella. Shell ovate, rather thick, vari-
ces prominently canaliculated ; whorls transversely
rudely ribbed and tubercled, everywhere granulated
and punctured, corrugated near the suture ; yellow-
ish ; columella scarcely wrinkled, rose-purple ; aper-
ture round, interior rose-purple, canaliculated at
both ends, upper canal very elevately spouted.

Variety ft.

Testd ulbii aut luteold, nigro-ccerulescentefasciatd et punc-
tata ; columella allid, aperlunv fauce allia.

Shell white or yellowish, banded and dotted with blackish
blue or grey ; columella white, interior white.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

I take this shell to be quite distinct from the dark
iriety of the Ranella bufonia to which it is allied.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella tuberosissima. Ran. testd ovatd, varicibus
perspicue canaliculatis; anfractibus transversim rude
costatis, dorsim tuberosisshnis, undique granulatis
et punctatis, prope suturam corrugatis; albidd, ni-
gro-ccerulescente punctatd ; columelld lavi, croced ;
aperturd rotundd, vivide croced, utrinque canalicu-
latd ; canali supero elato-siphonato, superne intus
nigricante tincto ; labro fort iter dentato.

The hunch-back Ranella. Shell ovate, varices pro-
minently canaliculated ; whorls transversely rudely
ribbed, very strongly humped at the back, every-
where granulated and punctured, corrugated near
the suture ; whitish, dotted with blackish blue ;
columella smooth, yellow; aperture round, bright
yellow, canaliculated at both ends ; upper canal
elevately spotted, upper part stained within with
black ; lip strongly toothed.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

An extraordinary humped shell with a yellow mouth.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella bitubercularis. Ran. testd ovatd, spird
acuminatd, varicibus obliquis, confertis ; anfractibus
transversim striatis et liratis, albidis, plus minusve
spadiceo-tinctis, tuberculis duobus spadiceis inter va-
rices ornatis ; canali paululum elongato, uscendente.

The double-tubercled Ranella. Shell ovate, spire
acuminated, varices oblique, close-set; whorls trans-
versely striated and ridged, whitish, more or less
stained with reddish brown, ornamented with two
reddish brown tubercles between each varix ; canal
a little elongated, turned upwards.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 548.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. China Sea, &c.
There are varieties with three tubercles or even more.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella triquetra. Ran. testd elongato-Muriciformi,
varicibus superne mucronatis; anfractibus angulatis,
ad unguium tuberculatis. supra la-vihus, infra obsolete
liratis; livido-olivaced ; columella lavi; canali lon-
giusculo ; aperturd pared ; labro vix denticulato.

The triangular Ranella. Shell elongately Murex-
shaped, varices pointed at the upper part; whorls
angulated, tubercled at the angle, smooth above,
obsoletely ridged beneath ; livid olive-colour : colu-
mella smooth ; canal rather long; aperture small ;
lip scarcely denticulated.
Ranella Muriri/'urwis, car., Sowerby, Jun.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. San Diego, California ; Nuttall.

Quite distinct in my opinion from the R.Mvriciformis,

which is a flat pinnated shell.

aaneUa.fl Uli

SI 1

•

■

RAN ELL A.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella hastula. Ran. testd parvuld, sullanceolatd,
depressd, ancipiti ; anfractibus transversim granoso-
striatis, lamellis elevatis indistinct^ diadematis; cas-
taneo-fuscd; columella lesvi ; canali brevi, recurve;
aperturd parvd.

The little spear Ranella. Shell very small, sub-
lanceolate, depressed, two-edged ; whorls trans-
versely granulate!)' striated, indistinctly crowned
with small raised plates ; dark chestnut-brown ;
columella smooth; canal short, recurved; aperture
small.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Sue, 1X44.

Hub. ?

This little dark granulated shell, though less pyra-
midal, is of similar structure to the Ranella anceps.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella anceps. Ran. testd parvd, sublanceolatd, de-

presso-pyramidali , ancipiti ; (infract i bus Itceihus, ni-
tidis, subobsolet'e eostatisjaiuellis devatis diadematis;
alba ; columella leevi . canali brevi, recurvo ; aper-
turd pared, rotunda.
The two-edged Ranella. Shell small, sublanceolate,
depressly pyramidal, two-edged ; whorls smooth,
shining, crowned with small raised plates ; white ;
columella smooth ; canal short, recurved; aperture
small, round.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. .350.

Ranella pi/riimida/is, Broderip.
Murex anceps, Pfeiffer.
Hab. Panama (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

The longitudinal line which Mr. Broderip describes
as traversing the whole length of the shell, both on the
upper and under sides, is somewhat imaginary. It is
suggested, no doubt, by the natural elevation of the su-
tural plates, and has no analogy with the varices.

Species 44. (Fig. a and />, Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella pusilla. Run. testd pyramidali-ovatd, varici-
bus obliquis; unfraclilms deeussatim enslatis.costis ad
decussationem granosis, interstitiis subtilissime stri-
atic ; albd, rosea luteoi/ue curie liueta et maculatd ;
canali breviter recurvo ; aperturd pared.

The small Ranella. Shell pyramidally ovate, varices
oblique ; whorls decussately ribbed, ribs grained at
the point of crossing, interstices very finely stri-
ated ; white, variously stained and spotted with
pink and yellow ; canal shortly recurved ; aperture
small.
Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832.

Hab. Lord Hood's Island, Pacific Ocean and Philippine
Islands (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.
The specimens found by Mr. Cuming at Lord Hood's
Island in the Pacific are pale and discoloured, whilst
those from the Philippines are more or less diversified
with pink and yellow. They may prove to be distinct
species, but I cannot consider them so at present.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella nitida. Ran. testd ovatd, planissimo-depressd,
vurieilius lutis, pinnalis ; anfractibus transversim tu-
berculuto-nodiilosis, varices super lirutis; uiijro-pur-
pured, interdum ulbifusciutd ; columella hevi, canali
longiusculo ; aperturd ovali, parvuld ; labro inlus
denticulate.

The neat Ranella. Shell ovate, flatly depressed ; va-
rices broad, pinnated ; whorls transversely tuber-
culously noduled, ridged over the varices ; blackish
purple, sometimes banded with white ; columella
smooth, canal rather long ; aperture oval, very
small ; lip denticulated within.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832.

Hab. Bay of Caraccas, West Columbia ; Cuming.

The flat radiating winged varices give this shell a very
characteristic appearance.

Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella rosea. Ran. testd pyramidali-ovatd, varicibus
subobliijiiis : anfractibus superne leviter angulatis,

transversim striutis, uudii/ui seriatim tulierciilato-no-
dulosis. nodulis ml unguium bipartitis .■ vividi cocci-
neo-rosed, nodulis luteis : canali brcviler recurvo,
aperturd pared .
The rose Ranella. Shell pyramidally ovate, varices
rather oblique ; whorls slightly angulated, trans-
versely striated, entire surface covered with rows
of tubercle-like nodules, of which those on the
angle are bipartite ; bright scarlet-rose, nodules
yellow ; canal shortly recurved, aperture small.

July 1844.

RANELLA.— Plate VIII.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

This pretty little species exhibits a very agreeable
contrast of colour, namely, yellow nodules upon a bright
scarlet-rose ground.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella pulchra. Rti/i. testa fusiformi-ovatd, plano-
depressd, varicibus latissimis, stellato-pinnatis ; an-
fractibus transversim striatis, costis transversis et
longi/uilinti/ibus, nil i/cctissationem nodosis, clathrutis,
costis transversis promiiicittiorilnis, varices super ra-
diantibus ; albiilii, spadiceo nut violascente pallide
tiuctd : coliimellii licvi ; ntnal i loitijiusculo ; aperture!
pttrrti, rotundatd.
The beautiful Ranella. Shell fusiformly ovate, flatly
depressed, with the varices very wide, stellately
pinnated; whorls transversely striated, latticed with
transverse and longitudinal ribs, noduled at the
point of crossing, transverse ribs the more promi-
nent, radiating over the varices ; whitish, palely
tinged with light bay or violet ; columella smooth ;
canal rather long ; aperture small, rounded.
Gray, Sowerby, Jun., Conch. Illus., Ranella, f. 19.

Ranella perca, Deshayes.
Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

I cannot agree with M. Deshayes in giving priority to
the specific name assigned to " The tinned Frog " by
Mr. Perry. That author has long forfeited the notice
of scientific men by his absurd names and pantomimic
display of figures.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella cuspidata. Ran. testa acuminato-ovatd, cras-

sittscitlti, sti/idd, rariribus obliquis ; aitfractiliiis trans-
versim noduloso-liratis, tuberculis duobus obtusis inter
ornatis; albida, luteo-aurantio plus minusve
tiuctd- columella la-ci ; cttuit/i brt'ciusctilo, recurvo ;
itpcrttird pttrvd. orttto-roluiidatd.

The spear-point Ranella. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather thick, solid, with the varices oblique; whorls
transversely nodulously ridged, ornamented between
the varices with two blunt tubercles; whitish, more
or less stained with yellowish orange; columella
smooth ; canal rather short, recurved ; aperture
small, ovately rounded.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Islands of Capul and Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.
This shell has somewhat the form and general cha-
racter of the Ranella bitubercularis, though it is of more
solid growth and of a peculiar orange-yellow colour.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ranella gyrinus. Ran. testa acuminato-ovatd, anfruc-
tibus transversim striatis, litis transversis et longi-
tudinalibus decussatis, ad decussationem nodulosis ;

albd ant luteold, zonis castanen-fuscis cinctd ; colu-
mella lavi ; canali breviusculo, recurvo ; aperturd
rotunda • laltro intus denticulato.

The tadpole Ranella. Shell acuminately ovate,
whorls transversely striated, decussated with trans-
verse and longitudinal ridges, noduled at the point
of crossing ; white or yellowish, encircled with
chestnut-brown zones ; columella smooth ; canal
rather short, recurved ; aperture round ; lip den-
ticulated within.

Deshayes, Note in new edit, of Lamarck's Anim. sans
vert., vol. ix. p. 549.
Murex gyrinus, Linnaeus.
Ranella ranina, Lamarck.

Hab. Mediterranean ; Philippi ; Island of Ticao, Phi-
lippine Islands ; Cuming.
Well distinguished by the dark chestnut zone which

encircles each whorl round the middle.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ranella l^vigata. Ran. testd rotundato-ovatd, ven-
tricosd, spird brevissimd ; unfrac/ibus transversim
striatis, superrie angtilatis, ad angulum regulariter
nodosis ; albidti, spadiceo pa/lit/i tinctd ; columella
rugosd ; canali brevissimo ; aperturd umphi, ulrinque
canaliculatd, fauce albd ,• labro intus denticulato.

The smooth Ranella. Shell rotundately ovate, ven-
tricose, with a very short spire ; whorls trans-
versely striated, angulated at the upper part, regu-
larly noduled on the angle ; white, palely stained
with light bay ; columella wrinkled ; canal very
short ; aperture large, canaliculated at both ends ;
interior white ; lip denticulated within.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. ix.
p. 550.

Hab ?

The recent analogue of a shell known to Lamarck
in a fossil state only.

RANELL A.

{Temporary Index.']

Plate

afrinis, Broderip IV.

albifasciata, Sowerby, Jun VI.

albivaricosa, Reeve I.

anceps, Lamarck VIII.

Argus, Lamarck III.

Beckii, Kiener I.

bitubercularis, Lamarck VII.

bufonia, Lamarck V.

ca^lata, Broderip III.

Californica, Hinds II.

candisata, Lamarck I.

caudata, Say VII.

( 'aviti nsis, Beck IV.

coriacea, Reeve VI.

crassa, Deshayes IV.

cruentata, Sowerby, Jun V.

crumena, Lamarck IV.

cuspidata, Reeve VIII.

elegans, Beck V.

foliata, Broderip II.

gigantea, Lamarck I.

granifera, Lamarck VI.

granulata, Lamarck IV.

gyrinus, Deshayes VIII.

hastula, Recce VIII.

laevigata, Lamarck VIII.

leucostoma, Lamarck I.

livida, Reeve VI.

margaritula, Deshayes III.

Muriciformis, Broderip VII.

nana, Sowerby, Jun VI.

neglecta, Sowerby, Jun. ........ III.

nitida, Broderip VIII.

nobilis, Reeve IV.

pectinata, Hi/uh VII.

perca, Deshayes VIII.

plicata, Reeve VII.

polyzonalis, Enc. Meth III.

ponderosa, Reeve III.

pulchra, Gray VIII.

pusilla, Broderip VIII.

pustulosa, Reeve III.

pyramidalis, Broderip VIII.

rana, Anton IV.

ranina, De Blainville I.

ranina, Lamarck VIII.

reticularis, Deshayes I.

rhodostoma, Beck VII.

rosea, Reeve VIII.

rugosa, Sowerby, Jun V.

semigranosa, Lamarck . . .

siphonata, Reeve

spinosa, Lamarck

subgranosa, Beck

tenuis, Potiez and Michaud.
triquetra. Reeve

VI.

VII.

II.
I.

tuberculata, Broderip VII.

tuberosissima, Reeve

ventricosa, Broderip ....
venustula, Reeve

verrucosa, Sowerby, Jun.. . .
vexillum, Sowerby, Jun. . . .

VII.

II.

VII.

V.

III.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

M I T R A

But what created mind cau comprehend

Their number, or the wisdom infinite

That brought them forth, but hid their cause? deep.' — Milton

, 'S

■'if ;'

$$

f

■

//,< .,./,

M I T R A.

Plate I.

Genus Mitba, Lamarck.
Testa vel oblongo-ovata, vel fusiformi-elongata, spird
acuminatd, apice sapissimc acuta ; anfractibus nunc
Icevibus, nunc casta! is ; columella basim versus plus
minusve recurvd, plicatd, plicis infimis minimis;
aperturd angustd, testis longitudinem interdum fere
aquante ; labro subincrassato, plerumque denticulate,
.Shell oblong-ovate or fusiformly elongated, spire acu-
minated, apex most frequently sharp ; whorls some-
times smooth, sometimes ribbed ; columella more or
less recurved towards the base, plaited, lowest
plaits the smallest ; aperture narrow, sometimes
nearly equalling the length of the shell ; lip some-
what thickened, generally denticulated.
The genus Mitra, instituted by Lamarck, is the most
numerous division of that rich and rare family of pectini-
branchiate gastropods, the Colume/lata, and the species
have been much admired for their symmetry and variety
of colour. Although the shells of this genus were called
*' Mitres" soon after the revival of letters, Linnaeus still
arranged them with the Volutes ; they were, however,
separated by Lamarck on account of their narrow turri-
culated growth and other differences, not the least im-
portant of which are, that the apex is never papillary,
and the plaits, instead of increasing, diminish in size to-
wards the base. Some species of Mitra approximate
very closely to the Columbelke, but may be easily distin-
guished by remarking the strong generic difference that
exists between the columellar plaits of the Mitres, which
entwine the pillar of the shell throughout its entire
growth, and the plait-like denticulations of the Colum-
bella, which are not developed until the shell arrives at
maturity.

Lamarck described about eighty species of Mitra, all
of which, with the exception of one or two, I have iden-
tified in the collections of Mr. Cuming and Mr. Norris ;
several of these were previously described as Volutes ;
some by Linna?us, and some by Dr. Solander under other
specific names in his catalogue of the Duchess of Port-
land's collection, which, as they exist only in manuscript,
cannot in justice to foreign authors be quoted or consi-
dered of any authority. To Lamarck's species were
added about fifty, described by Swainson in the ' Exotic
Conchology,' 'Zoological Illustrations,' and 'Proceedings
of the Zoological Society' (through Mr. Broderip) for
1835 ; and I have now as many new species as will
increase the number to considerably above two hundred.
[Mr. Swainson contributed greatly to the interest of

the genus Mitra by the zeal and enthusiasm with which
he both described and illustrated the species just re-
corded ; that eminent zoologist, however, towards the
latter part of his career in this country, became infatu-
ated by certain hypothetical notions of systematic ar-
rangement in which he entirely lost himself. He con-
ceived that every character, however unimportant, is re-
presented by the most perfect analogy throughout the
different classes of animals, within very prescribed
limits ; that the Volutes and Mitres for example " repre-
sent the Rasorial type among Birds, the Ungulata among
Quadrupeds, and the Thysanura among Insects." These
flights of analogy he proposed to exhibit in circles ; and
they revolved in his imagination in such mystical order
as to reveal the most incomprehensible affinities.]

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra lens. Mitr. testa subobeso-fusiformi, turritd ;
anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis
latis, rudibus, plano-obtusis, transversim impresso-
striatis, striis subdistantibus, duabus medianis inter
costas peculiariter foraminatis ; einereo-violaced, epi-
dermide corned nigricante-olivaceo indutd ,■ columelld
quadrip/icatd, plicis grandibus ; apertura fauce pur-
purascente-cinered.
The lentil Mitre. Shell rather stoutly fusiform,
turreted ; whorls longitudinally plicately ribbed,
ribs broad, rude, flatly obtuse, transversely im-
pressly striated, striae rather distant, the two middle
stria; peculiarly holed between the ribs ; ashy violet,
covered with a horny blackish olive epidermis ; co-
lumella four-plaited, plaits large ; interior of the
aperture tinged with purple ash-colour.
Voluta lens, Wood, Ind. Test Supp., pi. 3. f. 28.
Tiara foraminata, Swainson.
Mitra Dupontia, Kiener.
Hab. Panama, St. Elena and isle of Plata (dredged from
sandy mud and gravel at a depth ranging from six
to fourteen fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species being so imperfectly figured in Wood's
Index Supp., may account for its having been described
under different names at three somewhat distant periods.
The double row of holes with which each whorl is per-
forated round the middle forms nevertheless a very
characteristic feature.

MITRA.— Plate I.

Species 2. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra versicolor. Mitr. testd fusiformi- oblong d, sub-
ventricosd, spird acuminatd ; anfractibus transversim
subtilissime punctato-striatis ; lutescente aut fusces-
ccnte-albd, castaneo-fusco sparsim variegatd, maculis
a/bis plurimis minutis fusco-marginatis ornatd ; co-
lumella quadriplicatd.

The variegated Mitre. Shell fusiformly oblong, ra-
ther ventricose, spire acuminated ; whorls trans-
versely very finely striated with punctures ; yellow-
ish or brownish white, sparingly variegated with
chestnut-brown and ornamented with numerous
small white spots edged with brown ; columella
four-plaited.

Martyn, Universal Conch., f. 23.

Valuta nubila, Gmelin, Chemnitz.
Variety? Mitra sanguinolenta, Lamarck.

Hub. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa (found on the reefs
at low water) ; Thorn.
Lamarck's Mitra sanguinolenta appears to be a variety

of this species, and not the shell figured for it by Kiener,

which looks like a worn M. texturata.

Species 3. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra nebtjlosa. Mitr, testd fusiformi, spird acumi-
natd, transversim punctato-striatd, punctis subpro-
fundis, longitudinaliter subtilissime striatis ; alba,
maculis lutescentibus et luteo-fuscis nebulosd ; colu-
melld quinqueplicatd.
The clouded Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire acuminated,
transversely striated with punctures, punctures ra-
ther deep, longitudinally very finely striated; white,
clouded with yellow and yellowish brown spots;
columella five-plaited.
Swainson (Broderip), Pro. Zool. Soc, 1835.
Hab. Madagascar. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found
on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming.
Quite distinct from the Mitra versicolor, for the illus-
tration of which species it is figured by M. Kiener.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra Swainsonii. Mitr. testd elongato-fusiformi,
turritd, spird productd, suturis subprofundis ; leevi-
gatd, basim versus striatd ; alba, carneo-fuscescente
pallidissime tinctd, apicem versus pracipue, epider-
mide corned olivaceo-fusco indutd; columella qua-
driplicatd.
Swainson's Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform, turreted,
spire produced, sutures rather deep ; smooth,
striated towards the base; white, stained with a
tinge of light fleshy brown, especially towards the
apex, covered with a horny olive-brown epidermis;
columella four-plaited.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1835.

Hab. Monte Christi, West Columbia (dredged from
sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
The accompanying figure of this fine species repre-
sents the shell before it was unfortunately deprived of
its epidermis.

Species 5. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra episcopalis. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, crassd,
solidd, spird acuminatd ; anfractibus prioribus con-
fertim punctato-striatis, cateris Iccvibus ; alba, ma-
culis grandibus subquudratis vivide rubris seriatim
pictd, superioribus muximis, irregularibus ; columella
quadriplicatd ; labro basim versus denticulato.
The episcopal Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, thick,
solid, spire acuminated ; first few whorls striated
with punctures, the rest smooth; white, painted
with rows of large, somewhat square bright red
spots, the upper of which are very large and ir-
regular ; columella four-plaited ; lip denticulated
towards the base.
D'Argenville, Conch., pi. 9. f. c.
Laiiarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 299.
Hab. Ceylon. Taheiteand the Philippine Islands (found
under coral on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming.
This species is most abundantly distributed through-
out the tropical regions.

Species 6. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra Norrisii. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, crassd,
solidd, spird subobtuso-acuminatd ; striis transversis
et longitudinalibus, elevatis, confertis, undique sub-
tilissime reticulatd aut clathratd, transversis promi-
nent ioribus; eburned, epidermide corned, tenui, niger-
rimd ; columelld sexplicatd.

Norris's Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, thick, solid,
spire rather obtusely acuminated, entire surface
very finely reticulated or latticed with close-set,
transverse and longitudinal raised strias, transverse
strias the more prominent ; ivory-white, epidermis
very black, thin and horny ; columella six-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

I have much pleasure in dedicating this fine species, so
entirely distinct from any hitherto described, to Thomas
Norris, Esq., a worthy and esteemed patron of the natural
sciences, whose magnificent collection of Mitres has so
greatly contributed to the completeness of this mono-
graph. It is impossible to convey an adequate idea of
the finely reticulated sculpture of this unique shell by a
lithographed figure, it being so fine that the interstices
of the net-work resemble minute punctures.

MOnrPLlI.

1Z

•

■

MITR A

Pl.A

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra crassa. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassd, soli-
da, spirit breviusculd ; anfractibus aurantio-brunneis,
liris angustis confertis cingulatis, superne lavibus,
balteo albido-luteo ornatis ; columella quinqueplicatd,
labro crenato.

The thick Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, thick, solid,
spire rather short ; whorls orange-brown, closely
encircled with narrow ridges, upper part smooth,
ornamented with a whitish yellow belt ; columella
five-plaited, lip crenated.

Swainson, Zool. Illus., First Series.

This species approximates very closely to the Mi/rn
aurantiaca \ it is however a stouter shell and one of
much more gigantic proportions, whilst the colour is
more of a dark brown.

Species S. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra ambigua. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, crassd,
solidti, bnsi paulu/um coarctatd, spin! siibacnmiiiatd -,
anfractibus complanatis, basim versus liratis, sulcis
cri/ibus tinc/iislis pititcturatis vingnhilis, aiirantiu-
fuscescentibus, fascid pallidd subindistinctd prope su-
turam ornatis; columella sc.c-plicatd, labro peculia-
riter plano-coarctato, rugoso-crenato.
The ambiguous Mitre. Shell ovately fusiform, thick,
solid, a little contracted at the base, spire some-
what acute ; whorls smooth, ridged towards the
base, encircled with faint narrow punctured grooves,
light orange-brown, ornamented with a rather indi-
stinct pale band near the suture; columella six-
plaited ; lip peculiarly flatly contracted, rugosely
crenated.
Swainson, Zool. Illus., Second Series.
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found among coral
under stones at low water mark) ; Cuming.
The Mitra. ambigua is illustrated in a truly ambiguous
manner by M. Kiener, who disposes of two other excel-
lent species of Mr. Swainson's, the Mitra fulva and
punctata, by quoting them as varieties of it. This con-
fusion should have been avoided, when it is remembered
that all three species are so accurately portrayed in
the ' Zoological Illustrations.'

Species 9. (Mus. Morris.)
Mitra papalis. Mitr. testa elongatd, crassissimd, pon-
derosd, spird turritd, apice subobtuso ; anfractibus lee-
vibus, striis impresso-punctatis, remotiusculis, cinctis.
margine superiore plicis den / i form i bus coronato, an-
fractiis ultimi striis plus minusve obsoletis ; albd,
rubra maculatd ; colume/ld sex-plicald ; apertum
fauce lutescente ; labro denticulate- crenato.
The papal Mitre. Shell elongated, very thick, pon-
derous, spire turreted, apex rather obtuse ; whorls
smooth, encircled with rather remote impressly
punctured stria?, upper edge coronated with tooth-
shaped folds, striae of the last whorl more or les?
obsolete ; white, spotted and blotched with deep
crimson-red ; columella six-plaited ; interior of the
aperture yellowish ; lip denticulately crenated.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. '299.

Valuta papalis, Linnaeus.
Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the coral
reefs at low water) ; Cuming.
The spots in this well-known species are very nume-
rous, often flowing one into the other, and are distin-
guished by their deep crimson colour.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra tessellata. Mitr. testd prielongo-lurritd, an-
fractibus tumidiusculis, transversim profundi sulcatis,
liris crebris incequalibus sulcus corrugato-decussanti-
hiis. longitudinaliter calatis; lutescente, flammulis cas-

taneis longiludiiialibus arnatd ; columella sc.c-plicatd ;
labro crenato.
The chequereu Mitre. Shell very elongately tur-
reted, whorls a little swollen, transversely deeply
grooved, longitudinally carved with unequal close-
set ridges crossing the grooves ; pale yellow, orna-
mented with longitudinal chestnut-brown names ;
columella six-plaited ; lip crenated.
Martyn, Universal Conchology, f. 19.
Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the
reefs) ; Cuming.
In this shell a very characteristic style of sculpture is
produced by the close tremulous crossing of the longi-
tudinal ribs, which are very irregular, both in their
width and comparative distance.

August 1844.

MITRA.— Plate II.

It should perhaps be noticed, that the specimen of
Ultra tessellata here represented is of unusually dark
colour, on account of its epidermis not having been re-
moved.

Species 11. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra terebralis. Mitr. testa pralongo-turritd, an-
fractibus lavibus, sulcis exilibus angustis, irregula-
riterforaminatis, cinctis ; aurantio-lutescente, flam-
mulis castanets plus minusve vividi pictd ; columel/d
quinque-plicatd ; labro vix crenulato.
The auger-like Mitre. Shell very elongately turreted,
whorls smooth, encircled with faint narrow grooves
irregularly pricked with holes ; orange-yellow, more
or less vividly painted with chestnut-brown flames ;
columella five-plaited ; lip but slightly crenulated.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 003.
Hub. Zanzebar, east coast of Africa ; Thorn.

This and the preceding species appear to have been
hitherto confounded together, although presenting not
only a very different style of sculpture, but a variation of
form of no mean specific importance. They are more-
over from two localities, which rarely, or never, produce
examples of the same species.

The Tiara terebralis of Swainson, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1835,
is the Mitra subulata of Lamarck (see Plate XL), a shell
differing so essentially from the Mitra terebralis, that I
scarcely know how to account for Mr. Swainson's ex-
traordinary remark, that the first-mentioned shell so
closely resembles the last, " that but for its possessing
the generic characters of Tiara it might pass for the
same species."

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra chrysostoma. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, basi
attenuatd, recurvd, spird acuminata ; anfractibus
transversim obtuse liratis, longitudinatiter subobliqu'e
sulcatis, anfractds ultimi sulcis lirisgue medianis ob-
soletis ; albidd out favescente, maculis castanets gran-
dibus subquadratis indistincfe tessellatd ; columelld
quinque-plicatd ; aperturd subcontracts, fauce pa/lidr
rubro-aured ; labro exilissime crenulato.

The golden-mouth Mitre. Shell elongately ovate,
base attenuated, recurved, spire acuminated; whorls
transversely obtusely ribbed, longitudinally rather
obliquely grooved, grooves and middle ridges of the
last whorl obsolete; whitish or yellowish, indistinctly
tessellated with large, somewhat square, chestnut
spots or blotches ; columella five-plaited ; aperture
somewhat contracted, interior tinged with a warm
reddish-golden colour ; lip very faintly crenulated.

Swainson, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1836.

Hub. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean, and island of Ticao,
Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ; Cu-

M. Kiencr has given a very good representation of the
Mitra chrysostoma for the Mitra contractu, which, to ac-
count for their non-accordance, he says must have been
described and figured by Mr. Swainson from a worn spe-
cimen. I can assure M. Kiener, however, that the Mitra
contractu, (properly Mitra abbatis) for which see Plate
XIII., is quite another thing, and is represented in the
' Zoological Illustrations' with particular accuracy.

Mm f I. Iff.

,."

r*

I

M I T R A.

Plate III.

Species 13. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra Stainfortuii. Milr. testd subcylindraceo-fusi-
formi, anfractibus transversim striatis, longitudina-
liter costatis, costis latiusculis, convexis, subdistanti-
bus ; albidd, apice basique cinereo-carulescentibus,
costis maculis quadratis rubris virid'r pictis ; colu-
mella quadriplicatd.
Stainforth's Mitre. Shell somewhat cylindrically
fusiform, whorls transversely striated, longitudi-
nally ribbed, ribs rather broad, convex, somewhat
distant ; whitish, base and apex ashy blue, ribs
painted with square bright red spots ; columella
four-plaited.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1841.

Hah. Island of Burias, Philippines (found in coral sand
at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
This magnificent species, which I had the pleasure of
describing about three years since, constituted the chief
ornament of an important collection of Mitres accumu-
lated after many years' labour and expensive zeal by the
Rev. Mr. Stainforth. This collection has however been
recently augmented to a most valuable extent by the
liberality of Thomas Norris, Esq., who having purchased
it in addition to his own, is now in possession of about
a thousand specimens of Mitres, among which, as this
monograph of the genus will testify, are many of the
utmost rarity and beauty.

A few small but richly coloured specimens of the
Mitra Stain/orthii were collected by Mr. Cuming at the
above-mentioned locality.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra Dennisoni. Milr. testd fusiformi, spird atte-
nuato-acuminatd, anfractibus subconcentrici costatis,
transversim sulcatis, sulci* angustis, costas super
plus minusve obsolctis ; rubido-aurantid, zond unicd
albidd cingulatd, ceerulescente-olivaceo inter castas
peculiariter tinctd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Dennison's Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire attenuately
acuminated, whorls somewhat concentricallyribbed,
transversely grooved, grooves narrow, more or less
obsolete upon the ribs ; reddish orange, encircled
with a single white zone, peculiarly stained with
blueish olive between the ribs ; columella four-
plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Puteao, province of Albay, island of Luzon, Philip-
pines (found on mud-banks at low water); Cuming.
I dedicate this fine species with much pleasure, at the

particular request of Mr. Cuming, to J. Dennison, Esq.,
a gentleman who has acquired considerable fame in the
conchological world on account of the very choice and
select character of his collection of shells.

Species 15. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra stigmataria. Mite, testd fusiformi, spird acuta-
acuminatd; anfractibus transversim impresso-striatis,
longitudinaliter subconcentrice costatis, costis nume-
rosis, subangustis ; lutescente-albd, carulescente-albd,
ant cinereo-lutescente, costis plerumque pallidioribus,
maculis rufis parvis uniseriatim vivide pictis, maculis
inter dum, sed raro, nullis ,• columella basique nigri-
cante-fuscis, columelld quadriplicatd.
The branded Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire sharply
acuminated ; whorls transversely impressly striated,
longitudinally ribbed, ribs numerous, rather nar-
row ; yellowish white, blueish white, or ashy blue,
ribs generally paler, painted with a single row of
bright red spots, spots sometimes, but rarely,
wanting ; base and columella blackish brown, co-
lumella four-plaited.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 311.

Unspotted variety, Valuta granosa, Chemnitz.
Hab. Mauritius, &c. Philippine Islands (found at Ticao,
Capul, and Masbate, on the reefs at low water, and
at Siquijor in sandy mud at the depth of eleven
fathoms); Cuming.
A delicately marked species, varying in colour from
pale yellowish white to dark ashy blue, generally encir-
cled with two rows of small bright red spots, the lower
row of which is only visible on the last whorl.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra floccata. Mitr. testd elongato-ova

culit, hceii/atti, punctarum seciehus uitdiquc eiuetii ;

lutescente-spadiced, alba longitudinaliter floccata ;

columelld quadriplicatd, labro prope basim crenato.
The flaked Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, rather

thick, smooth, encircled throughout with rows of

punctures ; yellowish bay-colour, longitudinally

flaked with white ; columella four-plaited ; lip

crenated near the base.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

The specimen here figured, from the collection of Mr.
Cuming, is the only one of the species I am acquainted
with.

August 1844.

MITRA.— Plate III.

Species 17. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra zonata. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, Itevigatd,
spird subturritd ; anfractibus inferne nigerrimis, su-
pernt albidis, epidermide luted, fulvo-marmoratd in-
dutis ; columella quinqueplicatd.

The zoned Mitre. Shell ovately fusiform, smooth,
spire somewhat turreted ; whorls very Mack round
the lower part, white round the upper, covered with
a yellow fulvous marbled epidermis ; columella five-
plaited.

Marryatt, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1817, vol. xiii. p. 338.
pi. 10. i. 1 and 2.
Mitra Santangeli, Maravigna.

Hub. Mediterranean (taken up near the port of Nice,
adhering to a sounding lead in very deep water) ;
Marryatt.

This remarkable species, an inhabitant of the Medi-
terranean, though discovered nearly thirty years since,
and successively described and figured by Swainson,
Risso and Kiener, is very rarely found. The example
here represented, from the collection of Thomas Norris,
Esq., is, I believe, the only one in this country. A worn
uncoated specimen has been described and figured by
M. Maravigna in the ' Magasin de Zoologie' under the
name of Mitra Santangeli.

Species 18. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra solida. Mitr. testa ovato-elongatd, crassd, so-
lidd, spird subturritd ; anfractibus numerosis, con-
vexis, Itevigatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis angustis,
s/riis subtilissimis prope suturas decussatis; spadiceo-
fulvd.albo sparsim etirregulariter floccatd; columelld
quinqueplicatd.

The solid Mitre. Shell ovately elongated, thick,
solid, spire somewhat turreted ; whorls numerous,
convex, smooth, transversely grooved, grooves nar-
row, crossed near the sutures with very fine longi-
tudinal striae ; fulvous bay-colour, irregularly flaked
here and there with white ; columella five-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. ?

This interesting species may be recognised by its many
convex, deep-sutured whorls ; and the whorls being lon-
gitudinally striated uear the sutures, exhibit a sb>ht
cancellated appearance.

Species 19. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra puncticulata. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird
breviusculd, suturis profundis ; anfractibus superne
mucronato-coronatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis im-
pressis, puncticulatis ; rufescente-aurantid, flammis
fuseislongitudinalibus sparsim pictd; anfractu ultimo
zona latiusculd htescente albifloccatd cingulato ; co-
lumelld quadriplicatd.

The punctured Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, spire
rather short, sutures deep; whorls sharp-pointedly

coronated at the upper part, transversely grooved,
grooves impressed, punctured ; reddish orange,
painted here and there with brown flames ; last
whorl encircled with a rather broad white-flaked
pale yellow zone ; columella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 300.
Mitra diadema, Swainson.

Hab. Philippine Islands (found under coral on the reefs
at low water) ; Cuming.

This well-known species was found abundantly by
Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned locality.

Species 20. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra caffra. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird transversim
striatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, anfractu ultimo lavi,
basim versus elevato-striato ; rufescente-fuscd, zond
luted angustd unicd cingulatd, anfractu ultimo zonis
duabus ; columella quadriplicatd.

The negro Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire transversely
striated, longitudinally plaited, last whorl smooth,
elevately striated towards the base ; very dark red-
dish brown, encircled with a single narrow yellow
zone, last whorl with two zones ; columella four-
plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. xii. p. 310.
Valuta caffra, Linnaeus.
Mitra bifasciata, Swainson.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones
and on mud-banks at low water, and in sandy mud
at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
The sculpture of this species is somewhat variable,

inasmuch as the upper whorls are much more strongly

plicately ribbed in some specimens than in others.

Species 21. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra digitalis. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, in medio
subattenuatd, spird breviusculd ; anfractibus tuber-
ru/is parvis obtusis coronatis, transversim sulcatis,

sulcis angustis, iinpresso-punetatis, subdistantibus ;
luted, lutesrente-fusco rarid, macu/is gruntlibus albis
irrcgularibus seriatim einetd ; columelld se.rplicutd.

The thimble Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat
attenuated towards the middle, spire rather short ;
whorls coronated with small blunt tubercles, trans-
versely grooved, grooves narrow, impressly punc-
tured, rather distant ; yellow, variegated with yel-
lowish brown, encircled with large irregular white
spots ; columella six-plaited.

Valuta digitalis, Chemnitz, Conch., vol. x. p. 16'il.
Valuta pcrlusa ? Linnrcus.
Mitra millepora, Lamarck.

Hull. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in sandy mud
at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

A well-known species, of a very peculiar style of co-
louring. La Thiare a Cul de l)c of Favanne.

MfaeuFUV

m

M

*••--•?«

m

• •:

•^ : -

^

L--

M I T R A.

Plate IV.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra Lamakckii. Mitr. testd elongato-turritd, laevi-
gata, transversim punctato-striatd ; albd, maculis
grandibus subquadratis castaneo-spadiceis seriatim
cinctd ; columelld quinqueplicatd.

Lamarck's Mitre. Shell elongately turreted, smooth,
transversely striated with punctures ; white, encir-
cled with rows of large somewhat square chestnut-
bay spots ; columella five-plaited.

Deshates, Encyclopedic Methodique, vers, vol. ii.
Mitra pertusa (cardinalis), var., Swainson.

Hab. ?

There is a peculiarity in the colour and marking of
this species by which it may be always distinguished
from the Mitra cardinalis, with which it is closely allied
in other respects.

Species "23. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra pontificalis. Mitr. testa oblongo-turritd, crassd,
solidd ; anfractibus fortiter coronatis, prioribus sub-
tilissime foraminatis, anfractu ultimo prope basim
foraminato ; albd, maculis aurantio-rubris grandibus
irregttlaribus seriatim cinetd ; columelld quadripli-
catd.

The pontifical Mitre. Shell oblong-turreted, thick,
solid ; whorls strongly coronated, the first few
punctured with very fine holes, last whorl punc-
tured with holes around the base ; white, encircled
with rows of large irregular orange-red spots ; co-
lumella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 300.
Thiara pontificalis, Lister.
Mitra papalis minor, Klein, Martini.

Hub. Islands of Annaaand Taheite, Pacific Ocean (found
on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming.
There are sometimes, but very rarely, two rows of

holes round the middle of the whorls throughout.

filled, punctis albis perpaucis minutis s/iarsis irregu-
tariter notatd ; columelld quinque- vel se.v-plicatd ;
labro intus crebricrenato ; aperturee fauce fuscescente-
fiileo tinctd.

The fulvous Mitre. Shell somewhat cylindrically
ovate, attenuated towards the upper part, last
whorl more or less contracted ; whorls crenulated
round the top, transversely impressly striated, stripe
close-set, punctured ; fulvous brown, irregularly
marked with minute scattered white dots ; colu-
mella five- or six-plaited ; lip closely crenated
within ; interior of the aperture fulvous-brown.

Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, Second Series,
(Broderip,) Pro. Zool. Soc, 1836.
Mitra ambigua, var., Kiener.

Hab. Islands of Annaa and Taheite, Pacific Ocean (found
on the reefs in shallow water) ; Cuming.

For another figure of this species, in which the scat-
tered white specks are somewhat obscurely represented,
see Plate VI. fig. 24 b. It is quite distinct from the
Mitra ambigua.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra fulva. Mitr. testd subcylindraceo-ovatd, superrii
attenuatd, anfractu ultimo plus minusve contracto ;
anfractibus supcrn'e crenulatis, transversim impresso-

striatis, striis confertis, puncturatis; fuscescente-

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra adusta. Mitr. testd oblongd, anfractibus ven-
tricosiusculis, superne crenulatis, transversim impres-
so-lineatis, lineis subdistantibus, striis elevatiusculis

oblique undatis longitudinaliter decussatis ,■ a/liidrf.
fiammu/is ferrugineo-fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd,
lineis impressis ferrugineo-fuscis ; columelld quin-
queplicatd ; labro subindistinete crenato.

The burnt Mitre. Shell ovately oblong, whorls rather
ventricose, crenulated round the top, impressly
lineated transversely, lines ratherdistant, decussated
longitudinally with obliquely waved rather elevated
strise ; whitish, ornamented with longitudinal rusty
brown flames, impressed lines rusty brown ; colu-
mella five-plaited ; lip rather indistinctly crenated.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 303.
Voluta rujfiua ? Linnreus.
Thiara adusta. Martini.

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean, and island of Gui-
maras, Philippines (found under coral on the reefs
at low water) ; Cuming.

The peculiarity of this species, independent of tin-

August 1844.

MITRA.— Plate IV.

somewhat ventricose structure, consists in its being en-
circled with impressed brown lines, which are not punc-
tured as Lamarck describes, although they obtain a cer-
tain likeness of that character from the crossing of the
longitudinal stria?. According to Solandcr's manuscript
it is the Volvta ruffina of Linnaeus, but as this is ex-
tremely doubtful I have not ventured to adopt the name.

Species 26. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra cabdinalis. Mitr. testd ovatd, spini breviusculd,
acuminata, anfractu ultimo maxima, ventrkoso ;
transversim impresso-striatd, striis subtilissime punc-
turatis; albidd, carulescente interdum pallide nebu-
losd, maculis castaneo-spadiceis irregularibus seria-
tim cinctis ; columella quinqueplicatd.

The cardinal Mitre. Shell ovate, spire rather short,
acuminated, last whorl very large, ventricose ; trans-
versely impressly striated, stria; very finely punc-
tured ; white, sometimes very faintly clouded with
a blueish tint, encircled with rows of chestnut-
bay spots ; columella five-plaited.

GRONovius.Zoophylacium, Part III. No. 1326 and 1327.
Pileus cardinalitius, Seba.
Valuta cardinalis, Gmelin.
Mitra pertusa, Swainson.

Hab. Ceylon.

The Mitra cardinalis, adusta, and millepora have each
been referred by authors to the Valuta pertusa of Lin-
nreus; as it therefore cannot be satisfactorily identified,
I think Lamarck was fully justified in adopting Grono-
vius*s name and banishing that of pertusa from the no-
menclature. The Mitra cardinalis was moreover long
known to ancient writers as the ' Cardinal's Hat.'

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra gigantea. Mitr. testd elongato-turritd, spini

productd, suturis profundi impresses ; anfractibus

cylindraceo-extensis, costis angustis elevatis, stria

tinted elevatd in anfractu ultimo inter currente, undi-

que annulatim cinctis ; lacted, epidermide corned ni-
gerrimd indutd ; columella quadriplicatd.

The gigantic Mitre. Shell elongately turreted, spire
produced, sutures deeply impressed ; whorls cylin-
drically extended, encircled after the manner of
rings, with narrow elevated ribs, having a single
raised stria running between them on the last
whorl ; cream-colour, covered with a very black
horny epidermis ; columella four-plaited.
Swainson, MSS.

Hah. Xipixapi, West Columbia (found in sandy mud at
the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
This fine species may be recognised by the narrow
elevated character of the ribs, which give it the appear-
ance of being encircled with rings.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra ferruginea. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird
acuminata, transversim undiquc crebricostatd, costis
rotundatis, interstitiis sulcatis ; albidd, aurantio- et
ferrugineo-fusco strigatd et maculatd ; columelld quin-
queplicatd ; aperture fauce aurantid ; labro fortiter
crenato.
The rusty Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, spire acumi-
nated, transversely very closely ribbed throughout,
ribs rounded, interstices grooved ; whitish, streaked
and spotted with orange and rusty brown ; colu-
mella five-plaited ; interior of the aperture orange ;
lip strongly crenated.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 303.

Mitra ritulina, Dillwyn.
Hab. Islands of Annaa and Taheite, Pacific Ocean (found
under coral on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming.
The Mitra abbatis of Chemnitz, for which see Plate
XIII., is not a variety of the Mitra ferruginea , as La-
marck supposed, but a very characteristic species, nei-
ther ribbed nor grooved, figured subsequently by Swain-
son under the name of Mitra contractu ; and M. Kiener
in adding to this chapter of accidents has erroneously
illustrated the species, with that erroneous name, by a
worn specimen of the Mitra chrysostoma.

1/ II /l< 1 6

w

M I T R A.

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra inquinata. Mitr. testd fusiformi-oblongd, sub-
angustd, spird acuminata, transversim impresso-
striatd, striis pa net urat is ; eburned, rubido-fusco lon-
gitudinaliter inquinata ; columella quadriplicatd.

The smeared Mitre. Shell fusiformly oblong, rather
narrow, spire acuminated, transversely impressly
striated, stria; punctured ; ivory-white, longitudi-
nally smeared with reddish brown ; columella four-
plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

Though a species of very simple character, it is quite
distinct from any hitherto described.

Species 30. (Mus. Drummond.)
Mitra fissurata. Mitr. testd cylindraceo-fusiformi,
anfractibus leevissimis, nitidis, parte superiori inter-
dum longitudinaliter iin/iresso-striatd ; pallide grised,
infra cinereo-grised, saturation', totd reticuld alba
subtilissimii pietd ; columella quinqueplicatd.
The cracked Mitre. Shell cylindrically fusiform,
whorls very smooth, shining, upper part sometimes
longitudinally impressly striated ; pale grey, darker
ashy grey beneath, the whole covered with a very
delicate white net-work ; columella five-plaited.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 311.
Hab. Islands of Mauritius and Zanzibar, east coast of
Africa ; Thorn.
Lamarck likens the delicate net-work of this beauti-
ful shell to the fine hair- like cracks in old china ; the re-
semblance is not however a very forcible one; a more ap-
propriate name might have been selected without much
difficulty.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra gracilis. Mitr. testd elongatd, spird va/di pro-
ductd, suturis subprofundis ; anfractibus transversim
subtilissime costatis, costis angustis irregularibus, in-
terstitiis liris obtusis minutissimis pulcherrime decus-
satis ; albidd, fuscescente pallide fasciald, costis
fusco articiilatis ; columella quadriplicatd.
The slender Mitre. Shell elongated, spire strongly
produced, sutures rather deep ; whorls transversely
very finely ribbed, ribs narrow, irregular, interstices

beautifully decussated with minute obtuse ridges ;

whitish, very faintly banded with a brownish tint.

ribs articulated with brown ; columella four-plaited.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in sandy mud

at the depth of six fathoms) : Cuming.

A most delicately sculptured shell, with somewhat the
character of the Mitra granatina about it.

Species 32. (Fig. Zool. Illus.)

Mitra strigata. Mitr. testd ovato-oblongd. lam, ru-
bido-fuscd, strigis juxta suturas albis subdistantibus
longitudinaliter ornatd ; columella quadriplicatd.

The streaked Mitre. Shell ovately oblong, smooth,
reddish brown, ornamented with rather distant lon-
gitudinal streaks, white next the sutures ; colu-
mella four-plaited.

Swainson, Brande's Journ., App., 1S24 ; and Zoological
Illustrations, Second Series.

Hub. ?

A slight indication of the white streaked character of

this species may sometimes be observed in the following.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra nigra. Mitr. testd acuto-ehmgata, Melan'mformi.
laivi ant mi/iutissimr striato-dca/ssutii ; anfractibus
plauo-conce.ris, olicaceo-brunneis , juxta suturas indi-
stincfe albipunctatis ; columella quadriplicatd.
The black Mitre. Shell shaqjly elongated, Melania-
shaped, smooth, or very minutely decussated with
striae ; whorls flatly convex, dark olive-brown, in-
distinctly dotted with white next the sutures ; co-
lumella four-plaited.
Valuta nigra, Chemnitz (not of Quoy), Conch.,

vol. x. p. 168.
Mitra Melaniana, Lamarck.
Mitra carbonaria, Swainson.
Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs
at low water) ; Cuming.

This species, though of rare occurrence, appears to
be very widely distributed throughout the globe, if we
may rely upon the localities quoted by Lamarck in ad-
dition to that above noted, namely, the coasts of Guinea.
India and Greenland.

MITRA.— Plate V.

Species 34. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra orientalis. Miff, testa ovatd, spirdbrevi, apicem
versus plus mimsve erosd ; anfractibus ventricosis,
transversim minutissime striatis ; alhhlo-fuscescente,
epidermide corned nigerrimd omnino indutd ; aperturd
ovatd ; columella quadriplicatd, ccerulescente-albd ;
bast truncato-ret urv i.
The oriental Mitre. Shell ovate, spire short, more
or less eroded towards the apex ; whorls ventricose,
transversely very minutely striated ; whitish brown,
entirely covered with a very black horny epidermis ;
aperture ovate ; columella four-plaited, blueish
white, base truncately recurved.
Gray, Griffith's Cuvier's Animal Kingdom.
Mitra maura, Swainson.
Mitra Chilensis, Kiener.
Hab. Iquiqui, Peru (found in the fissures of rocks at low-
water mark buried in sand) ; Cuming.
A shorter and more ventricose species than the pre-
ceding, with a very characteristic jet-black epidermis.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra scabriuscula. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird
acuminatd ; anfractibus transversim costatis, costls
parvulis, angustis, crenuiatis, interstitiis minutissinie
plano-liratis, sulcis lineisve impressis confertis longi-
tudinaliter decussatis ; ttlbd, fusei'scente subindistincte
bifasciatd, costis J'usco irregulariter articulutis ; co-
lumelld quadriplicatd; apertures fauce albd.

The rough Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, spire acumi-
nated ; whorls transversely ribbed, ribs very small,
narrow, crenulated or beaded, interstices very mi-
nutely flatly ridged, decussated with close-set lon-
gitudinal grooves or impressed lines ; white, encir-
cled with two somewhat indistinct light brown
bands, ribs irregularly articulated with brown ; co-
lumella four-plaited ; interior of the aperture white.

Gray, MSS. British Museum.

Voluta scabriuscula, Linnseus, Syst. Nat., 12th edit.,
p. 1192. Chemnitz, Conch., vol. xi. p. 28.
pi. 172. f. 1729 and 1730.
Mitra granatina, Lamarck.

Hab. Islands of Zebu and Ticao, Philippines (found on

the reefs and under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

I quite agree with Mr. Gray in referring this shell to

the Voluta scabricula of Linnseus.

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra Chinensis. Mitr. fusiformi, spird turritd, api-
cem versus plerumque erosd ; anfractibus subrotun-
datis, obsolete punctato-striatis, anfractu ultimo prope
basim subobscure sulcatis, basi leviler recurvo ; colu-
melld triplicatd.

The Chinese Mitke. Shell fusiform, spire turreted,
generally eroded towards the apex ; whorls some-
what rounded, obsolete]}' striated with punctures,
last whorl rather obscurely grooved towards the
base, base slightly recurved ; columella three-
plaited.

Gray, Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, pi. 35. f. 2.

Hab. China.

This species presents the same fluviatile character as
the Mitra nigra ; it is however a much more solid shell,
and of a more turriculated fusiform shape.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra sph.erulata. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, apice
pailide rosaceo, anfractibus transversim rugoso-cos-
tatis, costis subnodulosis, sulcis lineisve impressis con-
fertis longitudinalibus decussatis; aurantio-lutescente,
costis ceerulescente-albis, caruleo-niyricante irregula-
riter maculatis ; columelld quadriplicatd, apertures
fauce aurantio-lutescente ; labro crenuluto.
The spherical Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, apex
rose-tinted ; whorls transversely roughly ribbed,
ribs somewhat nodulous, decussated with close-set
longitudinal grooves or impressed lines ; orange-
yellow, ribs blueish white, irregularly spotted with
blue-black ; columella four-plaited ; interior of the
aperture orange-yellow ; lip cr°nulated.
Martyn, Universal Conch., f. 21.
Mitra scabriuscula, Lamarck.
Hab. Islands of Ticao, Philippines, and Taheite, Pacific
Ocean (found buried in sand at low water) ; Cu-
ming.

The shell which Lamarck described under the name
of Mitra granatina (Sp. 35), and not this species, is the
Voluta scabriuscula of Linnreus. Kiener says they ought
to be regarded as varieties ; he has been fortunate, how-
ever, not to figure them as such, for no extended series
of examples could ever bring them to an approximation.

'$'

M I T R A,

Species 38. (Mus. Norn?.)

Mitra crexifeba. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd ', spird
acuminata, apice pallidissirne rosacea ■. anfractibus
liris planulatis' angustis confertim decussatis, sap'e
subcostatis ; lutescente, fasciis duabus fuscis, superne
peculiariter lobatis, cinctd; columella quadriplicatd ;
aperturte fauce aurantid aut pallidi purpurascente.

The creniferous Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, spire
acuminated, apex rose-tinted; whorls closely de-
cussated with narrow flattened ridges, often slightly
ribbed ; yellowish, encircled with two brown bands
peculiarly lobed round the upper edge ; columella
four-plaited ; interior of the aperture orange or
tinged with purple.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 30G.

Hub. Mauritius. Bay of Manila (found in coarse sand at
the depth often fathoms) ; Cuming.
The bands in this beautiful species have a peculiar

castellated appearance, which is very characteristic.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra cancellata. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spied sub-
acuminatd, suturis crenulatis ; anfractibus h ansver-
sim impresso-lineatis, striis longitudinalibus elevatis
Hrisque perpaucis irregularibus obtusis cancellatis ;
lutescente. fasciis tribus rubido-aurantiis subindi-
stinetis, lined unicd inter currente, cingulatd, liris
longitudinalibus tiling; columelld quinqueplicatd.

The cancellated Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire some-
what acuminated, sutures crenulated ; whorls trans-
versely impressly lineated, cancellated with raised
longitudinal stria; and a few irregular obtuse
ridges ; yellowish, encircled with three rather in-
distinct reddish orange bands, with a single line of
the same colour running between them, longitudinal
ridges white ; columella five-plaited.

Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, First Series.
Valuta Pyramis, Wood.

Hab. ?

This shell is at present unique in the collection of
Mr. Cuming, and a very interesting well-defined species
it is. M. Kiener's assumption that it is a variety of the
Mitra buccinata (properly glabra), Sp. 43, is prepos-
terous.

Species 4i). (Mus. Xorris.)

Mitra casta. Mitr. testa august, i, elongatd, spirit twain ;
anfractibus Itevibus, supernl seriatim punctatis, ebur-
neis, epidermidis castaneo-fusca fascid latissimd eiu-
giilatis; columelld quadriplicatd.

The chaste Mitre. Shell narrow, elongated, spire
sharp; whorls smooth, punctured round the upper
part, ivory-white, encircled with a very broad
band of chestnut-brown epidermis; columella four-
plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 304.
Voluta easta, Solander.
Mitra fascia ta, Marty n.

Hab. Islands of Mauritius and Zanzibar, east coast of
Africa.
I am surprised that both Chemnitz and Lamarck, as

well as Kiener, should have described the Mitra casta as

being a brown shell banded with white, after the very

accurate account given of it by our countryman Martyn.

The brown colour is in fact quite superficial, and exists

only in the epidermis spirally winding round the shell,

which is a pure ivory-white.

Species 41. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra xivea. Mitr. testd fusiformi, lineis creberrimis
impressis, subtilissimepuncturatis, uin/iijiie cingulatis;

albd, lineis aiiraiitio-fiiseesi-enliliiis snliilislautiliiis nli-

soletis cinctd, maculis perpaucis sparsisjuxta suturas
ornatd ; columella sexplicatd.

The snow-white Mitre. Shell fusiform, encircled
throughout with very finely punctured impressed
striae ; white, encircled with obsolete rather distant
orange-brown lines, ornamented with a very few-
scattered spots of the same colour next the sutures ;
columella six-plaited.

Tiara nivea, Swainson (Broderip), Pro. Zool. Soc,
1 835.

Huh. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs
at low water) ; Cuming.

This shell does not appear to be naturally white, but
rather worn ; the faint orange-brown colouring above
described is, I think, an indication of more important
painting.

MITRA.— Plate VI.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra Isabella. Mitr. testd elongato-fusiformi, spird
subturrilii. suturis profundis, basi contractd, subre-
curvd ; anfractibus transversim creberriml costatis,

cos/is uugnstis, iut.vstiliis runcellalis; albd, aurantio-
spadiceo indistincte fasciata et singula ; columelld
quinqueplicatd ; apertura fauce albd.
The fawn-coloured Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform,
spire somewhat turreted, sutures deep, base con-
tracted, a little recurved ; whorls transversely very
closely ribbed, ribs narrow, interstices cancellated ;
white, indistinctly banded and streaked with light
orange-bay or fawn-colour ; columella five-plaited ;
interior of the aperture white.
Tiara Isabel/a, Swainson, Zoological Illustrations,
Second Series.
Hah. China.

This species seems to be more or less affected with a
singular fatality of fracture. Of several specimens which
have come under my notice, the whole are broken in
some part or other, and mended by their animal inhabi-
tant.

Species 43. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra glabra. Mitr. testa elongato-turritd, Tercbra-
formi, basi truncatd, subrecurvd, transversim subti-
lissimt striatd ; aurantio-rubrd, lineis capillaribus
fuscescentibus cingulatd, epidermide corned glabrd
nigricante indutd ; columella quadriplicate

The smooth Mitre. Shell elongately turreted, Tere-
bra-shaped, base truncated and a little recurved,
transversely very finely striated ; orange-red, encir-
cled with light brown hair-like lines, covered with
a smooth horny blackish epidermis ; columella four-
plaited.

Swainson, Exotic Conchology, pi. 24.
Mitra buccinata, Quoy.

Huh. Swan River, Western Australia.

The fine brown transverse lines are sometimes indi-
stinct, but they must nevertheless be regarded as an im-
portant specific character. Mr. Swainson described this
shell ten years before it was published by M. Quoy in
the Zoology of the 'Voyage de l'Astrolabe.'

Mitra fulva.
Plate IV.

Fig. 24 b.
For description of this species see

Species 44. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra declivis. Mitr. testii elongato-turritd , basi trun-
catd, spird acuminata; anfractibus supern'r augu/ato-
declivibus, lavibus, transversim exilissime impressis ,
cinereo-carned, epidermide nigerrimd ; columella qua-
drip/icutd.

The bent Mitre. Shell elongately turreted, base trun-
cated, spire acuminated ; whorls smooth, angularly
bent round the upper part, transversely very faintly
impressed ; ashy flesh-colour, epidermis very black ;
columella four-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hub. ■ ?

This shell appears to be quite distinct from the Mitra
glabra ; there is no appearance of transverse brown lines,
the whorls are angularly bent next the suture, and the
spire is more sharply acuminated.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra attenuata. Mitr. testd ovatti, crassd, solidd,
utrinque attenuatd ; spird brevi ; anfractibus trans-
versim punctato-striatis ; fused, sparsim albipunc-

tatd ; columelld sexplicatd ; apcrtura fauce fusces-
cente ; labro intus denticulato.

The attenuated Mitre. Shell ovate, thick, solid,
attenuated at both ends ; spire short ; whorls trans-
versely striated with punctures ; brown, sparingly
dotted with white ; columella six-plaited ; interior
stained with brown ; lip denticulated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. - ?

The sculpture of this shell is similar in every respect

to that of the Mitra fulva; it is however so peculiarly

attenuated in form towards the base, although of mature

growth, that I do not see how it can lie referred to that

species.

/////-,. W 17/

i

&r

■-•

%

M I T R A.

Species 4C. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra lyrata. Mitr. testa gracili-fusiformi, spirdper-
acutd, basi attenuatd, ascendente ; anfractibus longi-
tudinaliter costatis, costis numerosis, angustissirnis,
elevatis, interstitiis subobscur'c transversa striatis ,■
cinereo-cterulesccnte, fusciis spadieeis angustis cinctd,
costis cteriilesccnte-albis ; columella quadriplicatd.
The lyre-like Mithe. Shell slenderly fusiform, spire
very sharp, base attenuated, turned upwards; whorls
longitudinally ribbed, ribs numerous, very narrow,
elevated, interstices rather obscurely transversely
striated ; ashy blue, encircled with narrow dark
bands, ribs blueish white ; columella four-plaited.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 308.
Valuta subdivisa (pars), Chemnitz.
Mitra subdivisa, Lamarck, Ann. du mus.
Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines (found in sandy mud
at the depth of three fathoms) ; Cuming.
The extreme delicacy and decision of the longitudinal
ribs give them very much the appearance, as Lamarck
observes, of the cords of a lyre ; the base of the shell is
more than usually attenuated, and it is peculiarly re-
curved or turned upwards.

There is very little variation in the Mitra lyrata ; the
brown and white varieties mentioned by M. Kiener are
varieties of the Mitra melongena, for the illustration of
which species he has erroneously figured a Mitra vul-
pecula.

Species 47. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming; Fig. c, Mus.
Norris.)

Mitra melongena. Mitr. tesid elongato-fusiformi,
gracili, basi subrecurvd, spird peracutd ; anfractibus
longitudinaliter costatis, costis numerosis, obtusis, in-
terstitiis transverse striatis, costis anfractds ultimi
seepe indistinctis ; interdum albidd, rufo- vel cinereo-
fuscesceiite fasciatd, interdum rufo- vet cinereo-
fuscescenle albifasciatd ; columella, quadriplicatd.

The MAD-APrLE Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform,
slender, base a little recurved, spire very sharp ;
whorls longitudinally ribbed, ribs numerous, obtuse,
interstices transversely striated, ribs of the last
whorl often indistinct ; sometimes whitish, banded
with reddish or ashy brown, sometimes reddish or
ashy brown banded with white ; columella four-
plaited.

Lamarck (not of Kiener), Anim. sans vert., vol. vii.

p. 309.
Hab. Molucca and Philippine Islands (found on mud-
banks at low water) ; Cuming.
The shells which M. Kiener notices as being white
and reddish-brown varieties of the Mitra lyrata, I con-
sider to be the true Mitra melongena of Lamarck.

It hardly becomes me to differ upon no other than the
ordinary grounds of discrimination from a gentleman
who had for some years the entire charge of Lamarck's
collection, and must have been in possession of all the
shells described by that great author from his own cabi-
net ; but as such is my opinion, I venture to act upon it.
leaving others to judge whether the shells here repre-
sented do not answer to Lamarck's account of his Mitra
melongena, rather than that figured by M. Kiener, which
I take to be nothing more than a common variety of the
Mitra vulpecula.

Species 48. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra regina. Mitr. testa elongato-fusiformi, spirit
turritd, acute productd; anfractibus superne angulatis,
longitudinaliter costal is, transversim eleeato-striatis ;
aurantio-rubro et carulescente-albo alternatim zonula,
zonarum marginibus niyro-tauiiutis ; columella qua-
driplicatd.
The queen Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform, spire
turreted, sharply produced ; whorls angulated at
the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, transversely
elevately striated ; alternately zoned with orange-
red and blueish white, edged with black ; colu-
mella four-plaited.
Sowerby, Genera of Shells.

Mitra plicaria valde elongata, Chemnitz, Conch.
Cab., vol. x. pi. 151. f. 1444 and 144.3.
Hob. Moluccas.

Lamarck may have considered the Mitra regina to be
nothing more than a variety of the Mitra tieniata, for he
illustrates the latter species by referring to Chemnitz's
excellent representation of the former, under the name
mentioned above ; it may however be easily distinguished
by the angular structure of the ribs near the sutures.

August 1844.

MITRA.— Plate VII.

Species 49. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra coccinea. Mitr. testd elongato-fusiformi, spird
acuminata ; anfractibus longitudinaliter obtuso-cos-
tatis, intrrs/itiis transversim c/evuto-striatis, anfrac-
tiis ultimi costis subevanidis ; vivide coccined aut lu-
tescente, baited unicd albd cingulatd; columella qua-
driplicatd.

The scarlet Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform, spire
acuminated ; whorls longitudinally obtusely ribbed,
interstices transversely elevately striated, ribs of
the last whorls somewhat indistinct ; bright scarlet
or yellowish, encircled with a single white belt ;
columella four-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Islands of Masbate and Luzon, Philippines (found
on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming.

This species may be easily recognised by its pecu-
liarity of colouring, — bright scarlet encircled by a simple
white belt.

Species 50. (Fig. a, b and c, Mus. Norris.)

Mitra vittata. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acuminata;
anfractibus longitudinaliter obtuso-costatis, interstitiis
transversim striatis, anfractds ultimi costis sub-
evanidis ; luted aut vivide aurantid, albizonatd, rittis
p/urimis nigricante-fuscis cingulatd ; columella quin-
queplicatd.

The riband filleted Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire
acuminated; whorls longitudinally obtusely ribbed,
interstices transversely striated, ribs of the last
whorl rather indistinct ; yellow or bright orange,
zoned with white and encircled with several blackish
brown fillets ; columella five-plaited.

Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, First Series.

Hab. Moluccas.

The marking of this beautiful and costly species is

exceedingly variable, as shown by the three interesting

examples selected for illustration from the collection of

Thomas Norris, Esq.

. mm /r ////

*

i

M I T R A.

Species 51. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitka tumida. Mitr. testa abbreviato-fusiformi, spird
brevi, apice acuta ; anfractibus tumidis, superne plano-

anyulatis, hntyiludiiialiter rude costatis, costis ad an-
gulum noduloso-tumidis ; albida aut virescente, an-
fractibus ml (inyuhnii riifn line/is, ultimo balteo niyro
latiusculo cingulato ,• columella tri- aut guadriplicatd ,•
apertures fauce niyricante-fuseii.

The swollen Mitre. Shell shortly fusiform, spire
short, apex sharp ; whorls swollen, flatly angulated
round the upper part, longitudinally rudely ribbed,
ribs nodulously swollen at the angle ; whitish or
greenish, whorls stained with red about the angle,
last whorl encircled round the middle with a rather
broad black belt ; columella three- or four-plaited ;
interior of the aperture blackish brown.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hub. New Holland.

A few specimens of this peculiarly swollen shell were
lately brought from New Holland in H..M.S. Beagle.

species were it not for the exact similarity of the paint-
ing, and the circumstance of their being found together
in the same locality.

Species 52. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra t.eniata. Mitr. testd e/oiigato-fusiformi, spird
ucuminato-productd ; anfractibus conrexis, lonyitudi-
nalitcr costatis, costis obtusis, intersiitiis transverse
striatis ; aurantio-rubro alboque alternatim zonatd,
zonarum maryinibus niyro-ttcniatis ; columelld gua-
driplicatd.
The filleted Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform, spire
acuminately produced ; whorls convex, longitudi-
nally ribbed, ribs obtuse, interstices transversely
striated ; zoned alternately with orange-red and
white, edges of the zones filleted with black ; colu-
mella four-plaited.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 307 ; Enc. Meth.,

pi. 373. f. 7. a and b.
Hab. Philippine Islands (found on the reefs at low
water) ; Cuming.
This beautiful shell may be distinguished from the Mi-
tra reyi/ia, to which it is so nearly allied, by the absence
of that angular structure round the top of the whorls so
peculiar to that species. In a young state the Mitra
tmniata, as shown at Fig. a, is singularly turned upwards
at the base, and might easily be mistaken for a new

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra rupicola. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, in
medio obesiusculd, spin! attenuatd ; anfractibus su-
perne unyalatis, costis latiusculis obtusis lonyitudina-
libus et transversis decussatis, ud decussationem no-
dosis ; earned, epidermide fused, cor/mi. crassd, ad
apicem erosd, indutd ; columelld triplicatd.

The rock-inhabiting Mitre. Shell shortly fusiform,
rather stout in the middle, spire attenuated ; whorls
angulated at the upper part, decussated with rather
broad, obtuse, transverse and longitudinal ribs, no-
duled at the point of crossing ; flesh-colour, covered
with a thick brown horny epidermis, eroded about
the apex ; columella three-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (dredged from a rocky
bottom at the depth of fourteen fathoms) ; Cuming.

A new and very distinct species, at present unique in
the collection of Mr. Cuming.

Species 54. (Mus. Dennison.)

Mitra balteolata. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acu-
minato-turritti ; anfractibus transversim elevalo-
striatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis confertis, an-
f'ractiis ultimi subevanidis ; balteolis nigris duobus
in medio cingulatis, supra cinereo-albidd, lined unicd
fused circumornatd, infra aurantid, interdum cim n o-
viridescente tinctd, apice fusco ; columella guadripli-
catd.

The narrow-belted Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire
acuminately turreted ; whorls transversely elevately
striated, longitudinally ribbed, ribs close, of the
last whorl somewhat indistinct ; encircled round
the middle with two narrow black belts, ashy
white above, ornamented with a single brown line,
orange beneath, sometimes stained with faint ashy
green, apex brown ; columella four-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Mollucca and Philippine Islands (found at the

September 1844.

MITRA.— Plate VIII.

islands of Zebu and Bunas under stones at low
water) ; Cuming.
This species approximates in some measure to the
Mitra plicata ; the differences are however fully exhi-
bited in the accompanying figures.

Species 55. (Fig. a, Mus. Cuming; Fig. b and c, Mus.
Norris.)

Mitra vulpecula. Mitr. testd obeso-fusiformi, spirit
acuminata ; anfractibus transversim impresso-striatis,
superne interdum lieviusculis, longitudinaliter costatis,
costis rudibus, obtusis, anfractus ultimi interdum sub-
evauidis ; albidd aut lutescente-aurantid, fusco plus
minusve fasciatd, taniis pal/ide rubris interdum cin-
gulatd, apice basique nigricantibus ; columelld qua-
driplicatd, superne nigro tinctd.

The little fox Mitre. Shell stoutly fusiform, spire
acuminated ; whorls transversely impressly striated,
sometimes smooth towards the upper part, longitu-
dinally ribbed, ribs rude, obtuse, of the last whorl
sometimes indistinct ; whitish or yellowish orange,
more or less banded with brown, sometimes en-
circled with pale reddish fillets, base and apex
blackish ; columella four-plaited, stained at the
upper part with black.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert, vol. vii. p. 309.
Valuta vulpecula, Linnaeus.

Fig. 55 c. Mitra melongena, Kiener (not of Lamarck).

Hub. Philippine Islands (found under stones and on
mud-banks at low water) ; Cuming.
This most variable of species may be distinguished by

its rude obtuse ribs ; another characteristic feature is the

black stain upon the body whorl where the outer lip
joins with the columella.

Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra plicata. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, spird acu
minato-turritd ; anfractibus superne subangulato-de-
pressis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis remo
tiusculis, superne obtuso-mucronatis ; albidd aut hi
tescente, balteolo nigerrimo-fusco, costas super inter
rupto, infra unguium cingulata, anfractu ultimo :071a
nigerrimo-fuscd latiusculd ornato ; columelld quadi
plicata.
The plaited Mitre. Shell ovately fusiform, spire
acuminately turreted ; whorls rather angularly de-
pressed at the upper part, longitudinally plicately
ribbed, ribs rather distant, bluntly pointed at the
top ; whitish or yellowish, encircled beneath the
angle with a narrow blackish brown belt, inter-
rupted by the interposition of the ribs, last whorl
ornamented with a rather broad blackish brown
zone ; columella four-plaited.
Turricula plicata, Klein, Rumphius.
Voluta plicaria, Linnwus.
Mitra plicaria, Lamarck.
Mitra vulpecula var. Gray.
Hab. Islands of Ticao and Guimaras, Philippines (found
under stones on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming.
It is not usual to allow any priority in name beyond
that of Linnseus, as the great founder of the binominal
form of nomenclature ; I retain, however, the more an-
cient specific termination in this instance because it is
better Latin, and ought never to have been changed.

, lhn« / -

M I T R A..

Plate IX.

Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra corrugata. Mitr . testa ovato-fusiformi, spied
acuto-acuminatd ; anfractibus superne depresso-angu-
latis, transversim vel piano- vel angusto-liratis, liris
sv.bcorruga.tis, interstitiis impresses, longitudinaliter
costatis, cos/is interdum creberrhnis.plerumque remo-
tiusculis; albidd aut cinereo-viridescente nigrofas-
ciatd, interdum nigerrimo-fusco albifasciatd ; colu-
mella quadriplicatd.

The wrinkled Mitre. Shell ovately fusiform, spire
sharply acuminated ; whorls depressly angulated at
the upper part, transversely either flatly or nar-
rowly ridged, ridges somewhat wrinkled, inter-
stices impressed, longitudinally ribbed, ribs some-
times very close, generally rather remote ; whitish
or ashy green, banded with black, sometimes dark
brown banded with white ; columella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 308.

Hub. Philippine Islands, Australia, New Guinea, &c.

An exceedingly variable species, both in the painting
and in the number and proximity of the ribs.

Species 5S. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra costellaris. Mitr. testa fusiform!, spin! acu-
minato-turritd ; anfractibus superne plano-angulatis ,
transversim elevato-striatis, longitudinaliter cnstcl-
latis,costellis angitstis, numerosis, crebris, adangulum
obtuso-mucronatis ; nigricante-fuscd, balteo albido
angusto, interdum duobus, cincta ; columella quadri-
plicatd.

The narrow-ribbed Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire acu-
minately turreted ; whorls flatly angulated at the
upper part, transversely elevately striated, longitu-
dinally ribbed, ribs narrow, numerous, close-set,
obtusely pointed at the angle ; blackish brown, en-
circled with a narrow white belt, so netimes with
two ; columella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. SOS.
Mitra subdivisa (pars), Chemnitz.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found on mud-banks
and under stones at low water) ; Cuming.
The author of the ' Iconographie des Coquilles vi-

vantes' observes, in speaking of the Mitra costellaris.

" elle a ete nominee par Swainson Mitra crassa." By

referring to our figure of that species (Plate II. fig. 7),
which is represented with even more finished accuracy
by Mr. Swainson in the Zoological Illustrations, the
reader will be enabled to form a tolerably just estimate
of M. Kiener's iconographical acumen.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra chaltbeia. Mitr. testa elongato-ovatd, basim
versus sulcata ; anfractibus convexis, Isvigatis, juxta
suturas rud'e svbtilissimi crenulalis ; cinereo-ceerules-
cente alboque longitudinaliter strigatd, transversim
indistincte fasciatd, lineis ruhido-fuscis equidistan-
tibus undique cingulatd ; columella rufo-aurantid,
quadriplicatd.

The steel Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, grooved
towards the base ; whorls convex, smooth, rudely
very finely crenulated next the sutures ; longitudi-
nally streaked with white and ashy blue, trans-
versely indistinctly banded, encircled throughout
with equidistant reddish brown lines ; columella
reddish orange, four-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. ?

A new and very characteristic species, at present

unique in the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.

Species CO. (Mus. Dennison.)
Mitra intermedia. Mitr. testa elongato-fusiformi,
ut cinque attenuatd, spird acuta ; anfractibus superne
angulatis, transversim impresso-striatis, longitudina-
liter costatis, costis ad unguium leviter tuberculatis ;
cinereo-fuscii alboque irreijulariter zonatd ; columella
quadriplicatd.
The intermediate Mitre. Shell elongately fusiform,
attenuated at both ends, spire sharp ; whorls angu-
lated at the upper part, transversely impressly stri-
ated, longitudinally ribbed, ribs slightly tuberculated
on the angle ; irregularly zoned with ashy brown
and white ; columella four-plaited.
Kiexer, Iconographie Coq. viv., p. 73. pi. 22. f. 70.
Hab. Molluccas.

This is an excellent species of M. Kiener's, fully di-
stinguished from the Mitra corrugata by its long atte-
nuated extremities.

September 1S44.

MITRA.— Plate IX.

Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra fulgurita. Mitr. testd cylindraceo-elongatd,
subangustd, transversim impresso-striatd, striis punc-
turatis ; pallide spadiceo-fulvd, strigis angustis albis
longitudinalibus ornatd ; columella quinqueplicatd,
subumbilicatd.
The blasted Mitre. Shell cylindrically elongated,
rather narrow, transversely impressly striated, striae
punctured; pale yellowish bay, ornamented with
white narrow longitudinal streaks ; columella five-
plaited, slightly umbilicated.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ■ ?

An interesting new species, marked with white light-
ning-like longitudinal streaks.

Species 62. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra granulosa. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovutd, spird
iiciimiiinto-turritii, suturis subprofundis ; (wfractibus
/iris granulosis confertim decussatis ; columella qua-
driplicatd, subumbilicatd ; aperturd breriuscu/d.

The granulous Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, spire
acuminately turreted, sutures rather deep ; whorls
closely decussated with granular ridges ; columella
four-plaited, slightly umbilicated ; aperture rather
short.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 304.

Hab. Island of St. Vincent, Caribbees, West Indies
(found on the reefs) ; Guikling.
The figure in Martyn's ' Universal Conchology,' f. 19,

to which Lamarck and Kiener refer for this species, is

evidently one of a much larger kind, for which see

PI. II. f. 10.

Species 63. (Mus. Norris.)
Mitra cinctella. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acumi-
nato-turritd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, trans-

versim impresso-striatis, longitudinaliter costatis,
costis ad angulum tuberculatis, anfractus ultimi in-
fern'e evanidis; alba, zonis lividis lineisque, aliis rubris,
aliis cteruleis, cinctd ; columelld qaadriplicatd.

The encircled Mitre. Shell fusiform, spire acumi-
nately turreted ; whorls angulated at the upper
part, transversely impressly striated, longitudinally
ribbed, ribs tuberculated on the angle, ribs of the
last whorl rather indistinct towards the base ;
white, encircled with livid zones, and lines, some
of which are red, some blue ; columella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 309.
Mitra vulpeeula var. Gray.

Hab. Molluccas.

A well-defined and characteristic species.

Species 64. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra lignaria. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassivs-
culd, spird acuminato-productd ; anfractibus stipend
depressis, longitudinaliter subobliqu'c obtuso-costatis,
transversim subtilitcr lira/is, /iris binis ; rubido-au-
rantid, epidermide fused indutd ; columella qaadri-
plicatd ; aperturd breviusculd .

The wooden Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, rather thick,
spire acuminately produced ; whorls depressed at
the upper part, longitudinally rather obliquely ob-
tusely ribbed, transversely finely ridged, ridges in
pairs ; reddish orange, covered with a brown epi-
dermis ; columella four-plaited ; aperture rather
short.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (dredged from rocky
ground at the depth of about fourteen fathoms) ;
Cuming.

This shell has somewhat the character of the Mitra
rupicola found in the same locality ; the spire is how-
ever longer, the aperture consequently shorter, and the
sculpture is of a different character.

Uiiw J'/.Y

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M I T R A.

x.

Species 65. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra lacunosa. Milr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird bre-
viusculd, transversim sulcata, sulcis confertis, regu-
laribus, profundi puncturatis , longitudinaliter lacu-
nosa, lacunis subconcentrich undatis ; albicante, au-
rantio-fuscescente prope apicem maeulatd, anfractu
ultimo fascia latiusculd aurantio-fuscescente cingu-
Into ; columelld quadriplicatd.
The guttered Mitke. Shell oblong-ovate, spire rather
short, transversely grooved, grooves close-set, re-
gular, deeply punctured; longitudinally guttered,
gutters somewhat concentrically waved ; pinkish
white, spotted near the apex with orange-brown,
last whorl encircled with a rather broad orange-
brown band ; columella four-plaited.
Heeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844,

Hab. ?

This species is characterized, independently of its pe-
culiar style of colouring, by numerous longitudinal waved
grooves or gutters having the appearance of sea-breaks.

Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra pellis-serpextis. Mitr. testa oblongo-ovatd ,
crassd, solidd, spird subaaiuiinntu, liris plano-granu-
latis transversis et longitudinalibus subtilissime de-
cussatd; intus extusque lutescente ; columelld qua-
driplicatd ; labro superne contracto, intus striato-
crenulato.

The s.vake's-skix Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, thick,
solid, spire somewhat acuminated, very finely de-
cussated with minute transverse and longitudinal
granular ridges ; yellowish within and without ;
columella four-plaited ; lip contracted at the upper
part, striately crenulated within.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1S44.

Hab. Islands of Mindoro and Bohol, Philippines (found
under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

The granular coriaceous sculpture of this shell varies
considerably in different individuals.

Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra Cumingii. Mitr. testd ovatd, utrinque attemtutd,
spird acuminato-turritd ; anfractibus superni. angu-

la/is, longitudinaliter costatis, costis numerosis, ad
unguium mucronatis, liris transversis angustis can-
cellalis, interstitiis impressis ; aurantio alboque pecu-
liariter maculato-variegatd, muculis aurantiis nigro-
lineatis; columelld quadriplicatd.

Cuming's Mitre. Shell ovate, attenuated at both ends,
spire acuminately turreted ; whorls angulated at
the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, ribs numerous .
pointed at the angle, cancellated with narrow trans-
verse ridges, the interstices between which are
deeply impressed ; peculiarly mottled with orange
and white, orange spots marked across with black
lines ; columella four-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Matnog, province of Albay, island of Luzon (found
on the reefs) ; Cuming.

I dedicate this species to H. Cuming, Esq., as being
one of the most beautiful and characteristic of the many
interesting new Mitres collected by that indefatigable
naturalist during his researches amongst the Philippine
Islands.

Species 68. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra rubiginosa. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, sub/usi-
formi, transversim crebrisulcatd, sulcis puncturatis ;
albd, rubiginoso-tinctd ; columelld quinqueplicatd,
plicis infimis subobscuris.

The iron-mould Mitke. Shell elongately oval, some-
what fusiform, transversely closely grooved, grooves
punctured ; white, stained with iron-mould ; colu-
mella five-plaited, lowest plaits rather obscure.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at
low water) ; Cuming.
The iron-mould spots on this shell exhibit rather a

tessellated style of arrangement.

Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra guttata. Mitr. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, trans-
versim punctato-strintd, striis subrcmotis ; luteo-oli-
vaced, maculis ctsrulescente-albis sparsim guttata ;
columelld quadriplicatd .
The mottled Mitre. Shell ovate, rather solid, marked
with rather distant transverse punctured striae ;

September 1S44.

MITRA.— Plate X.

yellowish olive, mottled here and there with blueish

white spots ; columella four-plaited.
Swainson, MSS.

Hab. ?

This species is not uncommon in collections.

Species 70. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra interlirata. Mitr. testd subelongatd, spird
acuta, transversim liratd, liris numerosis, acutiusculis,
lird minore intercurrente, interstitiis striis longitudi-
nalibus elevatis cancellatis ; albd, maculis perpaucis
distantibus anrantio-fuscescentibus tinctd ; columelld
subumbilicatd, quinqueplicatd, plicis infimis subob-
scuris ; basi leviter ascendente ; aperturd longius-
culd.
The inter-ridged Mitre. Shell rather elongated,
spire sharp, transversely ridged, ridges numerous,
rather sharp, with a smaller ridge running between
each, interstices between the ridges cancellated with
longitudinal raised stria; ; white, stained with a very
few distant spots of faint orange-brown ; columella
slightly umbilicated, five-plaited, lowest plaits some-
what obscure ; base a little turned upwards ; aper-
ture rather long.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found in sandy
mud at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.
The narrow intermediate ridge forms a prominent fea-
ture in this species.

Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra clathrata. Mitr. testd subelongatd, spird tur-
ritd, acuminata -pr oductd ; anfractibus supern'e de-
presso-angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, liris trans-
versis elevatis, confertis, clatkratis ; albd, anfractibus
fascia fuscescente unicd cingulatis ; columelld sub-
umbilicatd, quadriplicatd ; aperturd breviusculd.
The latticed Mitre. Shell rather elongated, spire
turreted, acuminately produced ; whorls depressly
angulated at the upper part, longitudinally ribbed,
latticed with close-set, raised, transverse ridges ;
white, whorls encircled with a single light brown
band ; columella slightly umbilicated, four-plaited ;
aperture rather short.

Voluta unifasciata, Wood (not Mitra uuifascialis,
Lamarck).

A white strongly latticed shell with a prominent brown
band round the middle of each whorl.

Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra lugubris. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird brevi, acutd ;
rugosd, striis impresso-punctatis cingulatd, suturis
salebrosis ; anfractibus supern'e albis, infra nigri-
cante-fuscis, columelld basique albis ; columella quin-
queplicatd.

The mournful-looking Mitre. Shell ovate, spire
short, sharp ; rough, encircled with impressed
punctured stria?, sutures rugged and uneven ;
whorls white round the upper part, very dark
brown beneath, columella and base white ; colu-
mella five-plaited.

Swainson, Zool. Illus., First Series, pi. 66.

Hab. ?

This is another well-characterized species for which 1

have no locality.

Species 73. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra Zebuensis. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, nitidd, ba
sim versus sulcatd, liris planiusculis, confertis, sub
tilissime cancellatd, liris longitudinalibus fortioribus
albidd, anfractuum parte superiori maculis grandibu.
perpaucis castaneo -fuscis ornatd ; columelld quinque
plicatd.

The Zebu Mitre. Shell somewhat fusiform, shining,
grooved towards the base, very finely cancellated
with rather flat close-set ridges, of which the longi-
tudinal are the stronger ; white, upper part of the
whorls ornamented with a few large chestnut-brown
spots; columella five-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines (found on the reefs at
low water) ; Cuming.
The brown spots being situated around the upper part

of the whorls give an irregular tessellated character to

the spire.

Witou nil

^f

4

MITR A.

Plate XI.

Species 74. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra ocellata. Mitr. testil cylindraceo-fusiformi, an-
fractibus lavissimis, nitidis, parte superior! interdum
longitudinaliter punctata -striata ; pallide grised, an-
fractu ultimo infra cinereo-grisco, saturation, mar-
gine albo ocellisque rubido-fuscis taniato, totd reticuld
albd subtilissimd pictd ; columella quinquipliea/d.

The ocellated Mitre. Shell cylindrical!}* fusiform,
whorls very smooth, shining, upper part sometimes
longitudinally striated and punctured ; pale grey,
last whorl ashy grey beneath, of a deeper colour,
filleted at the edge with white and small reddish
brown eye-like spots, the whole painted with a
very fine white net-work ; columella five -plaited.

Swain-son, Zool. Illus., Second Series.

Hab. Singapore (found in sandy mud) ; Cuming.

Distinguished from the Mitra fssurata by the narrow

ocellated band around the sutures.

Species 7.3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra infecta. Mitr. testd ovutd, basi rcrurvd, spied
acuminata : aiifrtictibus striis imprrssis cinctis, ultimo
tumidiusculo ; pallide flavd, maculis castaneo-fuscis
pictd; columella obsoleti se.rplicald.

The infected Mitre. Shell ovate, recurved at the
base, spire acuminated ; whorls encircled with im-
pressed stria?, last whorl rather swollen ; pale yel-
low, painted with chestnut-brown spots ; columella
obsoletely six-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs
at low water) ; Cuming.
A solid, rather ventricose shell, with a peculiar twist

at the base.

Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra aciipicta. Mitr. testa acuminato-turritd, an-
fractibus convexis, numerosis, longitudinaliter crebri-
liratis, transversim impresso-striatis ; albidd, apice
basique )-osaceis, liris punctis ceeruleis el fuscis pro-
fuse variegutis ; columella ipiadriplicatd.
The embroidered Mitre. Shell acuminately turreted,
whorls convex, numerous, longitudinally closely

ridged, transversely impressly striated ; whitish,
pink at the base and apex, ridges profusely varie-
gated with blue and brown dots ; columella four-
plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa.

The surface of this beautiful shell has the appearance

of being curiously embroidered with small coloured beads.

Species 77. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra circulata. Mitr. testd acuminuto-fusiformi.
turritii. liris acutis, eleratiusciilis, subdistantibus, un-
dique circulata. interstitiis striis subtilissinie cancel-
latis ; pal/idissim'i f tiled, anfractuum parte superior!
all/if asciatd ; columella ipiadriplicatd, plieis infimis
subobscuris.

The encircled Mitre. Shell acuminately fusiform,
turreted, encircled throughout with rather elevated,
somewhat distant, sharp ridges, the interstices be-
tween which are finely cancellated with striae ; very
light fulvous brown, banded with white round the
upper part of the whorls ; columella four-plaited,
lowest plaits rather obscure.

Kiener, Iconographie Coq. viv.. p. 21. pi. 5. f. 13.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found in sandy mud
at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
This is a well-defined species, fully distinguished from

the Mitra filosa by the want of dark colour on the ridges

and other particulars.

Species 78. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra Bovei. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, iurriculatd
anfractibus tuberculis parvis corona/is. striis punc-
tatis, crcbriusculis, undique cingulatis ; cinereo-albi-
cante.fasciis cinereo-violaceis duabus latiusculis or-
natd ; totd maculis parvis rotundis niveis floccatd
columelld quadriplicatii ; apertura suhainjusta, iutu
cinereo-violaced.

Bove's Mitre. Shell elongately ovate, turriculated ;
whorls coronated with small tubercles, encircled
throughout with close-set punctured striae ; ashy
white, ornamented with two rather broad bands of
ashv violet, the whole flaked with numerous small

September 1844.

MITRA.— Plate XL

round snow-white spots ; columella four-plaited ;

aperture rather narrow, ashy violet within.
Kiener, Iconographie Coq. viv., p. 9. pi. 2. f. 5
Hob. Red Sea (found on the reefs at low water) ; Riip-

pell.
I must congratulate M. Kiener upon having intro-
duced this extremely interesting coronated species, which,
though not uncommon in our collections, had not pre-
viously been either described or figured.

Species 79. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra subulata. Mitr. testd acuminato-elongatd, Tcre-
braformi ; anfractibus longitudinaliter crebrisulcatis,
sulcis profundi impressis, Uriels impressis spiralibus
decussatis, ad decussationem puncturatis, lined superd
infra suturam sctp< profundiore; earned, rufo-au-
rantio nebulosd ; aperturd brevi, angnstd ; columella
quadriplicatd.
The BonKiN-snAPED Mitre. Shell acuminately elon-
gated, Terebra-shaped ; whorls longitudinally closely
grooved, grooves deeply impressed, crossed with
impressed spiral lines, punctured at the point of
crossing, uppermost line beneath the suture often
deeply impressed ; flesh-colour, clouded with reddish
orange ; aperture short, narrow ; columella four-
plaited.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 313.
Voluta ignea, Wood.
Tiara terebralis, Swainson (Broderip).
Mitra rosea, Duclos.
Hub. Island of Annaa (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

This species has very much the appearance of a Tere-
bra, and as Mr. Broderip remarks, the resemblance is
strengthened by the circumstance of there being one
spiral line more deeply impressed than the others just
beneath the suture in each volution.

For Species 80, see Mitra, Plate XX.
Fig. 80. (Mus. Cuming.)
Conus edentulus. An interesting species of Cone
allied to the Conus mitratus. This shell was handed
to me amongst Mr. Svvainson's Mitres, with that
gentleman's manuscript name of Conohelix edentula
attached to it. Upon describing it, however, the first
important feature that presented itself was the ab-
sence of any indication of plaits upon the columella.
It is unquestionably a Cone, and I trust to be able
to publish an account of it under the above title in
Conus, Plate XLVIII.

Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra filosa. Mitr. testa ovato-fusiformi, spird acu-
minata, subtilissime plano-vancellatd, liris fi/osis tjra-
niferis elevatis undique cingulatd; rosaceo-albicunte,
liris rubido-fuscis ; columella quadriplicatd.

The thread- bound Mitre. Shell ovately fusiform,
spire acuminated, very finely flatly cancellated, en-
circled throughout with elevated, graniferous, thread-
like ridges ; pinkish white, ridges reddish brown .
columella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 311.
Voluta filosa , Born, Gmelin.

Variety (3. (Fig. 81 b.)

Testa obesior, minus acuminata.

Shell stouter, less acuminated.

Mitra nexilis, Martyn, Lamarck.

Hab. Islands of Taheite, Pacific Ocean, and Ticao and
Masbate, Philippines (found in coral sand on the
reefs and at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
I quite agree with M. Kiener in suppressing the Mitra

nexilis ; Martyn figured the var. ft. under that name, not

knowing probably the Vo/utafilosa, and Lamarck adopted

Martyn's Mitra nexilis with an acknowledgement that

he knew nothing of it.

Wifra /'/.)■//

I

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M I T R A.

Species 82. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra scutulata. Mitr. testd ornatd, spird breviusculd,
acuta ; anfractibus transversim impresso-striatis, an-
fractds ultimistriis mediants rrttnidis; o/icaceo-fuscd,
strigis alliitlis tie sii/uris in medio undatim descenden-
tibus, mactt/is albiilis perpauc/s pan-is tntcrspersis ;
columella quadriplicatd.

The cobweb-makked Mitre. Shell ovate, spire rather
short, acute ; whorls transversely impressly striated,
middle stria; of the last whorl obsolete ; olive-
brown, with waved white streaks descending from
the sutures to the middle, interspersed with a few
small white spots ; columella four-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 314.
Valuta scutulata, Chemnitz.
Variety? Valuta pica, Chemnitz.

Halt. Province of North Ilocos, island of Luzon, Philip-
pines (found under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

The white waved longitudinal streaks which adorn
this shell are sometimes completely divided into spots by
the transverse impressed lines.

acute acuminata, leevigatd, ad basim striatd; niger-
rimo-fuscd, strigis a/bis augusl/s, subundatis, longi-
tudinaliter ornatd ; columella quadriplicatd, apertura-
fatice fusco tincta : labro sinuoso.

The poor Mitre. Shell ovately oblong, spire sharply
acuminated, smooth, striated at the base ; blackish
brown, ornamented with slightly waved, narrow,
longitudinal white streaks ; columella four-plaited,
interior of the aperture stained with brown ; lip
sinuated.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 317.
Valuta jiiiujirrctila, Linnaeus.
Mitra zebra, Lamarck (Ann. du Mus.).

Hab. Province of South Ilocos, island of Luzon, Philip-
pines (found under stones at low water mark) ;
Cuming.

This species is generally of smaller size than the
Mitra scutulata, from which it differs in being smooth,
and in the white streaks not being interrupted.

Species S3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra Conus. Mitr. testa obverse corded, spird brevi,
acuta, ratliafim creuulato-liratd ct nodulosd ; Idci,
basim versus sulcatd ; albidd, lineis capillaribus ni-
gricantibus remotiusculis cingulatd, epidermide viri-
desccnte indutd : cnlumtlla se.cplicatd.

The Cone Mitre. Shell diversely conical, spire short,
acute, radiately crenulately ridged and noduled ;
smooth, grooved towards the base ; white, encircled
with rather distant black hair-like lines, covered
with a greenish epidermis ; columella six-plaited. ,
VolutaConus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. x. pi. 150.

f. 141.3 and 1416.
Mitra conulus, Lamarck.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found in mud at the
roots of mango-trees) ; Cuming.
I do not see what reason Lamarck had for making a

diminutive of the specific name given to this shell by

Chemnitz.

Species 84. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitba i'aupkrcula. Mitr. tcstd ovato-oblongd, spird

Species Sj. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra amphorella. Mitr. teste! ovato-oblongd, spird
subobtusd ; lacigatd, basim versus su/catti ; olivaceo-
fttscd, niacu/is perpaucis albis prope apicetn ad basim-
que ornatd, au/ractutim limbo superiore lutcscen/e ;
columella, /uai/riji/irata'.stijiernr ca/lusii; labro sinuoso.
The Amphora-shaped Mitre. Shell ovately oblong,
spire rather obtuse ; smooth, grooved towards the
base ; dark olive-brown, ornamented with a few
white spots near the apex and at the base, upper
edge of the whorls yellowish ; columella four-
plaited, with a callosity at the top ; lip sinuated.

Variety p. (Fig. 85 b.)

Testa angttstior, plus sulcata, mac/t/is albis frequentiori-
bus.

Shell narrower, more grooved, white spots more fre-
quent.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 316.

Hab. Islands of Luzon and Zebu, Philippines (found
under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

The variety /3. exhibits an interesting link between
this species and the Mitra scutulata.

September 1844.

MITRA.— Plate XII.

Species 86. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra nucea. Mitr . testd oblongo-ovatd, crassissimd,
solidd, spird brevi, apice parvo, acuto ; lavigatd,
longitudinaliter subobsolet'e striata; albd, undique
seriatim nigro-punctatd, punctis remotiusculis, sub-
obscuris, fasciis nigris duabus snbindistinctis cingu-
latd; columella sexplicatd ; apertures fauce pallide

The nut Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, very thick, solid,
spire short, apex small, acute ; smooth, longitudi-
nally rather obsoletely striated ; white, marked
throughout with rather distant obscure rows of
black dots, encircled with two somewhat indistinct
black bands ; columella six-plaited ; interior of the
aperture flesh-tinted.
Voluta nucea, Gronovius Zoophylacium, part iii.

pi. 18. f. 11.
Mitra olivaria, Lamarck.
Hab. New Zealand.

This fine species was described and figured by Grono-
vius under the name of Voluta nucea long before any ac-
count of it was published by Lamarck.

Species 87. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra obesa. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, solidd, su-
perne valde obesd, spird brevissimd, sulcis spiralibus
et radiantibus decussatim impressd ; anfraclu ultimo
basim versus sulcata, supra lavigato ; albd, lineis ru-
bido-fuscis remotiusculis ciugulatd, epidermide vividi
viridescente omnino indutd ; columella sexplicatd.

The stout Mitre. Shell shortly ovate, solid, very
stout round the upper part, spire very short, decus-
sately impressed with spiral and radiating grooves ;
last whorl strongly grooved towards the base,
smooth above ; white, encircled with rather distant
reddish brown lines, entirely covered with a bright
greenish epidermis ; columella six-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hab. ?

I have no information concerning the locality of this

extremely interesting species, of which there is another

example in the collection of Thomas Norris, Esq.

Species 88. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra dactylus. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, solidd,
spird brevissimd, subdecussatd ; laevigata, striis pro-
fundi impressis obscuri punctatis undique ciugulatd ;
albidd, cariieo-fusccscente nebulosd ; columella sex-
plicatd.

The date Mitre. Shell shortly ovate, solid, spire
very short, slightly decussated ; smooth, encircled
throughout with deeply impressed obscurely punc-
tured striae ; whitish, clouded with light fleshy
brown ; columella six-plaited.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 314.
Voluta dactylus, Linnaeus.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines (found on the reefs) ;
Cuming.
This species is strongly characterized by the impressed

transverse lines.

Ultra PL XIII

M I T R A.

Species 89. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra ustulata. Mitr. testd elongatd, spird angusto-
acuminatd, transversim subtilissime striatd; albidd,
lineis capillaribus fuscescentibus remotiusculis cingu-
latd, maculisgrandibusustulato-fuscis nebulosd; colu-
mella sexplicatd.

The burnt Mitre. Shell elongated, spire narrowly acu-
minated, transversely very finely striated ; whitish,
encircled with rather distant hrown hair lines, and
clouded with large burnt brown spots ; columella
six-plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Hah. ?

This species is at present unique in the collection of

Thomas Norris, Esq.

Species 90. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra lactea. Mitr. testd abbrcviato-fusiformi, la-ei-
gatd, transversim sultilissim'e punctato-striatd ; iu-
tus extusque lacted ; columelld quadriplicatd ; labro
effuso.

The milk-white Mitre. Shell abbreviately fusiform,
smooth, transversely very finely striated with punc-
tures ; milk-white within and without ; columella
four-plaited ; lip effused.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. vii. p. 312.
Valuta cornieularis, ear., Chemnitz.

Hab. Mediterranean, coast of Sicily ; Philippi.

This species, as Lamarck concluded, is quite distinct

from the Mitra cornieularis.

Species 91. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra abbatis. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, anfrac-
tibus contiguis, ultimo ad liasim contracto ; albd,
maculis ferrugineis peculiuriter pictd ; columella
quadriplicatd ; aperturte fauce pallidissime aurantid.

The abbot's Mitre. Shell ovately fusiform, whorls
contiguous ; white, peculiarly painted with rusty
brown spots ; columella four-plaited ; interior of
the aperture faintly tinged with orange.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. xi. p. 19. pi. 177. fig. 1709
and 1710.
Mitra contractu, Swainson.

Hab. Matnog, island of Luzon, Philippines (found on
the reefs) ; Cuming.

Care should be taken not to confound this excellent
species with the Mitra ehrysostoma, a specimen of which
has been figured for it by M. Kiener. The Mitra abbatis
is a narrower and uniformly smaller shell than the Mitra
ehrysostoma, the whorls of the spire are more contigu-
ous, and have no longitudinal grooves to give it any
granular appearance ; the style of painting is moreover
distinct. The contiguous arrangement of the whorls
reminds one of the movement of a telescope.

Species 92. (Mus. Norris.)

Mitra crebrilirata. Mitr. testa acuminato-turritd.
loncjitudiiiuliter suboblique liratd, liris angustis, cre-
bris, inters/itiis impresso-cance/latis ; olivaced vel
olivaceo -fused, lined unicd pallida infra suturas pit -
rumque einctd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

The close-ridged Mitre. Shell acuminately turreted.
longitudinally rather obliquely ridged, ridges nar-
row, close, interstices impressly cancellated ; olive
or olive-brown, generally encircled beneath the
suture with a single pale line; columella four-
plaited.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Mitra rosea, Kiener (not of Duclos).

Hab. Ceylon.

Figured by M. Kiener for the Mitra rosea of Duclos,
which is the Valuta ignea of Wood, Mitra subulata of
Lamarck, for which see Plate XI. fig. 79.

Species 93. (Mus. Belcher).

Mitra Belcheri. Mitr. testd elongato-turritd, spird
raid? productd, sulcis angustis, exarato-exseulptis
undique cingulatd ; albidd, epidermide corned fusco-
nigrieante i/idutd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Belcher's Mitre. Shell elongately turreted, spire very
much produced, encircled throughout from the base
to the apex with narrow deeply cut grooves ;
whitish, covered with a horny brownish black epi-
dermis ; columella four-plaited.

Hinds, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xi. p. lo'.

Hah. Gulfs of Nicoya and Papagayo, Central America
(dredged from a muddy floor at the depth of seven-
teen fathoms) ; Hiuds.

September 1844.

MITRA.— Plate XIII.

Two fine specimens of this peculiarly grooved species
were collected at the above-named localities by Captain
Belcher ; one, for the drawing of which I am indebted to
Mr. Hinds, in his own collection ; the other, which has
furnished me with the above description, in that of
Thomas Morris, Esq.

Species 94. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mitra polita. Mitr. testa acuminato-turritd, levigatd,
politd, ait basim sulcatd, prope apieem subtilissime
plicato-costatd ; fused vet cinereo-fuscd, lined unicd
pallide flavicante cingulata; columella quadriplicatd.

The polished Mitre. Shell acuminately turreted,
smooth, polished, grooved at the base, very finely
plicately ribbed near the apex; brown or ashy brown,
encircled with a single pale yellowish belt ; colu-
mella four-plaited.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844.

Iliih. Islands of Zebu and Luzon, Philippines (found in

mud on the shore at low water, and at the depth of

six or seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

At the desire of one or two gentlemen whose opinions

in conchological matters cannot be lightly esteemed, I

have described the Mitra polita and crebrilirata as new

and distinct species ; it must be admitted, however, that

I have felt strongly tempted to regard the former as the

Eastern analogue of the Mitra ebenus, smooth variety, of

the Mediterranean, and the latter as the analogue of the

Mitra ebenus, ribbed variety, of the same region.

Species 95. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mitra variabilis. Mitr. testa oblongo-ovatd, medio
subobesd, Imvigatd, transversim subtilissime punctato-
striutd ; liilesccnle-oUvaced, lineis fuseis capillaribus
remotiusculis cinctd, anfractu ultimo zond unicd cieru-
lescente-albd medio ornato ; columella quadriplicatd ;
apertures fauce olivaceo-fuscd.
The variable Mitre. Shell oblong-ovate, rather stout
in the middle, smooth, transversely very finely
striated with punctures ; yellowish ol